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Abstract
Greece's education system lags behind those of other European countries. Its two overarching problems, which encompass many others, are (a) the incompatibility of school knowledge and societal needs, and (b) the low performance of public schools. Because of these inadequacies, there exists a 'shadow education system' of private cramming courses preparing students for the required qualifications for university admission. Despite recurring criticisms from international organizations, the relative position of Greece to other countries has not improved. This paper addresses why there has been no improvement so far despite Greece's use of available resources and expertise supplied by the EU. To explain why there has been no change, the authors trace the Greek system's problems to historical antecedents and examine the political and social forces resisting educational change at present.

Prologue : African Americans in the German Democratic Republic / Victor Grossman -- An unexpected alliance : August Willich, Peter H. Clark, and the abolitionist movement in Cincinnati / Mischa Honeck -- German immigrants and African Americans in Charleston, South Carolina, 1850-1880 / Jeffery Strickland -- Louis Douglas and the Weimar reception of Harlemania / Leroy Hopkins -- Race in the Reich : the African American press on Nazi Germany / Larry A. Greene -- Field trip into the twilight : a German Africanist discovers the Black bourgeoisie at Howard University, 1937-1939 / Berndt Ostendorf -- Love across the color line : the limits of German and American democracy, 1945-1968 / Maria Höhn -- The erotics of African American endurance, or, On the right side of history : White (West)-German public sentiment between pornotroping and civil rights solidarity / Sabine Broeck -- "Nazi Jim Crow" : Hans Jürgen Massaquoi's democratic vistas on the Black Atlantic and Afro-Germans in Ebony / Frank Mehring -- A raisin in the East : African American civil rights drama in GDR scholarship and theater practice / Astrid Haas -- Ollie Harrington : his portrait drawn on the basis of East German (GDR) secret service files / Aribert Schroeder -- Exploding Hitler and Americanizing Germany : occupying "Black" bodies and postwar desire / Damani Partridge -- Reconstructing "America" : the development of African American studies in the Federal Republic of Germany / Eva Boesenberg.

The impact of immunisation is best understood through a historical lens, since so many of the diseases which placed a burden on our population have been eliminated or controlled through immunisation. The United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS), which celebrated its 70th birthday in 2018, is responsible for delivering the highly successful universal national immunisation programme. However, the first vaccines used in the UK were not part of a centrally coordinated programme until the 1960s. Resources that summarise the first 200 years of immunisation in the UK are not readily accessible. Here we provide a two part chronological insight into the history of the UK immunisation programme from primary sources. In Part I, we highlight the importance of wartime conditions, unprecedented vaccine development, and the polio outbreaks in the in driving developments in immunisation and discuss subsequent changes in the use of the original vaccines of the immunisation programme, namely, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio. In Part 2, we discuss the formation of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation and its role, working with public health agencies and advising the UK Governments on vaccine policy, to bring a comprehensive programme to defend the health of the population against serious infectious diseases, highlighting the importance of programme organisation and leadership.

Explores the American founding in terms of its political and theoretical perspectives. Reviews the basic facts of the foundation events, the leading characteristics of the thought of period and places special emphasis on the richness of America's political culture in the late eighteenth century. Considers the novel and the traditional in the portrait of the founding as it is understood after two centuries. (Abstract amended)

Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction Columbus throughout Two Hundred Years -- Chapter 1 Two Centuries of Business Development -- Chapter 2 The Role of Water in Shaping Columbus -- Chapter 3 Water and the Development of Columbus -- Chapter 4 Land Use in a Changing City -- Chapter 5 Land Use and Urban Development -- Conclusion Columbus in 2012 -- Appendix Populations of Ohio: Columbus and Other Cities, 1800-2010 -- Bibliographic Essay -- Index

THE AMERICAN FOUNDING IS EXPLORED IN TERMS OF ITS POLITICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES. THE BASIC FACTS OF THE FOUNDATION EVENTS ARE REVIEWED, THE LEADING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THOUGHT OF PERIOD AS IT CAME TO FOCUS IN THE CONSTITUTION ARE IDENTIFIED AND DISCUSSED, AND SPECIAL EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE RICHNESS OF AMERICA'S POLITICAL CULTURE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. THE EXTENDED MEANING OF "LIBERTY UNDER LAW" IS DEVELOPED, WITH ATTENTION TO THE LEGACY OF FORTESCUE AND COKE TO CONSTITUTIONALISM IN AMERICA. THE CONCLUSION CONSIDERS THE NOVEL AND THE TRADITIONAL IN THE PORTRAIT OF THE FOUNDING AS IT IS UNDERSTOOD AFTER TWO CENTURIES.

