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Background and Objective: A considerable amount of sulfur hexafluoride is applied to evaluate the performance of each laboratory hood according to ASHRAE–110-95 method. SF6 is extremely hostile to environment and expensive. In present work, the possibility of conducting this method of hood performance test with less volume of SF6 was investigated.Material and Methods: The performance of a laboratory hood was evaluated using ASHRAE110-95 standard method at three different ventilation capacity as well as three different volumetric flow rates of injected SF6 while a mannequin was located at the front of hood. Face velocity was measured 180 times using a thermal anemometer TA-2 model. Air flow was visualized through injecting low and high volume of smokes at 18 tests. Sulfur hexafluoride was injected at three different volumetric flow rates of 2, 3 and 4 lit/min. The occupational exposure of a hypothetic hood operator was determined 27 times through direct reading.Results: The average and standard deviation of face velocity at hood inlet were 0.42±0.04, 0.6±0.07, 0.7±0.11 m/s respectively, ranging from 0.36-1.1 m/s. the studied hood did not have an acceptable performance when tested with high volumes of smoke, but it did have an acceptable performance while it was tested with low volumes of smoke.Conclusion: The application of ASHRAE 110-95 hood performance test with smaller volume of tracer sulfur hexafluoride gas is not recommended.REFERENCES: 1. Esmaeilzadeh A, Golbabaee F, Shahtaheri S. Evaluation of laboratory fume-hoods performance in a petrochemical industry based on ASHRAE 110 Standard. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2008;6(3-4):111-7.2. Fk.T. Chemical Fume Hood Safety Protecting the Health of Laboratory Workers. eScholarship University of California. 2000:p.8.3. Karimi Zare A. Evaluation of laoratory hoods in Tehran Water and Waste water Co. Tehran: Islamic Azad university; 2000.4. Rydock JP. Tracer performance testing of installed fume hoods: One European perspective. Chemical Health and Safety. 2002;9(4):7-9.5. Ivany RE, First MW, Diberardinis LJ. A new method for quantitative, in-use testing of laboratory fume hoods. The American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1989;50(5):275-80.6. Hitchings DT. Laboratory fume hood and exhaust fan penthouse exposure risk analysis using the ANSI/ASHRAE 95 -110 and other tracer gas methods. Transactions-American Society of Heating Refrigerating aqnd Air Conditioning Engineers. 1997;863:72-103.7. Guffey EJ. Nitrous oxide as a substitute for sulfur hexafluoride in the ANSI/ASHRAE 110 Method of hood performance evaluation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2011:1-448. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. 2012 [2 dec]; Available from: www.oshagov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_268600html/Accessed.9. Jacobs PJ. Laboratory fume hood performance. 2009; p:20-50.10. Taylor S, Initiative TC. Fume Hood Study: Tufts University. 2044; p: 1-40.11. Roni v. Choosing less environmentally damaging gases for fume hood tracer gas testing. Alternative gases to meet. 2007; p: 2.12. Kalantari S. Ethylene as a Substitute for Sulfur Hexafluoride in the ASHRAE 95-110 Method of Hood Performance Evaluation. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science; 2013.13. Bell G, Sartor D, Mills E. The Berkeley hood: development and commercialization of an innovative high-performance laboratory fume hood Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. California2003.14. Dale T, Maupins K. Using the ASHRAE 110 Test as a TQM tool to improve laboratory fume hood performance. ASHRAE Transactions. 1997;14:851-62.15. Crawley LH. Application of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy to the measurement of atmospheric trace gases. 2008.16. Industrial Ventilation a manual of practice for designe 27th ed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyginiests (ACGIH); Cincinnati: ACGIH; 2010.17. Ojima J. Tracer gas evaluations of push-pull ventilation system performance. Industrial health. 2009;47(1):94-6.

