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In double columns. ; Caption title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

Explores how social movements bring about institutional change by comparing democratic movements in Switzerland in the 1860s & in the western US, 1880-1920. It is argued that institutional change involves a paradigmatic shift in the political system that only happens during periods of extreme societal crisis. Basic social learning promotes a new set of institutions linked with perceptions of past political heritage. It is contended that three other conditions promote successful democratic movements: federalism, lack of state institutionalization, & absence of a unified political elite. In the case of direct democracy, the paradigm shift from "representative government" to "direct legislation by the people" originated with actualization of the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau & Marie Condorcet during the French Revolution, only to be revitalized in Switzerland & the US during the 19th century. Each case meets the required conditions of societal crisis, credible alternatives to existing institutions, a split political elite, & weakened political parties. J. Lindroth

In double columns. ; Caption title. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

The passage of mandatory, state-wide, direct primary laws in Utah and New Mexico within the last four years leaves only two states which retain the convention method of making nominations for all state offices.The Utah act of 1937 applies to all national, state, and local officers. Any party which polled two per cent of the total vote cast for representative in Congress at the last election, or which files a petition signed by at least 500 qualified electors, comes within its scope. The second Tuesday of September is fixed as the date of the primary, with a second, or "runoff," primary in those cases in which no candidate receives a majority in the first primary. The primary is open, candidates for the nominations of all parties appearing in party columns on a "blanket" ballot with perforations between the columns. After marking his ballot, the voter detaches the used portion and deposits it in the ballot box. A separate box is provided for unused portions. Names may be placed upon the ballot by petition or declaration of candidacy, and are rotated. State committees and delegates to the national conventions are chosen at state conventions held on or before the last Saturday in June. The platform is drafted by a second convention meeting in September.