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Abstract
Background
Total dissolved gas (TDG) caused by the rapid outflow of water from dams may threaten the survival of fish. However, few studies have assessed the impact of fish size on their tolerance to TDG supersaturation in the Yangtze River. To investigate the influences of fish size on the TDG supersaturation tolerance of fish, juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) of two sizes were subjected to TDG-supersaturated water at high levels (125%, 130%, 135% and 140%). Furthermore, varying flood flows may cause different TDG levels during the flood season. Fish may be subjected to low, chronic exposure to TDG before peak flooding occurs. However, TDG tolerance in fish subjected to high levels of TDG-supersaturated water after chronic exposure is rare. To further investigate the tolerance of juvenile grass carp subjected to acute exposure after chronic TDG exposure, juvenile grass carp were exposed to high levels of TDG-supersaturated water (125–140%) after receiving 96 h of chronic exposure (115% TDG).

Results
In the single acute exposure and multiple exposures (acute exposure after chronic exposure), similar abnormal behaviours and symptoms of gas bubble disease (GBD) were observed in the juvenile grass carp subjected to the TDG-supersaturated water. No abnormal behaviour or mortality was observed in fish in the first chronic exposure of the multiple-exposure treatment. As the TDG level increased, the mortality of the large and small juvenile grass carp increased. The median lethal time (LT50) for the large juvenile grass carp was 36.55, 21.75 and 6.37 h at 130%, 135% and 140% TDG levels, respectively, while the LT50 value of the small juvenile grass carp was 88.13, 61.49 and 35.88 h at the same TDG levels, respectively. In addition, the LT50 value of juvenile grass carp during acute TDG exposure after chronic exposure was 26.22, 7.54 and 5.34 h at 130%, 135% and 140% TDG levels, respectively.

Conclusion
The tolerance of juvenile grass carp decreased with increasing TDG levels. The large juvenile grass carp had weaker tolerance to TDG-supersaturated water than the small juvenile grass carp. In addition, compared with juvenile grass carp subjected to single acute exposure, juvenile grass carp subjected to multiple exposures exhibited lower tolerance and were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of TDG.

Yun Ye,1,2,* Su-Liang Li,2,* Yao Wang,2 Yang Yao,2 Juan Wang,1 Yue-Yun Ma,1 Xiao-Ke Hao1 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: There are a number of studies which show that expression of CD147 is increased significantly in prostate cancer (PCa). However, conflicting conclusions have also been reported by other researchers lately. In order to arrive at a clear conclusion, a meta-analysis of eligible studies was conducted.Materials and methods: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases to identify all the published case–control studies on the relationship between the expression of CD147 and PCa until February 2016. In the end, a total of 930 patients in eight studies were included in the meta-analysis.Results: CD147 expression in the PCa patients increased significantly (odds ratio [OR], 4.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.52–6.14; Z=10.79; P<0.05), but there was obvious heterogeneity between studies (I2=92.9%, P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that positive expression of CD147 was associated with PCa among the Asian population (OR, 21.01; 95% CI, 12.88–34.28; Z=12.19; P<0.05). Furthermore, it was significantly related to TNM stage (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.17–0.35; Z=7.74; P<0.05), Gleason score (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31–0.56; Z=5.62; P<0.05), differentiation grade (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.13–0.56; Z=3.47; P<0.05), and pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen level (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03–0.16; Z=6.47; P<0.05).Conclusion: Positive expression of CD147 was related to PCa, significant heterogeneity was not found between Asian studies, and the result became more significant. The positive expression of CD147 was significantly related to the clinicopathological characteristics of PCa. This suggests that CD147 plays an essential role in poor prognosis and recurrence prediction. Keywords: CD147, prostate cancer, meta-analysis