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Social scientists have reported extensively on the impact of Supreme Court decisions overturning public policy, but not on those sustaining it. This article stresses the need to study the impact of litigation, including the impact of losing lawsuits. Presenting data on the impact of San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, the article demonstrates how a losing lawsuit can produce positive policy change from the consumer's perspective. After comparing the policy aftermath of Rodriguez with that of two winning school‐finance cases, I suggest that the final judicial decision may not be the most significant event in litigation stimulating policy change.

THIS PAPER ADVANCES THE PROPOSITION THAT ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MAY BE PARTICULARLY SUITED AS A VEHICLE FOR THE ARTICULATION OF POSTMATERIAL VALUES IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES, AND THAT RECOGNITION OF THIS IS LIKELY TO PROVE ENORMOUSLY HELPFUL IN FUTURE COMPARATIVE AND CROSS-NATIONAL RESEARCH INTO THE ORIGINS OF ENVIRONMENTALISM AND THE CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY CHANGE.

My research objective in this article is to analyze policy change affecting wildfire suppression programs administered by the United States Forest Service and the United States Department of the Interior. Using a variant of the punctuated equilibrium approach, a content analysis of New York Times stories dealing with wildfires over the past two decades was examined in relation to both administrative and legislative policy changes. I conclude by suggesting that administrative shifts were undertaken by federal land administrators in response to crises and media attention to protect decisional autonomy as well as forest resources, while the architect of legislative change was a president taking advantage of the combined effects of increasingly intense wildfire seasons, demographic shifts involving the movement of people and structures to the high-risk wildland urban interface areas, greater media scrutiny, and pressure to act from wildfire weary constituencies.

It is proposed that environmental policy may be particularly suited to be a vehicle for the articulation of postmaterial values in advanced industrial societies. Recognition of this may prove helpful in future comparative & cross-national research into the origins of environmentalism & the causes of environmental policy change. Salient characteristics of postmaterialism & their overlap with the leading indicators of environmentalism are noted. Possible structural causes for this overlap are noted & opposed to the prevailing socialization explanation for the adoption of postmaterial & environmental values. An idealized development of the environmentalism movement is sketched & possible factors related to its political expression in various countries are described. Modified HA.

Measurement of policy change is complicated by change in the content of the issues that policymakers face. The author presented a method to control for issue change in decisions of the Supreme Court and used that method to measure change in civil liberties policy from 1946 to 1986. This article uses the same method to measure policy change in the early Rehnquist Court (1986-1993). The analysis indicates that the early Rehnquist Court was less favorable to civil liberties than its record of pro- and anti-civil liberties decisions indicates, because it increasingly accepted cases in which pro-civil liberties votes were relatively "easy" to cast. The results underline the need to take issue change into account in analyzing policy change.

Much of the British and European literature on the role of interest groups in the policy process focuses on their participation in policy networks of various types. Possibly reflecting the original development of the policy community and policy network 'models' in the late 1970s, these approaches tend to emphasize stability and continuity – of both networks and policies. However, the 1980s and 1990s have witnessed much policy change and instability in most Western European states. In particular, some governments have adopted a more impositional policy style, and interest groups have learned to exploit the opportunities presented by a policy process which is increasingly characterized by multiple opportunity structures. This is especially the case following Europeanization of many policy sectors within the fifteen EU member states. The article focuses on the possible causes of policy change, including the importance of state power; changes in the behaviour of interest groups as they adjust to and exploit the opportunities presented by multi-arena policy-making; the impact of new policy fashions, reflecting knowledge and ideas which can act as a virus-like threat to existing policy communities.

One purpose of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) is to explain policy change. Previous holistic reviews of the ACF by Weible, Sabatier, and McQueen (2009) and Pierce, Peterson, Jones, Garrard, and Vu (2017) of the framework have not explicitly analyzed all the concepts and their interactions in a systematic manner. To address this gap and inform scholars and practitioners about past findings, strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for future research, this article analyzes how the ACF's theory of policy change is applied to 148 policy processes among 67 journal articles from 2007 to 2014. Similar to Weible et al. (2009), this research finds the frequent use of multiple primary pathways to policy change, infrequent use of many of the ACF's concepts, a plurality of applications in the environment and energy domain, comparison of subsystems, and a need for greater clarity and transparency among applications. Unlike Weible et al. (2009), this article explores associations between primary pathways and policy domains, the frequency of associations between primary pathways and secondary components, policy change and stasis, and identifies threats to internal validity of key ACF concepts.

Purpose
Crisis events are windows of opportunity during which a country's leaders may implement economic policy adjustments which change that country's level of economic freedom and affect the local capital market. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between annual changes in an economic freedom index, six types of crises and equity market returns.