Sweet sorghum processing and production in the Philippines still at its infancy stage in the country. It was introduced in Ilocos Norte by Dr. Heraldo H. Layoen, Vice President of Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) in 2005. The crop has been found to be highly efficient in producing fuel in other countries like Indonesia, Tanzania, and USA. Other products that can be produced from the sweet sorghum crop are molasses, animal feeds, fertilizer, flour, syrup, vinegar, juice, liquor, and sugar. BAPAMIN Enterprise, (BAPAMIN) is the sole enterprise which has engaged in sweet sorghum production and marketing of products made from the crop in the country. BAPAMIN was established in 2009 as the marketing arm of the BAPAMIN Farmer?s Cooperative (BFC), a group of farmers into planting and growing of sweet sorghum in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Both the enterprise and cooperative ids headed by Engr. Antonio Arcangel. BAPAMIN and his wife, Doris who are co-managing the company. It was observed that the enterprise was encountering difficulty in taking off even it has existing for seven years already. Thus, this research was conducted to draw up a strategic plan that would help make BIPAMIN Enterprise a viable social enterprise. The specific objectives of the research are to: 1) Present and discuss a noteworthy business issue faced by BAPAMIN Enterprise, which has company wide implications. 2) Evaluate the BAPAMIN sweet sorghum business model in terms of its various business functions. 3) Analyze the opportunities, threats and the critical strategic and operational issue(s) facing the venture 4) recommend a strategic plan and operational options for BAPAMIN Enterprise to become viable. Primary and secondary data were used to gather information. Interviews were conducted with Engr. And Ms. Arcangel as well as key informants from BAPAMIN Enterprise. Technical and socio-economic experts from MMSU and government agencies like the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)-DOST DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research were also interviewed. Secondary data on sweet sorghum were gathered from various publications as well as internet sources. The collected data were analyzed using Business Model Canvas, Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Self-Rating Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation, Porters Five Forces Model, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis, and the Qualitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) Matrix. It was learned through the Business Model Canvas that there were eight (8) participants in BAPAMIN?s business model: the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and the Department of Agriculture (DA) for funding the research and some equipment the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for research and development Bapamin Farmers? Cooperative (BFC) for the production of raw materials and university, outlets, and institutions as the distribution channels. These participants were connected to one another and the efficiency of BAPAMIN depended on its linkages with the other components of the business model. Based on the interview with the entrepreneur, the vision for BAPAMIN is to be ?the pioneer in the propagation and processing of sweet sorghum in the country and the main advocate for developing high value products from sweet sorghum?. On the other hand, the mission of BAPAMIN is ?to campaign for mass planting of sweet sorghum as an alternative crop, address the goal of food sufficiency in the country and promote and educate the farmers on the best agricultural and cultural management practices for the adoption and propagation of sweet sorghum to consequently improve the financial condition of the farmers?. An examination of BAPAMIN?s vision and mission revealed that the mission statement only consisted of 4 out of 9 elements. Thus, improvements in both the mission and vision statements were suggested. BAPAMINS business functions were also presented in the study. The production and operations activities to the enterprise were not programmed and intermittent as they produced different products which were being introduced to the market and also displayed in trade exhibits. It was analyzed that then current equipment was still not enough to achieve the target production volume. In terms of raw materials supply, the enterprise bought grains from the BFC at Php 13/kg and the juice at Php 3/liter. Generally, the harvest were much higher during the dry season that the wet season. The enterprise as of the time of the study employed 4 full time and 210 seasonal workers because processing operations in the company took place only during harvest season. The marketing aspects of the enterprise were assessed to be relatively weak as the firm does not employ any marketing strategy. A closer look at the financial aspects of BAPAMIN revealed that the enterprise yielded an acceptable amount of profit but a part of it was plowed back for research and development of the sweet sorghum crop. Through the problem flowchart, it was seen that there were factors hindering BAPAMIN to becoming a true social enterprise. The owner was more focused on his advocacy of promoting sweet sorghum production and processing in the country to uplift the situation of farmers rather than focus on the profitability of the business itself. He overlooked the fact that BAPAMIN must first a profitable enterprise which is a must for any social enterprise. The EFE score derived for BAPAMIN was 2.53 which means the enterprise was only a little above the average in its effort to pursue strategies that capitalized on external opportunities and avoid threats on the other hand, the IFE score was 2.45 which implies that the enterprise is below average in terms of its overall internal strength. There was only one alternative formulated from the SWOT and this is the owner should exert more aggressive efforts in showcasing BAPAMIN as a model social enterprise. To achieve this, it must align its strategies to consumer preferences expose its customers to the various aspects of its business model through field and plant tours, and come up with a compelling product labeling and appealing packaging which would reflect the social enterprise dimension of the business.

