Suchergebnisse

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior highschool students, taking unobserved heterogeneity and the endogeneity of grade repetitions into account. We specify a multi-stage model of human-capital accumulation with a finite number of types representing unobserved individual characteristics. Class-size and latent student-performance indices are assumed to follow finite mixtures of normal distributions. Grade retention may increase or decrease the student's knowledge capital in a type-dependent way. Our estimation results show that the Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT) of grade retention on test scores is small but positive at the end of grade 9. The ATT of grade retention is higher for the weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students. Grade repetitions reduce the probability of access to grade 9 of all student types.

Corporate retained profits have well‐determined effects on both total and non‐durable consumers' expenditure, with coefficients which do not differ significantly from those on disposable income in a standard consumption function; the effects also appear in a life‐cycle model which excludes disposable income. Retentions convey no useful information about future values of the other arguments of either consumption function. The implications of an alternative explanatory hypothesis, of a discrepancy between the principles and practice of national accounting, are not rejected.

QUESTIONS OF RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION OF LEGISLATORS ARE CENTRAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY. THIS ESSAY TRACES THE DOMINANT PERSPECTIVES AND ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF LEGISLATIVE CANDIDATES AND LEGISLATIVE CAREERS IN THE UNITED STATES. A CENTRAL THEME OF THIS ESSAY IS THAT CONGRESSIONAL AND STATE LEGISLATIVE SCHOLARS HAVE TENDED TO IGNORE EACH OTHER'S WORK. THIS IS LARGELY DUE TO A DIFFERENCE IN THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS, WHEREIN CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARS CONCENTRATE ON THE INDIVIDUAL WHILE STATE LEGISLATIVE SCHOLARS CONCENTRATE ON THE INSTITUTION. BUT TWO RECENT EVENTS IN STATE LEGISLATURES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE LINKAGES BETWEEN CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE RESEARCH. THE FIRST IS THE INCREASE IN CAREERISM AMONG STATE LEGISLATORS. THE SECOND IS THE EFFECT OF TERM LIMITS.

As the social care workforce expands, the number of vacant posts remains high, prompting councils and policymakers to develop new ways to support practitioners to boost staff recruitment and retention

This study uses multilayer minimum spanning tree analysis to develop a model for student retention from a complex system perspective, using data obtained from first-year engineering students at a large well-regarded institution in the European Union. The results show that the elements of the system of student retention are related to one another through a network of links and that some of these links were found to be strongly persistent across different scales (group sizes). The links were also seen to group together in different clusters of strongly related elements. Links between elements across a wide range of these clusters would have system-wide influence. It was found that there were no elements that are both persistent and have system-wide effects. This complex system view of student retention explains why actions to enhance student retention aimed at single elements in the system have had such limited impact.This study therefore points to the need for a more system-wide approach to enhancing student retention.