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Discusses information policy issues for electronic information resources, including the scholarly communication process and changes in the relationship between information, the producer, and the user; the right of access to information, including government information; privacy and democratic governance; and intellectual property or ownership of information.

If we want to decide, whether two digital files contain exactly the same amount of information, or of how precisely the amount of information they contain differs, we need an abstract model of the information, unto which the instances represented by the content of two different files can be projected. A meta model for this purpose is presented. It differentiates between the byte values representing the payload in a file and the significant properties of that payload represented by meta information in the file. That model is embedded into a broader discussion of the best way to understand the nature of information as it influences the processing of the representations derived from the data in question. Links to the software solution implemented in the Planets project for the processing of data following the model proposed are provided.

<p>The area of image processing has made rapid strides because of enormous applications it has in different fields. This growth can also be attributed to the increasing use of fuzzy logic in all tasks of image processing as the fuzzy logic facilitates the representation of inherent uncertainty in the image information which can be local or global. For problems like enhancement global information is of interest whereas the local information is needed for the problems of edge detection, segmentation, and recognition. However we need both for the noise removal. The images are of varied types: Medical images (CT scans, MR, X-rays, ECG, etc.), satellite images, natural scenes, videos, games, multimedia, biometrics, industrial, astronomical so on and so forth. The approaches to tackle different images have to be different. For example skin texture can't represented by a colour model.</p><p><strong>Defence Science Journal, 2011, 61(5), pp.405-407</strong><strong><strong>, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.61.1192</strong></strong></p>

To reduce the chances of policy failures, policy makers need information about the effects of policies. Sometimes, policy makers can rely on agents who already possess the information. Often, the information does not exist yet. This raises two questions. First, how much resources should be devoted to the production of information? Second, should information be produced by a profit- maximizing firm (a private consultant) or by someone who has an interest in policy outcomes (a political adviser)? This paper shows that policy makers may prefer hiring a political adviser for two reasons. First, in contrast to a private consultant, a political adviser need not be fully compensated for exerting effort. Second, a political adviser with moderate preferences produces information of a higher expected quality than a private consultant is induced to do by the optimal monetary incentive scheme. The cost of hiring a political adviser is that she may distort policy decisions by manipulating information. As long as a political adviser is not too biassed, the policy maker prefers consulting a political adviser to consulting a private consultant, even if a political adviser and a private consultant are equally costly. Competition among political advisers is shown to reduce the willingness of political advisers to produce information.