Sweet sorghum processing and production in the Philippines still at its infancy stage in the country. It was introduced in Ilocos Norte by Dr. Heraldo H. Layoen, Vice President of Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) in 2005. The crop has been found to be highly efficient in producing fuel in other countries like Indonesia, Tanzania, and USA. Other products that can be produced from the sweet sorghum crop are molasses, animal feeds, fertilizer, flour, syrup, vinegar, juice, liquor, and sugar. BAPAMIN Enterprise, (BAPAMIN) is the sole enterprise which has engaged in sweet sorghum production and marketing of products made from the crop in the country. BAPAMIN was established in 2009 as the marketing arm of the BAPAMIN Farmer?s Cooperative (BFC), a group of farmers into planting and growing of sweet sorghum in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Both the enterprise and cooperative ids headed by Engr. Antonio Arcangel. BAPAMIN and his wife, Doris who are co-managing the company. It was observed that the enterprise was encountering difficulty in taking off even it has existing for seven years already. Thus, this research was conducted to draw up a strategic plan that would help make BIPAMIN Enterprise a viable social enterprise. The specific objectives of the research are to: 1) Present and discuss a noteworthy business issue faced by BAPAMIN Enterprise, which has company wide implications. 2) Evaluate the BAPAMIN sweet sorghum business model in terms of its various business functions. 3) Analyze the opportunities, threats and the critical strategic and operational issue(s) facing the venture 4) recommend a strategic plan and operational options for BAPAMIN Enterprise to become viable. Primary and secondary data were used to gather information. Interviews were conducted with Engr. And Ms. Arcangel as well as key informants from BAPAMIN Enterprise. Technical and socio-economic experts from MMSU and government agencies like the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)-DOST DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research were also interviewed. Secondary data on sweet sorghum were gathered from various publications as well as internet sources. The collected data were analyzed using Business Model Canvas, Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Self-Rating Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation, Porters Five Forces Model, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis, and the Qualitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) Matrix. It was learned through the Business Model Canvas that there were eight (8) participants in BAPAMIN?s business model: the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and the Department of Agriculture (DA) for funding the research and some equipment the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for research and development Bapamin Farmers? Cooperative (BFC) for the production of raw materials and university, outlets, and institutions as the distribution channels. These participants were connected to one another and the efficiency of BAPAMIN depended on its linkages with the other components of the business model. Based on the interview with the entrepreneur, the vision for BAPAMIN is to be ?the pioneer in the propagation and processing of sweet sorghum in the country and the main advocate for developing high value products from sweet sorghum?. On the other hand, the mission of BAPAMIN is ?to campaign for mass planting of sweet sorghum as an alternative crop, address the goal of food sufficiency in the country and promote and educate the farmers on the best agricultural and cultural management practices for the adoption and propagation of sweet sorghum to consequently improve the financial condition of the farmers?. An examination of BAPAMIN?s vision and mission revealed that the mission statement only consisted of 4 out of 9 elements. Thus, improvements in both the mission and vision statements were suggested. BAPAMINS business functions were also presented in the study. The production and operations activities to the enterprise were not programmed and intermittent as they produced different products which were being introduced to the market and also displayed in trade exhibits. It was analyzed that then current equipment was still not enough to achieve the target production volume. In terms of raw materials supply, the enterprise bought grains from the BFC at Php 13/kg and the juice at Php 3/liter. Generally, the harvest were much higher during the dry season that the wet season. The enterprise as of the time of the study employed 4 full time and 210 seasonal workers because processing operations in the company took place only during harvest season. The marketing aspects of the enterprise were assessed to be relatively weak as the firm does not employ any marketing strategy. A closer look at the financial aspects of BAPAMIN revealed that the enterprise yielded an acceptable amount of profit but a part of it was plowed back for research and development of the sweet sorghum crop. Through the problem flowchart, it was seen that there were factors hindering BAPAMIN to becoming a true social enterprise. The owner was more focused on his advocacy of promoting sweet sorghum production and processing in the country to uplift the situation of farmers rather than focus on the profitability of the business itself. He overlooked the fact that BAPAMIN must first a profitable enterprise which is a must for any social enterprise. The EFE score derived for BAPAMIN was 2.53 which means the enterprise was only a little above the average in its effort to pursue strategies that capitalized on external opportunities and avoid threats on the other hand, the IFE score was 2.45 which implies that the enterprise is below average in terms of its overall internal strength. There was only one alternative formulated from the SWOT and this is the owner should exert more aggressive efforts in showcasing BAPAMIN as a model social enterprise. To achieve this, it must align its strategies to consumer preferences expose its customers to the various aspects of its business model through field and plant tours, and come up with a compelling product labeling and appealing packaging which would reflect the social enterprise dimension of the business.

