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Nach Max Weber ist wertrationales Handeln dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Akteur sein Handeln konsequent planvoll an bewusst herausgearbeiteten Werten ausrichtet, ohne andere Folgen in Betracht zu ziehen. Im Beitrag wird dieser Handlungstyp im Rahmen des Modells der Frame-Selektion rekonstruiert. Das Modell erweist sich als geeignet, Webers Vorstellungen einer Wertreflexion und rationalen Eigenwertorientierung als Spezialfälle einer umfassenderen Handlungstheorie zu integrieren. Dadurch werden auch Verbindungen zu den Arbeiten anderer Theoretiker wie Raymond Boudon oder Jürgen Habermas deutlich. Ausgehend davon wird argumentiert, dass das Modell der Frame-Selektion dazu verwendet werden kann, Webers makrosoziologische Konzepte der Wertsphären und Lebensordnungen handlungstheoretisch zu fundieren. Der Beitrag schließt mit Anmerkungen zum Verhältnis zwischen dem weberianischen Forschungsprogramm und dem Ansatz der erklärenden Soziologie.

Conclusions reached by Howard Schuman & Jacqueline Scott in "Problems in the Use of Survey Questions to Measure Public Opinion" (Science, 1987, 236, 22 May, 957-959) are challenged. Schuman & Scott presume that all human communication is vulnerable to frame-of-reference effects, & conclude that using survey questions to assess anything more than changes over time is hopeless. It is argued that all communication does require some frame of reference to make sense, but that survey results do not differ from other types of communication in that need. The contexts are important whether one is interpreting the marginals of a single survey or trends over time. In Rejoinder, Schuman replies that while he does not disagree with the comments made, marginals should be deemphasized for two reasons: almost all meaningful interpretation requires some comparison, & seemingly unimportant changes in question wording can alter marginals substantially. Finally, marginals for factual questions, eg, number of rooms in the house, have more meaning alone than do marginals for questions about beliefs & attitudes. A. Waters

In diesem Beitrag wird eine Erklärung des Kulturkonsums entwickelt, die über strukturelle Zusammenhänge hinausgeht und stattdessen auf die dahinterliegende Handlungslogik fokussiert. Dazu werden zentrale Konzepte der Rational-Choice-Theorie und der Praxistheorie herausgegriffen und mithilfe des Modells der Frame-Selektion (MFS) zu einem integrativen Erklärungsmodell des Kulturkonsums verbunden. Kulturelle Praktiken resultieren demnach aus dem Zusammenspiel von bewusst reflektierten Präferenzen und Opportunitäten einerseits und automatisch verarbeiteten Orientierungen und Handlungsrepertoires andererseits. Dieses Modell wird am Beispiel hochkultureller Praktiken empirisch überprüft. Dabei zeigt sich nicht nur, dass Opportunitäten, Präferenzen, Orientierungen und Handlungsrepertoires neben sozialstrukturellen Größen jeweils einen eigenständigen Einfluss auf hochkulturelle Praktiken ausüben, sondern auch, dass hochkulturelle Präferenzen und objektive Opportunitäten für Personen mit stark verankerten hochkulturellen Orientierungen und Handlungsrepertoires nur von zweitrangiger Bedeutung sind. Dies entspricht dem interaktiven Zusammenspiel unterschiedlicher individueller Determinanten, so wie es das MFS prognostiziert.

