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Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Controlling the Message in the Social Media Marketplace of Ideas -- PART 1: ELITE UTILIZATION -- 1. Strategic Communication in a Networked Age -- 2. Congressional Campaigns' Motivations for Social Media Adoption -- 3. Surrogates or Competitors? Social Media Use by Independent Political Actors -- 4. The Competition to Control Campaign Messages on YouTube -- PART 2: MESSAGE CONTROL IN THE NEW MEDIA ENVIRONMENT -- 5. Campaign News in the Time of Twitter -- 6. New and Traditional Media Reportage on Electoral Campaign Controversies -- 7. Traditional Media, Social Media, and Different Presidential Campaign Messages -- PART 3: SOCIAL MEDIA'S IMPACT ON CAMPAIGN POLITICS -- 8. The Influence of User-Controlled Messages on Candidate Evaluations -- 9. Terms of Engagement: Online Political Participation and the Impact on Offline Political Participation -- 10. Is Laughter the Best Medicine for Politics? Commercial versus Noncommercial YouTube Videos -- PART 4: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CIVIC RELATIONS -- 11. Comment Forum Speech as a Mirror of Mainstream Discourse -- 12. Sparking Debate: Campaigns, Social Media, and Political Incivility -- 13. Flaming and Blaming: The Political Effect of Internet News and Reader "Comments" -- Conclusion: Message Control at the Margins -- About the Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables and Boxes -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- 1 Why Elections? -- Political parties -- Functions of elections -- The turnout paradox -- Limitations of elections -- Recurring themes -- Voters, electorates, parties and party systems -- The axis of political competition and the median voter -- Representation -- Electoral change -- Topics -- Countries -- Institutional arrangements -- Voters and the puzzle of the ignorant electorate -- Plan of the book -- 2 Studying Elections, Parties and Voters -- The political context: party systems -- The institutional context -- Problems of parliamentary government -- Problems of presidential systems -- Government formation -- How elections condition coalition bargaining -- Institutional influences on the structure of political life -- Habits and routines -- Socialization, immunization and party identification -- Preferences and choice -- Institutional change -- 3 Electoral Institutions -- Free and fair elections -- Votes and outcomes -- Electoral rules -- Trade-offs in designing an electoral system -- Electoral reform -- Rules of the game for government formation -- The role of the voters -- The majoritarian and proportional visions -- Dispersed versus concentrated power -- Presidents and monarchs in parliamentary systems -- 4 Voters and Parties -- Party identification -- Age, immunization and generational differences -- Group loyalties -- The decline of cleavage politics -- The rise of issue voting -- Long-term changes in electoral competition -- Strategic considerations -- The role of the Prime Minister in parliamentary regimes -- Tactical voting -- Candidate evaluations -- Implications -- 5 Outcomes of Elections -- Consequences of electoral shifts -- Incumbency and term limits -- Accountability -- Fairness in election outcomes.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- I. Interdisciplinary Cross-Fertilization -- 1. An Overview of the Field of Political Psychology - Shanto Iyengar -- 2. The Poly-Psy Relationship: Three Phases of a Long Affair - William J. McGuire -- 3. Psychohistory and Political Psychology: A Comparative Analysis - William McKinley Runyan -- II. Attitudes and Behavior -- 4. Political Perception - Donald Granberg -- 5. Symbolic Politics: A Socio-Psychological Theory - David O. Sears -- 6. Nonverbal Behavior and Leadership: Emotion and Cognition in Political Information Processing - Roger D. Masters and Denis G. Sullivan -- 7. The Psychology of Group Conflict and the Dynamics of Oppression: A Social Dominance Perspective - James Sidanius -- III. Information Processing and Cognition -- 8. Inside the Mental Voting Booth: An Impression-Driven Process Model of Candidate Evaluation - Milton Lodge and Patrick Stroh -- 9. Political Information Processing - Robert S. Wyer, Jr., and Victor C. Ottati -- 10. Affect and Political Judgment - Victor C. Ottati and Robert S. Wyer, Jr. -- IV. Decision Making and Choice -- 11. Information and Electoral Attitudes: A Case of Judgement Under Uncertainty - Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar -- 12. The Drunkard's Search - Robert Jervis -- 13. Decision Making in Presidential Primaries - Samuel L. Popkin -- 14. Cognitive Structural Analysis of Political Rhetoric: Methodological and Theoretical Issues - Philip E. Tetlock -- References -- Index -- Contributors.