Not Available ; RPHR-1005 is a stable, elite restorer line of rice possessing highly desirable medium-slender grain type and is the male parent of the popular public bred hybrid DRRH-3. However, both RPHR-1005 and DRRH-3 are highly susceptible to major diseases like bacterial blight (BB) and blast. As genes conferring effective resistance are available against both BB and blast along with availability of gene-specific markers, the present study was carried out to introgress a major BB resistance gene, Xa21 and a major blast resistance gene, Pi2 into the genetic background of RPHR-1005 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. RPBio Patho-1, a breeding line in the genetic background of the popular variety, Samba Mahsuri and possessing Xa21 and Pi2 served as the donor. Marker-assisted backcross breeding strategy was deployed for targeted introgression of the two resistance genes into RPHR-1005. This involved two rounds of backcrossing and at each backcross generation, foreground selection was carried out using PCR based molecular markers specific for Xa21 (i.e. pTA248) and Pi2 (i.e. AP5659-5) along with the markers specific for the major fertility restorer genes, Rf3 (i.e. DRRM-RF3-10) and Rf4 (i.e. DRCG-RF4-14) and background selection was done using a set of 61 parental polymorphic SSR markers spread across the rice genome. At BC2F2, a single plant possessing all the targeted genes along with maximum recurrent parent genome recovery (~ 93.4%; plant # RP-9-27-79-179) was selected and advanced through selfing and pedigree-based selection for morphological traits. AT BC2F4, three lines, viz., RP-9-27-79-179-74-9, RP-9-27-79-179-74-79 and RP-9-27-79-179-74-105, possessing high level of resistance against BB and blast along with complete fertility restoration and all the elite features of RPHR-1005 were identified. ; Department of Biotechnology, Government of India File no. BT/PR11705/AGR/02/646/2008.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is creating severe issues for healthcare and broad social structures, exposing societal vulnerabilities. Among the populations affected by COVID-19 are people engaged in substance use, such as people who smoke; vape (e-cigarette use); use opioids, cannabis, alcohol, or psychoactive prescription drugs; or have a substance use disorder (SUD). Monitoring substance use and SUD during the pandemic is essential, as people who engage in substance use or present with SUD are at greater risk for COVID-19, and the economic and social changes resulting from the pandemic may aggravate SUD. There have been several reviews focused on COVID-19 in relation to substance use and SUD. Reviews generally did not consider on a large range of substance use variants or SUDs. We plan a scoping review that seeks to fill gaps in our current understanding of substance use and SUD, in the COVID-19 era. METHODS: A scoping review focused on substance use and SUD, in relation to COVID-19, will be conducted. We will search (from January 2020 onwards) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Africa-Wide Information, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase, Global Health, WHO Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease Database, WHO Global Index Medicus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Middle Eastern Central Asian Studies, CINAHL Complete, and Sociological Abstracts. Grey literature will be identified using Disaster Lit, Google Scholar, HSRProj, governmental websites, and clinical trials registries (e.g., ClinicalTrial.gov, World Health Organization, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and International Standard Randomized Con-trolled Trial Number registry). Study selection will conform to Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual 2015 Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. Only English language, original studies investigating substance use and SUD, in relation to COVID-19 in all populations and settings, will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text ...

BACKGROUND: The duration and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic depends in a large part on individual and societal actions which is influenced by the quality and salience of the information to which they are exposed. Unfortunately, COVID-19 misinformation has proliferated. To date, no systematic efforts have been made to evaluate interventions that mitigate COVID-19-related misinformation. We plan to conduct a scoping review that seeks to fill several of the gaps in the current knowledge of interventions that mitigate COVID-19-related misinformation. METHODS: A scoping review focusing on interventions that mitigate COVID-19 misinformation will be conducted. We will search (from January 2020 onwards) MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, Africa-Wide Information, Global Health, WHO Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease Database, WHO Global Index Medicus, and Sociological Abstracts. Gray literature will be identified using Disaster Lit, Google Scholar, Open Science Framework, governmental websites, and preprint servers (e.g., EuropePMC, PsyArXiv, MedRxiv, JMIR Preprints). Study selection will conform to Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual 2020 Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. Only English language, original studies will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g., frequencies) and qualitative (e.g., content and thematic analysis) methods. DISCUSSION: Original research is urgently needed to design interventions to mitigate COVID-19 misinformation. The planned scoping review will help to address this gap. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATIONS: Systematic Review Registration: Open Science Framework (osf/io/etw9d). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13643-022-01917-4.

