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We provide a definition of institutionalism & a schematic account that differentiates between institutional theories (in which institutions are exogenous) & theories of institutions, in which some (but not necessarily all) institutions are endogenous. Our primary argument is that institutionalism in the contemporary context is better characterized as a method than as a body of substantive work motivated by the so-called chaos problem. Secondary arguments include the following. (1) While it is important to differentiate sharply between institutions & behavior, institutionalism presupposes a well-defined behavioral concept. (2) When making the challenging transition from developing institutional theories to developing theories of institutions, it is essential to hold behavioral axioms fixed & to choose a form of equilibrium that exists for the class of games studied. (3) For most research programs today, a form of Nash equilibrium has the requisite properties while the core, & structure-induced equilibria (SIE) that rely on the core, often lack the requisite properties. 2 Figures, 38 References. [Copyright 2003 Sage Publications Ltd.]

In this paper, Zinc oxide were deposited on a glass substrate at room temperature (RT) and two annealing temperatures 350ºC and 500ºC using laser induced plasma technique. ZnO nanofilms of 200nm thickness have been deposited on glass substrate. X-RAY diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy and UV-visible spectrophotometer were used to analyze the results. XRD forms of ZnO nanostructure display hexagonal structure with three recognized peaks (100), (002), and (101) orientations at 500ºC annealing temperature. The optical properties of ZnO nanostructure were determined spectra. The energy gap was 3.1 eV at 300 oC and 3.25eV at 500ºC annealing temperature.

In this paper Zener diode was designed by mixing three mixing ratios of Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x), where x is 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1, that are deposited on a p-type porous silicon using laser induced plasma technique at room temperature (RT). The results of the Zener diode showed a decrease in knee and Zener voltage when the mixing ratio of Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) structure was increased. Nanofilms of 200nm thickness were prepared from pure ZnO and Ag2O as well as Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) with three maxing ratios and deposited on glass slides at RT to analyze the structure and optical properties. The structures of Ag2O and Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) showed high absorbance in the visible region with redshift in spectra when the mixing ratio was increased, while ZnO had a high absorbance in the ultraviolet region. It is concluded that when the value of x increases the energy gap value for the Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) structure decreases.

Due to a large discrepancy between theory and experiment, the electronic character of crystalline boron carbide B13C2 has been a controversial topic in the field of icosahedral boron-rich solids. We demonstrate that this discrepancy is removed when configurational disorder is accurately considered in the theoretical calculations. We find that while the ordered ground state B13C2 is metallic, the configurationally disordered B13C2, modeled with a superatom-special quasirandom structure method, goes through a metal to nonmetal transition as the degree of disorder is increased with increasing temperature. Specifically, one of the chain-end carbon atoms in the CBC chains substitutes a neighboring equatorial boron atom in a B-12 icosahedron bonded to it, giving rise to a B11Ce(BBC) unit. The atomic configuration of the substitutionally disordered B13C2 thus tends to be dominated by a mixture between B-12(CBC) and B11Ce(BBC). Due to splitting of valence states in B11Ce(BBC), the electron deficiency in B-12(CBC) is gradually compensated. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council (VR) [621-2011-4417, 330-2014-6336, 2014-4750]; CeNano at Linkoping University; LiLi-NFM; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area Grant in Materials Science