Many studies on TV political advertising suggest the gender differences in the reactions to advertising in the affective aspect, both at the level of liking and evaluation of the candidates. The article follows this trend, presenting an empirical study carried out in Poland during the 2015 presidential electoral campaign. The results show gender differences in the evaluation of candidates. We found out that women are more susceptible to changing the perception of candidates' images as a result of the influence of TV electoral ads. Interestingly, watching advertisements resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the evaluation of most candidates. Women's susceptibility to political advertising is also proved by changes in the emotional attitude to the candidates after watching the spots. In addition, the research showed that TV electoral ads cannot change the perception of candidates whose images are consolidated in public discourse.

Many studies on TV political advertising suggest the gender differences in the reactions to advertising in the affective aspect, both at the level of liking and evaluation of the candidates. The article follows this trend, presenting an empirical study carried out in Poland during the 2015 presidential electoral campaign. The results show gender differences in the evaluation of candidates. We found out that women are more susceptible to changing the perception of candidates' images as a result of the influence of TV electoral ads. Interestingly, watching advertisements resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the evaluation of most candidates. Women's susceptibility to political advertising is also proved by changes in the emotional attitude to the candidates after watching the spots. In addition, the research showed that TV electoral ads cannot change the perception of candidates whose images are consolidated in public discourse.

The background of this research is the conflict began with an inharmony between political party leaders and legislators, especially those who have become legislative members and intend to advance again as legislative candidates from the same party. It aims to provide solutions for political parties in the election nomination. It reveals conflict in the preparation of candidates in the elections of 2019. Researchers collect data from political party information and media coverage by comparing news. The method is qualitative with analysis using Paul Conn's conflict structure theory to produce alternative solutions. The results is a difference in expectations and designs between political party leaders and incumbent legislators, according to political party leaders that legislative incumbents need to have an evaluation so they are displaced from candidates for those who were not optimally fighting for political parties, different perspectives of incumbent legislators because they feel have struggled be serious and prepare for second (more) contestation. The legislative incumbent who should be eligible to advance back from the same electoral district then tries to find a new path by advancing again as a legislative candidate by using other political parties. The Conclusion is shifting legislative candidates and changes in the acquisition of election results show the dynamics of political party conflict affect the outcome.

In spite of the centrality of partisanship to many theories of lawmaking, and the important role that party cues play in shaping voters' evaluations of political candidates, remarkably little is known about the circumstances under which congressional candidates use partisan symbols on the campaign trail. Employing data on candidates' televised advertisements over six elections (1998–2008), the present study explores the "supply side" of partisan cues and finds that candidates are strategic about their use of party symbols. And while personal and district‐level factors influence how candidates utilize partisan rhetoric, we show that the institutional context in which they campaign also matters.

Background: The importance of Indian germplasm as origin and primary center of diversity of cultivated melon is widely accepted. Genetic diversity of several collections from Indian has been studied previously, although an integrated analysis of these collections in a global diversity perspective has not been possible. In this study, a sample of Indian collections together with a selection of world-wide cultivars to analyze the genetic diversity structure based on Genotype by Sequence data. Results: A set of 6158 informative Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in 175 melon accessions was generated. Melon germplasm could be classified into six major groups, in concordance with horticultural groups. Indian group was in the center of the diversity plot, with the highest genetic diversity. No strict genetic differentiation between wild and cultivated accessions was appreciated in this group. Genomic regions likely involved in the process of diversification were also found. Interestingly, some SNPs differentiating inodorus and cantalupensis groups are linked to Quantitiative Trait Loci involved in ripening behavior (a major characteristic that differentiate those groups). Linkage disequilibrium was found to be low (17 kb), with more rapid decay in euchromatic (8 kb) than heterochromatic (30 kb) regions, demonstrating that recombination events do occur within heterochromatn, although at lower frequency than in euchromatin. Concomitantly, haplotype blocks were relatively small (59 kb). Some of those haplotype blocks were found fixed in different melon groups, being therefore candidate regions that are involved in the diversification of melon cultivars. Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that India is the primary center of diversity of melon, Occidental and Far-East cultivars have been developed by divergent selection. Indian germplasm is genetically distinct from African germplasm, supporting independent domestication events. The current set of traditional Indian accessions may be considered as a population rather than a standard collection of fixed landraces with high intercrossing between cultivated and wild melons. ; Javier Forment from the Bioinformatics Core Service at IBMCP for support in bioinformatics analysis. We also acknowledge the support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). NPS Dhillon was supported by long-term strategic donors to the World Vegetable Center: Republic of China (Taiwan), UK aid from the UK government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Germany, Thailand, Philippines, Korea, and Japan.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)-FEDER grant AGL2015–64625-C2-R to AJM (project conception, experiments, data acquisition and analysis, manuscript writing, publication costs), AGL2017–85563-C2–1-R and the PROMETEO/2017/078 grant funded by Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport) to BP (project conception, provide samples and manuscript drafting). AD was supported by a Jae-Doc contract from CSIC (experiments and manuscript drafting).