Not Available ; Bacterial blight (BB) disease reduces the yield of rice varieties and hybrids considerably in many tropical rice growing countries like India. The present study highlights the development of durable BB resistance into the background of an elite maintainer of rice, DRR17B, by incorporating two major dominant genes, Xa21 and Xa33 through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). Through two sets of backcrosses, the two BB resistance genes were transferred separately to DRR17B. In this process, at each stage of backcrossing, foreground selection was carried out for the target resistance genes and for non-fertility restorer alleles concerning the major fertility restorer genes Rf3 and Rf4, using gene-specific PCR-based markers, while background selection was done using a set of 61 and 64 parental polymorphic SSR markers respectively. Backcross derived lines possessing either Xa21 or Xa33 along with maximum genome recovery of DRR17B were identified at BC3F1 generation and selfed to develop BC3F2s. Plants harboring Xa21 or Xa33 in homozygous condition were identified among BC3F2s and were intercrossed with each other to combine both the genes. The intercross F1 plants (ICF1) were selfed and the intercross F2(ICF2) plants possessing both Xa21 and Xa33 in homozygous condition were identified with the help of markers. They were then advanced further by selfing until ICF4 generation. Selected ICF4 lines were evaluated for their resistance against BB with eight virulent isolates and for key agro-morphological traits. Six promising two-gene pyramiding lines of DRR17B with high level of BB resistance and agro-morphological attributes similar or superior to DRR17B with complete maintenance ability have been identified. These lines with elevated level of durable resistance may be handy tool for BB resistance breeding. ; Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Grant number: BT/PR11705/AGR/02/646/2008

21 pags., 8 figs., 2 tabs. ; Concerns about global warming, fossil-fuel depletion, food security, and human health have promoted metabolic engineers to develop tools/strategies to overproduce microbial functional oils directly from renewable resources. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C8-C12) have been shown to be important sources due to their diverse biotechnological importance, providing benefits ranging from functional lipids to uses in bio-fuel production. However, oleaginous microbes do not carry native pathways for the production of MCFAs, and therefore, diverse approaches have been adapted to compensate for the requirements of industrial demand. Mucor circinelloides is a promising organism for lipid production (15-36% cell dry weight; CDW) and the investigation of mechanisms of lipid accumulation; however, it mostly produces long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). To address this challenge, we genetically modified strain M. circinelloides MU758, first by integrating heterologous acyl-ACP thioesterase (TE) into fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex and subsequently by modifying the β-oxidation pathway by disrupting the acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) and/or acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) genes with a preference for medium-chain acyl-CoAs, to elevate the yield of MCFAs. The resultant mutant strains (M-1, M-2, and M-3, respectively) showed a significant increase in lipid production in comparison to the wild-type strain (WT). MCFAs in M-1 (47.45%) was sharply increased compared to the wild type strain (2.25%), and it was further increased in M-2 (60.09%) suggesting a negative role of ACOX in MCFAs production. However, MCFAs in M-3 were much decreased compared to M-1,suggesting a positive role of ACOT in MCFAs production. The M-2 strain showed maximum lipid productivity (~1800 milligram per liter per day or mg/L.d) and MCFAs productivity (~1100 mg/L.d). Taken together, this study elaborates on how the combination of two multidimensional approaches, TE gene over-expression and modification of the β-oxidation pathway via substantial knockout of specific ACOX gene, significantly increased the production of MCFAs. This synergistic approach ultimately offers a novel opportunity for synthetic/industrial biologists to increase the content of MCFAs. ; This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31670064, 31972851), the TaiShan Industrial Experts Program (tscy 20160101), the Chinese Government Scholarship Council (CSC) to Y.S., and the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) Grant R03 AI11917 and the University of Texas at San Antonio research funds to S.C.L.

Stream ecosystem metabolism plays a critical role in planetary biogeochemical cycling. Stream benthic habitat complexity and the available surface area for microbes relative to the free-flowing water volume are thought to be important determinants of ecosystem metabolism. Unfortunately, the engineered deepening and straightening of streams for drainage purposes could compromise stream natural services. Stream channel complexity may be quantitatively expressed with hydraulic parameters such as water transient storage, storage residence time, and water spiralling length. The temperature dependence of whole stream ecosystem respiration (ER), gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP = GPP−ER) has recently been evaluated with a "natural experiment" in Icelandic geothermal streams along a 5−25 ◦C temperature gradient. There remained, however, a substantial amount of unexplained variability in the statistical models, which may be explained by hydraulic parameters found to be unrelated to temperature. We also specifically tested the additional and predicted synergistic effects of water transient storage and temperature on ER, using novel, more accurate, methods. Both ER and GPP were highly related to water transient storage (or water spiralling length) but not to the storage residence time. While there was an additional effect of water transient storage and temperature on ER (r2 = 0.57; P = 0.015), GPP was more related to water transient storage than temperature. The predicted synergistic effect could not be confirmed, most likely due to data limitation. Our interpretation, based on causal statistical modelling, is that the metabolic balance of streams (NEP) was primarily determined by the temperature dependence of respiration. Further field and experimental work is required to test the predicted synergistic effect on ER. Meanwhile, since higher metabolic activities allow for higher pollutant degradation or uptake, river restoration and management should promote habitat diversity and complexity (hyporheic zone, macrophyte patches, substrate heterogeneity), especially for microbial activity. ; Le métabolisme des écosystèmes aquatiques fluviaux joue un rôle critique dans les cycles biogéochimiques planétaires. La complexité des habitats benthiques et l'aire disponible pour les microbes par rapport au volume d'eau qui