Design/methodology/approach
The author uses fixed-effects regressions on annual panel data for 69 countries during the period 2000-2010.


Findings
Banking, domestic debt and inflation crises decrease economic freedom, and an external debt crisis weakly relates to increases in economic freedom. Only banking crises relate to a change in economic freedom in the following year, suggesting that crisis-driven changes in economic freedom happen quickly. Gains in economic freedom are more likely to occur during periods of positive local and global equity returns. Preceding and contemporaneous to increases in economic freedom, a country's equity market outperforms a global equity index, offering observers a leading indicator for economic policy change.


Originality/value
The author finds that crises coincide with decreases in economic freedom, while gains in economic freedom happen during periods of positive capital market sentiment. The absence of a relationship between one-year lagged crisis events and changes in economic freedom suggests prior research relating gains in economic freedom to a crisis occurring 5 or 10 years earlier is a relationship which is more complex, non-linear and specific to the selected data period or spurious. Furthermore, relative equity market returns are related to changes in economic freedom, suggesting that equity markets identify which countries have increased economic freedom, long before popular economic freedom indexes are published.

ABSTRACTThis paper advances the proposition that environmental policy may be particularly suited as a vehicle for the articulation of post‐material values in advanced industrial societies, and that recognition of this is likely to prove enormously helpful in future comparative and cross‐national research into the origins of environmentalism and the causes of environmental policy change. The paper notes the salient characteristics of postmaterialism and the overlap of these with the leading indicators of environmentalism. Possible structural causes for this overlap are noted and opposed to the prevailing socialization explanation for the adoption of postmaterial and environmental values. To help understand the impact of environmentalism on policy an idealized development of the movement is sketched. This leads to the description of a set of general factors likely to be related to the way environmentalism finds political expression in various countries. In the final section, the focus is on what we might want to know about the policy process in order to be able to gauge environmentalist influence on policy outputs.

Abstract
What policy changes do people expect from elections, and how do these expectations influence the decision to vote? This paper seeks to understand the relationship between people's expectations and their subsequent voting behavior by examining beliefs about what candidates would actually do if given political power. I start with a survey of political scientists and compare their forecasts about what presidential candidates will accomplish to those of the general population. Public respondents expected much more legislation to result from the 2020 election. This comparison suggests an underestimation by the public of the impediments that the separation of powers poses to passing legislation. The study further reveals that voters expected much more policy change than nonvoters did, with high expectations serving as a strong predictor of validated voter turnout. These results support explanations for the decision to vote that center on the policy benefits that people believe their preferred candidate will deliver.

1.understanding crisis-induced policy changes in china -- 2.toward understanding crisis exploitation in china -- 3.three cases and qualitative thematic analysis -- 4.sars pandemic crisis as a "window of opportunity" -- 5.wenchuan earthquake disaster without exploitation -- 6.h1n1 pandemic crisis without "window of opportunity" -- 7.explaining variance of crisis rhetoric and exploitation -- 8.crisis exploitation and framing in non-western regime.

The enactment of new water policies does not always translate into observable lasting changes, particularly in agriculture, due to multiple factors, ranging from inadequate reform preparation and design, institutional and political economy constraints, to lack of acceptance, limited awareness, or inappropriate enforcement. Investments levels, in techniques, infrastructures and institutions, may also contribute to the degree of the water reform's implementation. In the long term, a policy process with low future path-dependency, allows for possible adjustment to respond to changing conditions.

1 Introduction: Foreign Policy Change, Tim Haesebrouck and Jeroen K. Joly -- 2 Belgian Foreign Policy. In Foro Interno, Inferno?, Jeroen K. Joly and Tim Haesebrouck -- 3 Czech Foreign Policy After the Velvet Revolution, Zdeněk Kříž, Martin Chovančík and Odřich Krpec -- 4 Danish Foreign Policy: Continuity and Change in the Post-Cold War Period, Henrik Larsen -- 5 Finnish Foreign Policy: Pragmatic Adjustment to a Changing World Order, Tapio Raunio -- 6 French Foreign Policy: Make France Great Again, Friederike Richter and Martial Foucault.-7 German Foreign Policy, Patrick A. Mello -- 8 Italian Foreign Policy: Still the Days Seem the Same?, Fabrizio Coticchia and Valerio Vignoli -- 9 Dutch Foreign Policy: Staying the Course Amid a Changing World, Niels van Willigen -- 10 Polish Foreign Policy: From 'Go To' Player to Territorial Defender, Laura Chappell -- 11 Spanish Foreign Policy: Navigating Global Shifts and Domestic Crises, Eduard Soler i Lecha and Esther Barbé -- 12 British Foreign Policy Since the End of the Cold War, Andrew M. Dorman.-13 Conclusion: Grasping Foreign Policy Change, Klaus Brummer and Kai Oppermann.