Nowadays in Cultural policy field of European Union countries the ECoC Project is a reliable instrument for city social and economic development. The city identity and image can be changed through cultural and creative ECoC practices. Certain common attributes of city can be repositioned in order to strengthen the link between city and citizens, to cultivate community spirit and to attract more tourists. In that way accumulated symbolic capital and added value are really important factors for raising city competitiveness. Accordingly, the object of thesis – European city as original city branding practices which are applicated in ECoC initiative context and used for image of place reformation, including contributors which determines successful communication of appropriate city attributes. The primary objective of thesis – to analyze European city as original city branding practices which are applicated in ECoC initiative context and used for image of place reformation, including contributors which determines successful communication of appropriate city attributes. In order to achieve this goal, 5 objectives are formulated and explicated into 5 chapters' structure. In the first chapter the city branding conceptual frames are presented and analysed. The second – social and economic genesis of the ECoC Project and its meaning for city identity discourse. The third – an overview of the ECoC Project effective organization contributors and evaluation of communication role. The fourth – analysis of Glasgow, Liverpool, Ruhr and Vilnius cities as special cases in organizing and communicating the ECoC Project. The fifth – the quantitative analysis and evaluation of Kaunas city opportunites as a potential ECoC candidate. In thesis are mainly used a descriptive – analytical, deductive and inductive research methods. Additionally, generalized analysis of scientific literature from Lithuania and abroad, certain legislative and strategic documents, applications and reports were applied. Also, a qualitative inquiry (semi-structured interview) and quantitative survey (questionaire) were carried out. In a first case 2 out of 4 expected experts were successfully interviewed. Both of them accentuate community spirit importance for The ECoC Project organization. In a second case 85 respondents (Kaunas city inhabitants and visitors) were questioned. Majority of them approve Kaunas city opportunities to become the ECoC. Respondents also believe in successful implementation of the ECoC Project and its positive impact on city image.

Nowadays in Cultural policy field of European Union countries the ECoC Project is a reliable instrument for city social and economic development. The city identity and image can be changed through cultural and creative ECoC practices. Certain common attributes of city can be repositioned in order to strengthen the link between city and citizens, to cultivate community spirit and to attract more tourists. In that way accumulated symbolic capital and added value are really important factors for raising city competitiveness. Accordingly, the object of thesis – European city as original city branding practices which are applicated in ECoC initiative context and used for image of place reformation, including contributors which determines successful communication of appropriate city attributes. The primary objective of thesis – to analyze European city as original city branding practices which are applicated in ECoC initiative context and used for image of place reformation, including contributors which determines successful communication of appropriate city attributes. In order to achieve this goal, 5 objectives are formulated and explicated into 5 chapters' structure. In the first chapter the city branding conceptual frames are presented and analysed. The second – social and economic genesis of the ECoC Project and its meaning for city identity discourse. The third – an overview of the ECoC Project effective organization contributors and evaluation of communication role. The fourth – analysis of Glasgow, Liverpool, Ruhr and Vilnius cities as special cases in organizing and communicating the ECoC Project. The fifth – the quantitative analysis and evaluation of Kaunas city opportunites as a potential ECoC candidate. In thesis are mainly used a descriptive – analytical, deductive and inductive research methods. Additionally, generalized analysis of scientific literature from Lithuania and abroad, certain legislative and strategic documents, applications and reports were applied. Also, a qualitative inquiry (semi-structured interview) and quantitative survey (questionaire) were carried out. In a first case 2 out of 4 expected experts were successfully interviewed. Both of them accentuate community spirit importance for The ECoC Project organization. In a second case 85 respondents (Kaunas city inhabitants and visitors) were questioned. Majority of them approve Kaunas city opportunities to become the ECoC. Respondents also believe in successful implementation of the ECoC Project and its positive impact on city image.