s'écoule sont considérées comme des facteurs importants pour le métabolisme de l'écosystème. Malheureusement, le creusement et l'alignement des cours d'eau pour le drainage des terres pourraient compromettre les services naturels fournis par les cours d'eau. Cette complexité peut être exprimée quantitativement avec des paramètres hydrauliques tels que le stokage transitoire de l'eau dans le lit de la rivière, la durée de résidence du stockage transitoire, et la longueur du flux en hélice (ou spirale) de l'eau (distance moyenne parcourue par une molécule d'eau dans la zone d'eau courante libre avant d'entrer dans la zone calme). L'effet de la température sur la respiration globale des ruisseaux (ER), productivité primaire brute (GPP) et production nette de l'écosystème (NEP) a récemment été évalué au travers d'une « expérience naturelle » dans des ruisseaux géothermiques islandais le long d'un gradient de température de 5−25 ◦C. Il resta, cependant, une quantité substantielle de variabilité non expliquée par les modèles statistiques, qui pourrait être expliquée par les paramètres hydrauliques non reliés à la température. Nous avons aussi tout particulièrement testé les effets additionnels et en synergie du stokage transitoire de l'eau et de la température sur la respiration, en utilisant de nouvelles méthodes. ER and GPP furent hautement corrélées au stockage transitoire de l'eau (ou flux en hélice de l'eau), mais pas à la durée de résidence du stockage. Le stokage transitoire de l'eau et de la température eurent un effect additionnel sur ER (r2 = 0,57 ; P = 0,015), en revanche GPP était plus liée au stockage transitoire de l'eau qu'à la température. L'effet en synergie ne put être confirmé, probablement dû aux limitations des données. Notre interpretation, basée sur un modèle statistique causal, est que l'équilibre métabolique des cours d'eau (NEP) était principalement contrainte par la réponse de la respiration à la température. D'autres travaux de terrain et expérimentaux sont nécessaires pour tester notre nouvelle hypothèse d'un effet en synergie sur ER. Dans l'attente, puisqu'une plus haute activité métabolique permet une rétention ou dégradation plus importante des polluants, la restoration et la gestion des cours d'eau devraient promouvoir la diversité et la complexité des habitats (hyporhéos, touffes de macrophytes, hété- rogénéité du substrat) particulièrement pour l'activité microbienne. ; This study was funded by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate (RERAD), now Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS). J.R.M. acknowledges the support of the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey. We would like to thank Tryggvi Thordarson, director of the Research Station at Hveragerdi for lodging and his warm hospitality, Marc Stutter and two anonymous referees for their insightful comments on the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed ; Ritrýnt tímarit

ABSTRACT Background: Early discontinuation of antimicrobial therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia can reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the occurrence of adverse drug events, and the cost of therapy. Evidence suggests that discontinuation of therapy by day 3 may be appropriate for patients with a clinical pulmonary infection score of 6 or less at baseline and on day 3.Objectives: To determine the proportion of patients eligible for antimicrobial discontinuation on day 3 and day 7 of therapy and to determine the proportion of eligible patients for whom antimicrobials were discontinued within these timeframes.Methods: A 6-month observational study was conducted from October 3, 2005, to March 31, 2006, in a 27-bed medical–surgical tertiary care intensive care unit. Clinical pharmacists attended daily rounds and prospectively identified patients for inclusion in the study. A study pharmacist retrospectively calculated clinical pulmonary infection scores. Other data were obtained from the quality-improvement database and patient health records for the intensive care unit.Results: Ninety-two patients were treated for ventilator-associated pneumonia during the study period, of whom 49 were included in the analysis. At day 3, 17 (35%) of the 49 patients were eligible for early discontinuation of antimicrobial therapy, but therapy was discontinued for only 2 (12%) of these 17 patients. At day 7, 10 (32%) of 31 patients were eligible for antimicrobial discontinuation, but therapy was discontinued for only 1 (10%) of these 10 patients.Conclusions: A significant opportunity exists at the authors' institution to develop and implement an antimicrobial discontinuation policy that uses the clinical pulmonary infection score to guide antimicrobial use for patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.RÉSUMÉ Contexte : L'arrêt précoce de l'antibiothérapie dans les cas de pneumonie sous ventilation assistée pourrait réduire l'apparition de résistance antimocrobienne, la survenue d'événements indésirables liés aux médicaments et le coût du traitement. Des données suggèrent que l'arrêt du traitement au jour 3 pourrait être approprié chez les patients présentant un score d'infection pulmonaire clinique de 6 ou moins au début et au 3e jour du traitement.Objectifs : Déterminer la proportion de patients admissibles à l'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie, aux jours 3 et 7 du traitement, et la proportion de ces patients dont l'antibiothérapie a été effectivement interrompue à ces dates.Méthodes : Une étude d'observation de six mois a été menée du 3 octobre 2005 au 31 mars 2006, dans une unité de soins intensifs médico-chirurgicale de 27 lits d'un hôpital de soins tertiaires. Des pharmaciens cliniciens participaient aux tournées quotidiennes et ont répertorié de façon prospective les patients admissibles à l'étude. Un pharmacien investigateur a calculé de façon rétrospective les scores d'infection pulmonaire clinique. D'autres données ont aussi été collectées de la base de données sur l'amélioration de la qualité et des dossiers médicaux des patients de l'unité de soins intensifs.Résultats : En tout, 92 patients ont reçu une antibiothérapie pour une pneumonie sous ventilation assistée au cours de la période de l'étude, et 49 d'entre eux ont été retenus aux fins d'analyse. Au jour 3, 17 (35 %) des 49 patients étaient admissibles à un arrêt précoce de l'antibiothérapie, mais on a procédé à l'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie chez seulement 2 (12 %) de ces 17 patients. Au jour 7, 10 patients (32 %) sur 31 étaient admissibles à l'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie, mais on a interrompu l'antibiothérapie chez seulement 1 (10 %) de ces 10 patients.Conclusions : L'établissement des auteurs se prêterait particulièrement bien à l'élaboration et la mise en place d'une politique d'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie, qui se fonderait sur les scores d'infection pulmonaire clinique dans les cas de pneumonie sous ventilation assistée.