Funding: Scottish Government (Grant Number(s): Marine Mammal Scientific Support Research Program); Homebrew Films; National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number(s): 105782, 90782). ; Video data are widely collected in ecological studies, but manual annotation is a challenging and time‐consuming task, and has become a bottleneck for scientific research. Classification models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proved successful in annotating images, but few applications have extended these to video classification. We demonstrate an approach that combines a standard CNN summarizing each video frame with a recurrent neural network (RNN) that models the temporal component of video. The approach is illustrated using two datasets: one collected by static video cameras detecting seal activity inside coastal salmon nets and another collected by animal‐borne cameras deployed on African penguins, used to classify behavior. The combined RNN‐CNN led to a relative improvement in test set classification accuracy over an image‐only model of 25% for penguins (80% to 85%), and substantially improved classification precision or recall for four of six behavior classes (12–17%). Image‐only and video models classified seal activity with very similar accuracy (88 and 89%), and no seal visits were missed entirely by either model. Temporal patterns related to movement provide valuable information about animal behavior, and classifiers benefit from including these explicitly. We recommend the inclusion of temporal information whenever manual inspection suggests that movement is predictive of class membership. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

This paper proposes the concept of "organizational frames of reference" (OFOR) as a framework for examining the unquestioned assumptions and processes underlying strategic decision-making. Components of OFOR are described and their functions and formation are discussed. Future research questions and management implications are suggested.

In September 2015, Germany opened its doors to refugees arriving via the Balkan Route. The influx of refugees generated support and solidarity among individuals, civil society groups and political and cultural institutions and various social movements. In this article, I analyse the frames proffered by two pro-refugee groups based in Berlin and contrast them with the propagated media counter frames which ultimately dominated the public discourse. I demonstrate that despite an explicit intention and commitment to foster support for refugees, the pro-refugee groups' choice of frames could have been more strategic if they would have not neglected media counter frames. I argue that although the literature's focus on dynamics of movement and media frames has provided useful tools for analysing the relation between the two, engaging with media counter frames is as equally important, especially if we are concerned with questions around strategy and the outcomes of social mobilizations. Empirically, this article provides a unique insight into micro politics of pro-refugee mobilizations in Europe. Theoretically, it contributes to a better understanding of media and movement frames by emphasizing the significance of dynamic engagement with media counter frames for creation of progressive political alliances with the wider public.

Policy frames are understood as the outcome of a policy process in which multiple frames are contesting, but where one frame prevails and characterizes policies. Policy frames are therefore perceived and studied as coherent interpretations of a policy issue containing a problem definition and a matching strategy to solve it. This rather fixed understanding of policy frames contrasts with other interpretive approaches which recognize a more dynamic and sometimes ambiguous character of policy language. The aim of this article is to analyze whether policy frames may be ambiguous and if so, how this can be understood by the problem context and political context of the policy issue. This study conducts critical frame analysis of local migrant integration policies in Antwerp and Rotterdam over the past 15 years. The analysis demonstrates presence of frame ambiguity in this controversial policy domain in the form of incomplete frames, solely focusing on the policy strategy while leaving the problem definition open to interpretation, and inconsistent frames in which the problem definition and policy strategy do not match. Ambiguous frames indicate a 'strength of weak frames': in a context of problem complexity and political contestation ambiguous frames can serve to overcome a deadlock in policy-making.

Abstract. The article outlines the study of political texts from psycholinguistic perspectives. The research generalizes and empirically verifies a psycholinguistic approach to the study of political discourse and focuses on frame analysis, one of the most powerful psycholinguistic techniques. Frame structure embraces conceptual components that allow accumulating information from different sources. The public speeches of two great Ukrainian and American political leaders Viktor Yushchenko and Barack Obama were the principal sources of the analysis. Frame analysis was applied to study cross-cultural peculiarities that depict national nature of two cultures. Data analysis shows that discourse of the Ukrainian leader is mostly focused on categories such as people, power, liberty. The discourse of the American leader contains categories such as economy, money, people, psychological constructs. The results show that people have become top-priority for V. Yushchenko. They are the people the Ukrainian politician addresses, believes and trusts. V. Yushchenko also focuses on freedom, independence and liberty of any Ukrainian citizen. B. Obama is deeply concentrated on economy and finance of his country. It has become obvious that he is ready to implement the set of reforms for the country to thrive. The category of psychological constructs shows that the American politician is full of respect and proud for his country ant population. The radical variety of two speeches is caused by different economic conditions, values and mentality of two cultures and personal purposes and objectives of the two politicians.