Nowadays in Cultural policy field of European Union countries the ECoC Project is a reliable instrument for city social and economic development. The city identity and image can be changed through cultural and creative ECoC practices. Certain common attributes of city can be repositioned in order to strengthen the link between city and citizens, to cultivate community spirit and to attract more tourists. In that way accumulated symbolic capital and added value are really important factors for raising city competitiveness. Accordingly, the object of thesis – European city as original city branding practices which are applicated in ECoC initiative context and used for image of place reformation, including contributors which determines successful communication of appropriate city attributes. The primary objective of thesis – to analyze European city as original city branding practices which are applicated in ECoC initiative context and used for image of place reformation, including contributors which determines successful communication of appropriate city attributes. In order to achieve this goal, 5 objectives are formulated and explicated into 5 chapters' structure. In the first chapter the city branding conceptual frames are presented and analysed. The second – social and economic genesis of the ECoC Project and its meaning for city identity discourse. The third – an overview of the ECoC Project effective organization contributors and evaluation of communication role. The fourth – analysis of Glasgow, Liverpool, Ruhr and Vilnius cities as special cases in organizing and communicating the ECoC Project. The fifth – the quantitative analysis and evaluation of Kaunas city opportunites as a potential ECoC candidate. In thesis are mainly used a descriptive – analytical, deductive and inductive research methods. Additionally, generalized analysis of scientific literature from Lithuania and abroad, certain legislative and strategic documents, applications and reports were applied. Also, a qualitative inquiry (semi-structured interview) and quantitative survey (questionaire) were carried out. In a first case 2 out of 4 expected experts were successfully interviewed. Both of them accentuate community spirit importance for The ECoC Project organization. In a second case 85 respondents (Kaunas city inhabitants and visitors) were questioned. Majority of them approve Kaunas city opportunities to become the ECoC. Respondents also believe in successful implementation of the ECoC Project and its positive impact on city image.

The article explains the process of selection of a Professor in Political Sciences with special emphasis in administration at the University of Lund in Sweden. The curriculum vitae & merits of each candidate, both in research & pedagogic, as well as their administrative experience, are presented, together with a general evaluation. Each of the three members of the hiring committee establishes a rank for the three final candidates, & Professor Axel Hadenius is appointed. Katarina Eckerberg, Axel Hadenius, Jonas Hinnfors, Mats Sjolin, Drude Dahlerup contributed. A. Barral

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative human disorder, continues to be symptomatic. Development of drugs able to stop or at least slowdown PD progression would benefit several million people worldwide. SynuClean-D is a low molecular weight 2-pyridone-based promising drug candidate that inhibits the aggregation of α-synuclein in human cultured cells and prevents degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of PD. Improving SynuClean-D pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, performing structure/activity studies and testing its efficacy in mammalian models of PD requires the use of gr-amounts of the compound. However, not enough compound is on sale, and no synthetic route has been reported until now, which hampers the molecule progress towards clinical trials. To circumvent those problems, we describe here an efficient and economical route that enables the synthesis of SynuClean-D with good yields as well as the synthesis of SynuClean-D derivatives. Structure-activity comparison of the new compounds with SynuClean-D reveals the functional groups of the molecule that can be disposed of without activity loss and those that are crucial to interfere with α-synuclein aggregation. Several of the derivatives obtained retain the parent's compound excellent in vitro anti-aggregative activity, without compromising its low toxicity. Computational predictions and preliminary testing indicate that the blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability of SynuClean-D is low. Importantly, several of the newly designed and obtained active derivatives are predicted to display good BBB permeability. The synthetic route developed here will facilitate their synthesis for BBB permeability determination and for efficacy testing in mammalian models of PD. ; This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants PID2019-107293GB-I00 to JS and PID2019-105017RB-I00 to SV), by Gobierno de Aragón, Spain (grants LMP30_18 and E45_20R to JS), by ICREA (ICREA-Academia 2015 to SV) and by "la Caixa" Banking Foundation, Spain (grant CaixaImpulse CI18-00019, to SV). AM was a recipient of a predoctoral FPU fellowship from the Spanish Government. ; Peer reviewed

Using data from the American National Election Studies, this article addresses whether the Sarah Palin affected vote choice in 2008. Findings indicate not only that evaluations of Palin were a strong predictor of vote choice-even when controlling for confounding variables-but also that Palin's effect on vote choice was the largest of any vice presidential candidate in elections examined dating back to 1980. Theoretically, the article offers support for the proposition that a running mate is an important short-term force affecting voting behavior. Substantively, the article suggests that Palin may have contributed to a loss of support among "swing voters.". Adapted from the source document.