WOS: 000433979200001 ; Inclusive jet and dijet cross-sections are measured in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The measurement uses a dataset with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1) recorded in 2015 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Jets are identified using the anti-lit algorithm with a radius parameter value of R = 0.4. The inclusive jet cross-sections are measured double-differentially as a function of the jet transverse momentum, covering the range from 100 GeV to 3.5 TeV, and the absolute jet rapidity up to vertical bar y vertical bar = 3. The double-differential dijet production cross-sections are presented as a function of the dijet mass, covering the range from 300 GeV to 9 TeV, and the half absolute rapidity separation between the two leading jets within vertical bar y vertical bar < 3, y*, up to y* = 3. Next-to-leading-order, and next-to-next-to-leading-order for the inclusive jet measurement, perturbative QCD calculations corrected for non-perturbative and electroweak effects are compared to the measured cross-sections. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); FP7, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

Driving under the influence of alcohol is one of the principal causes of road traffic crashes (RTCs) [1]. The use of alcohol is also a risk factor for other road users, such as pedestrians and bicyclists. The association of alcohol in injurious and fatal RTCs has been well documented in most high-income countries, but data for low- and middle-income countries is scarce, particularly for African countries [2]. The study was a collaborative effort between Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and Oslo University Hospital (OUH), with the financial support of UK Aid through the Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF) hosted by the World Bank, the International Council on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and the Norwegian Council for Road Safety (Trygg Trafikk). The objective of the study was to generate new knowledge about road traffic injuries in Malawi and the extent of traffic accidents related to alcohol use, to increase capacity to conduct alcohol testing, and develop a database for the findings, which in turn will form the basis for future policymaking to reduce traffic accidents. The objectives were achieved through collecting data on patients who sought treatment after road traffic crashes and admitted to the Emergency Department at KCH in Lilongwe, Malawi. A questionnaire was developed for data collection in cooperation between the project groups in Norway and Malawi. The data included basic information about the patients, alcohol use before the injury, and information about accident circumstances, including types of road users and vehicles involved. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. All weekdays, weekends and nights were covered. Alcohol was measured using a breathalyzer or saliva test for those who were not able to blow. Knowledge and training of local KCH employees to perform alcohol testing and record data were an important aspect of this study. The project was approved by the National Health Science Research Committee (NHSRC) in Malawi. The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway was consulted, and their conclusion was that no formal application was needed, with reference to the Norwegian Health Research Act Section, §2 and 4a. A Data Protection Impact Assessment was performed as required by NIPH. There were 1251 patients in the study, representing nearly 95 per cent of those who were asked to participate. The results show a rather high prevalence of alcohol use among several injured road user groups (totally about 25 percent), particularly among those injured during weekend nights and evenings, but also during weekday evenings and nights. It was estimated that about 15 per cent of injured motor vehicle drivers and riders had BACs above the legal limit of 0.8 grams/L at the time of the crash. The findings also show that it is important to focus on bus/minibus/lorry drivers who often carry passengers, where about one out of five tested positive for alcohol. It is worth noting that pedestrians had the highest prevalence of alcohol use before being injured. They constitute a vulnerable group; they often walk in the dark with no road lighting, no pavements, walkways or safe places to cross the road. Combined with alcohol use their injury risk is even higher. The collected data can contribute to future road traffic safety procedures and measures. The long-term goal is