This paper documents nominal stability in Switzerland from 1805 to 2013 using a data set on annual price, wage and nominal GDP changes. The trends of these indicators are estimated by an unobserved-components stochastic-volatility model in order to control for short-term fluctuations and measurement error. Based on a narrative analysis of these trends five main findings emerge. (i) Fiat currency regimes in Switzerland provided a relatively stable monetary background even compared to the metal-currency regimes before WW1. (ii) The flexible inflation targeting regime adopted in December 1999 has performed best over the last two centuries measured by today's definition of nominal stability. (iii) Fiat currency regimes without clearly communicated nominal price anchor (Bretton Woods System and monetary targeting) were characterised by an inflation bias. (iv) The metal-currency regimes (competing currencies and bimetallism before World War 1, and to some extent flexible inflation targeting, were associated with a deflation bias. (v) Persistent deflations in terms of the CPI only occurred under metallic regimes before WW2. These episodes were accompanied by falling nominal GDP, falling employment but relatively stable hourly wages.

Regulation and Economic Analysis: A Critique Over Two Centuries argues that long experience with the practice of regulation creates a broad anti-intervention consensus among economists. This consensus is based on comparison of real intervention to real markets rather than an ideological preconception. It is shown that economic theory can support all possible positions on intervention. Much theory is too abstract to support any policy position; many arguments about how intervention might help contain qualifications expressing doubts about whether the potential can be realized; many theories illustrate the drawbacks of intervention. The vast literature on these issues concentrates either on specific cases or polemics that exaggerate both sides of the argument. Regulation and Economic Analysis seeks to show the depth of the discontent, develop interpretations of economic theory that follow from skepticism about statism and provide selected illustrations. The discussion begins with examination of general equilibrium theory and proceeds to discuss market failure with stress on monopoly and particularly what is deemed excessive concern with predatory behavior. International trade issues, transaction costs, property rights, economic theories of government, the role of special institutions such as contracts, the defects of macroeconomic and equity arguments for regulating individual markets, environmental economics and the defects of public land management policies are examined

Austrian civil code (Allgemeines b?rgerliches Gesetzbuch - ABGB, ACC) succeeded in resisting the challenges of time for two centuries. A number of factors influenced it's longevity. First of all, prior to adoption of the law, a long lasting and well designed work, which has been described in greater detail in this article, was done. The Code was written gradually, with lots of recalculations, checks and public debates. In legal literature, it is often written about a unique lawmaking experiment, which Austrian authorities made by implementing the Code in one part of the state territory. The Code was written for feudal order, but according to principles of natural law. This second thing has, in addition to widely formulated and flexible legal norms, left enough space for extensive interpretation of outdated rules, and filling in the legal lacunas, whose number was increasing as the time passed. Courts often used this opportunity in a creative manner, contributing to survival of the Code. Many additions and changes were made to the Code, but there were few of those who thought that it should be changed by a new one Code. Austrians are preparing a more detailed revision of the ACC, which will allow modernization of the national law and it's synchronization with trends in current European law, but on the other hand, to preserve the two century old legal heritage. The second part of this article is dedicated to the influence of the Austrian Civil Code on the development of civil law in the former Yugoslavia and Serbia. ACC served as model for adoption of the Serbian Civil Code of 1844. It was applied as a positive law in the first half of XX century, in one part of the territory of today's Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Formally, legal rules of the Austrian Civil Code can even be applied today, according to the Law on Nullity of Legal Regulations Enacted Prior to 6th of April 1941, and During the Enemy Occupation. However, that possibility is more theoretical than practical, and is limited only to a narrow field inside the property law, because in other fields, Serbia has an equally proper, and in domain of obligation law, even a more modern legal regulative, which was mentioned by some Austrian authors.

In this major new study of British policy in the Middle East, Peter Mangold shows how the British sought to protect their changing interests in the region - imperial communications, oil, status and the threat from terrorism - and their response to Arab and Iranian nationalism. He examines the successes and failures of British policy in the region and the reasons why - over Palestine, Suez, Aden and the 2003 Iraq war - it has often proved controversial and accident prone. And he evaluates Britain's complex legacy in the Middle East; its contribution to the success of Jordan and the Gulf states, and also the instability which has plagued Iraq and the unresolved Palestine conflict. In tracing the history of Britain's relationship with the Middle East, Mangold reveals how Britain's involvement in the region sowed the seeds for today's crises