Mediale Berichterstattung spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanzbildung der landwirtschaftlichen Tierhaltung. Berichterstattung wird über Medien-Frames – vereinfachte Deutungsmuster einer komplexen gesellschaftlichen Debatte – charakterisiert. Da Medieninhaltsanalysen zur landwirtschaftlichen Tierhaltung in Deutschland Medien-Frames bisher nicht empirisch bestimmt haben, ist die Vielfalt und Komplexität von Medien-Frames möglicherweise nicht ausreichend beschrieben worden. Die vorliegende Untersuchung identifiziert Medien-Frames der landwirtschaftlichen Tierhaltung empirisch mit einem manuell-dimensionsreduzierenden Ansatz. Als Datengrundlage dienen 1282 Artikel aus den Jahren 2010 bis 2015 aus allgemeinen Printmedien, aus landwirtschaftlichen Fachmedien sowie von Publikationen von Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs). Durch eine Inhaltsanalyse werden Frame-Elemente als einzelne Bestandteile eines Frames analysiert. Auf Basis der Frame-Elemente werden mittels einer Clusteranalyse Medien-Frames empirisch bestimmt. Im Ergebnis können mit der Clusteranalyse neun sehr unterschiedliche Medien-Frames identifiziert werden, die zeigen, dass über landwirtschaftliche Tierhaltung in Printmedien in sehr vielfältigen Deutungsrahmen berichtet wird. Während in einzelnen Frames eine wirtschaftliche und praxisorientierte Nutzenperspektive eigenommen wird, werden in anderen Frames die negativen Auswirkungen für die gehaltenen Tiere fokussiert und die Verantwortung der Gesellschaft betont. In einem anderen Frame wird vor allem über landwirtschaftliche Tierhaltung berichtet, wenn aus Verbrauchersicht ein Anlass besteht oder im Kontext von politischen Entscheidungen. In anderen Frames wird zudem verstärkt über das Image der landwirtschaftlichen Tierhaltung berichtet. Einzelne Medien-Frames kommen in bestimmten Medien und in bestimmten Zeitabschnitten gehäuft vor. Die empirische Ermittlung von Medien-Frames ermöglicht es, die Vielfalt der Berichterstattung über landwirtschaftliche Tierhaltung differenzierter als bisher zu erfassen. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht der empirische Ansatz zur Frame-Bestimmung die Medienberichterstattung zu strukturieren und einer vertiefenden Analyse zugänglich zu machen. ; Media reporting plays a central role in the process of forming social acceptance of agricultural animal husbandry. Reporting is characterized by media frames – simplified patterns of interpretation of a complex social debate. Since media content analyses concerning agricultural animal husbandry in Germany have not yet empirically determined media frames, the diversity and complexity of media frames may not have been sufficiently described. The present study identifies media frames of agricultural animal husbandry empirically with a manual dimension-reducing approach. The data basis is 1282 articles from the years 2010 to 2015 from general print media, farmers' media and publications of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). A content analysis identifies frame elements as individual components of a frame. Based on the frame elements, media frames are determined empirically by means of a cluster analysis. As a result, nine very different media frames can be identified with the cluster analysis, showing that reporting about agricultural animal husbandry in print media occurs in very diverse frames. While in some frames an economic and practice-oriented benefit perspective is adopted, other frames focus on the negative effects on the animals kept and emphasize the responsibility of society. In another frame, agricultural animal husbandry is mainly reported on if there is a reason to do so from the consumer's point of view or in the context of political decisions. Other frames also report more about the image of agricultural animal husbandry. Individual media frames occur frequently in specific media and at specific time intervals. The empirical determination of media frames allows a more differentiated coverage of the diversity of media reports about agricultural animal husbandry than before. At the same time, the empirical approach to frame identification allows the structuring of media coverage and makes it accessible for in-depth analysis.