to contribute to sustainable development goal 3, target 3.6, to reduce by half the number of global RTC deaths and injuries. ; Hvert år dør ca. 1,3 millioner personer i trafikkulykker, 30-50 millioner blir skadet. Malawi er et av verdens fattigste land som ligger i sørøst-Afrika og har over 18 millioner innbyggere. Malawi er nå blant verdens 10 land med flest dødsulykker (over 30 døde/100 000 innbyggere, Norge har mindre enn 2/100 000). Det er lite kunnskap om årsakene til ulykkene, bl.a. omfanget av alkoholrelaterte ulykker. Landets alkoholgrense er 0,8 promille for førere av alle grupper motorkjøretøy. Å kjøre under påvirkning av alkohol er en av hovedårsakene til trafikkulykker [1]. Bruken av alkohol er også en risikofaktor for andre trafikanter, som fotgjengere og syklister. Det er godt dokumentert at alkohol er en faktor i skadelige og dødelige trafikkulykker i de fleste høyinntektsland, men data for lav- og mellom-inntektsland mangler, spesielt for afrikanske land [2]. Denne studien var et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Folkehelseinstituttet og Oslo Universitetssykehus, med økonomisk støtte fra UK Aid gjennom Verdensbankens Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF), the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) og Trygg Trafikk. Målet var å generere ny kunnskap om veitrafikk skader i Malawi og omfanget av trafikkulykker knyttet til alkoholbruk, å øke kompetansen i å utføre alkohol-testing, og utvikle en database for å registrere resultatene. Hensikten var å gi et evidensbasert grunnlag for framtidig politikk utforming for å redusere trafikkulykker. Målene ble nådd gjennom å samle inn data om pasienter som søkte behandling etter trafikkulykker og som ble innlagt ved Akuttavdelingen ved KCH i Lilongwe, Malawi. Et spørreskjema ble utviklet i samarbeid med prosjektgruppene i Norge og Malawi. Dataomfanget inkluderte bl.a. grunnleggende informasjon om pasientene, alkohol bruk før skaden, i tillegg til opplysninger om omstendighetene rundt ulykken inkludert type trafikant og kjøretøy. Deltakelse var frivillig og all data ble anonymisert. Alle ukedager ble dekket i undersøkelsen, likeså helger og netter. Alkohol ble målt ved bruk av alkometer eller spyttprøver for pasienter som ikke var i stand til å blåse. Kunnskapsoverføring og opplæring av lokale KCH ansatte i å gjennomføre alkohol testing og dataregistrering var en viktig del av denne studien. Prosjektet var godkjent av den etiske komiteen i Malawi (NHSRC), og regional etisk komité for medisinsk og helsefaglig forskningsetikk (REK) ble konsultert. Deres konklusjon var at ingen formell søknad til REK var nødvendig med henvisning til Helseforskningsloven §2 and 4a. I tillegg ble det gjennomført en personvernkonsekvensutredning, i tråd med General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) og krav fra Folkehelseinstituttet. Det var 1251 pasienter i studien, nærmere 95 % av de som ble spurt om å delta. Resultatene viser høy prevalens av alkohol bruk blant mange ulike grupper skadde trafikanter (totalt ca. 25%), spesielt blant de skadde under helgene (kveld og natt), men også mye på ukekvelder og netter. Omtrent 15% av de skadde førerne av motorkjøretøy hadde alkoholkonsentrasjon i blodet høyere enn lovlig grense på 0,8 promille på tidspunktet for ulykken. Funnene viser også at det er viktig å fokusere på førerne av buss/minibuss/lastebiler, som ofte har passasjerer om bord, hvorav en av fem testet positivt for alkohol. Det er verdt å merke at fotgjengere hadde høyest prevalens av alkoholbruk før de ble skadd. De er en sårbar gruppe; de går ofte i mørket uten veitrafikk lys og uten fotgjengerfelt eller trygge steder å krysse veien. Kombinert med alkoholbruk er risikoen for skade enda høyere. De innsamlede data kan bidra til framtidige veisikkerhetsprosedyrer og tiltak. Det langsiktige målet er å bidra til bærekraftsmål 3, delmål 3.6, å halvere antall dødsfall og skader i verden forårsaket av trafikkulykker. Denne studien viser hvor viktig det er å samle inn tilstrekkelig og relevant data for helsemyndigheter spesielt i lav- og mellom-inntektsland i kampen mot alkohol-relaterte trafikkulykker, dødsfall og skader. En rekke anbefalinger ble presentert malawiske myndigheter under et virtuelt seminar, på grunn av COVID-19 pandemien, som fant sted høsten 2020. ; This research project was made possible with the financial support of UK Aid through the Global Road Safety Facility hosted by the World Bank, the International Council on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and the Norwegian Council for Road Safety (Trygg Trafikk). ; publishedVersion