Suchergebnisse

This study explores the court system's treatment of students' Fourth Amendment rights in cases emerging from contrasting minority school settings and whether discrepancies exist in case outcomes between these extremes. From virtually every search and seizure case that occurred between the 1985 U.S. Supreme Court case in New Jersey v. T.L.O. and December 2003, data for each search and how it was administered were gathered and analyzed. Findings suggest discrepancies in the manner in which student searches are administratively justified and subsequently treated (e.g., school disciplinary infraction versus criminal violation) by school officials. Implications for leadership and the role of emotion in legal decision making are presented.

AbstractThis study examines the impact of federal grant awards on the financial health of recipient nonprofits. Although a modest body of research finds that government grants are beneficial to nonprofit fiscal health, a large Urban Institute study (2010, 2013, 2015) found that nonprofit managers receiving government grants consistently report fiscal harm due to awards that do not cover all program costs, late payments, and significant administrative burden. Those findings raise the question of whether government funding leads to net benefits or net harm for organizations given the administrative and fiscal burdens identified. This study tests that question using a large panel of federal grants to estimate the impact of government awards on three measures of nonprofit financial health. We find that government grants promote an increase in nonprofit size, improve operating margins, and increase financial reserves for recipient organizations. These benefits endure after the receipt of the award.

AbstractNeighborhood organizations have become more important players in urban areas in recent years due to a renewed interest in social capital and an emphasis on the continuing development of community. With this elevated status comes more responsibility for the delivery of services to citizens and scrutiny by these very citizens, the press, and government officials. Much of what we know about neighborhood organizations comes from our observations of board deliberations. Through these deliberations board members make decisions that affect neighborhood constituents. In this study we examine the context in which neighborhood boards in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, make decisions. Using theory borrowed from the literature on local government boards, we develop a series of testable hypotheses relating to the level of conflict on these boards. Our findings indicate that conflict is relatively low across boards in Milwaukee; however, the number of board member and certain behavioral variables explain a significant amount of the variance in the level of conflict.

AbstractThe internationalization of economics and politics has forced local governments to develop new context‐appropriate strategies; these strategies, characterized by a greater degree of interaction with non‐governmental key actors and with the business world in particular, have been termed local or urban governance. This article is intended to illustrate the impact of three factors — local leadership, local political arenas and intergovernmental relationships — on the formation of cooperative networks between local governments and business organizations as one of the basic types of urban governance model. To achieve this, a comparative multi‐level analysis presenting the CEO's perpective on such issues was conducted. The results show how local and intergovernmental opportunity costs and leadership are the factors that largely determine the degree of collaboration between local government and business.RésuméL'internationalisation de l'économie et de la politique a forcé les gouvernements locaux àélaborer de nouvelles stratégies en fonction des contextes ; caractérisées par une interaction plus forte avec des acteurs‐clés non gouvernementaux et avec le monde de l'entreprise en particulier, ces stratégies ont reçu l'appellation de gouvernance locale ou urbaine. L'impact de trois facteurs — autorité locale, arènes politiques locales et relations intergouvernementales — sur la formation des réseaux de coopération entre gouvernements locaux et entreprises est présenté comme l'un des types essentiels de modèle de gouvernance urbaine. Pour ce faire, une analyse comparative multi‐niveaux a été menée sur la vision des directions générales d'entreprises concernant ces questions. Les résultats montrent la manière dont les autorités et les coûts d'opportunité locaux et intergouvernementaux déterminent en grande partie le degré de collaboration entre les gouvernements locaux et le monde des affaires.

This study explored whether teacher status (full-time vs. substitute) and its interaction with teacher gender and length of work experience had an effect on the linear combination of teacher job satisfaction and work engagement. The study was conducted with 238 full-time and substitute teachers. The findings suggested that full-time teachers' social engagement, social engagement with students, and job satisfaction were significantly higher than those of substitute teachers, and that female teachers were more engaged with students than their male counterparts and substitute teachers. Length of teaching experience did not have any significant effect on job satisfaction or work engagement. Implications for educational leadership are discussed.

Chapter 1. Introduction (Ángel Iglesias) -- Chapter 2. The institutional architecture of local governments in Spain (Marta Méndez) -- Chapter 3. Local governance in a context of multilevel governance (Ángel Valencia and Francisco Collado) -- Chapter 4. The problem of governance in metropolitan areas and small municipalities (Adela Romero and Ángel Iglesias) -- Chapter 5. Inter-municipal cooperation (Marta Méndez) -- Chapter 6. Structure of local government finance (Ángel Iglesias) -- Chapter 7. Local elections and political leadership (Ángel Iglesias) -- Chapter 8. Local governance in crisis situations: the case of the COVID 19 pandemic (Ángel Iglesias and Roberto Barbeito) -- Chapter 9. The future of local governance in Spain in the European perspective (Ángel Iglesias) -- Chapter 10. Conclusions.

Local self-government has always been considered as a means to good governance and 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments were made in the hope that they would lead to better governance and provide political space to the disadvantaged sections of the society like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and specially women. This paper discusses about the comparison between the role performance of lady representatives of rural and urban local bodies during the period from 2012 to 2017.This paper is the result of a doctoral research carried out on the basis of stratified random sampling in the urban and rural areas of the district of Balasore. A higher percentage of Urban Local body members is found to attend all municipal meetings. A preponderant majority of the respondents of the Urban bodies vis-?-vis rural bodies is found to participate in all discussion. More number of them in the urban bodies claims to be competent in conflict resolution. However, most of the representatives of both the bodies admit to have depended on their husbands and family members.

Introduction: A well-established body of literature demonstrates that health and equity are strongly influenced by the consequences of governments' policy and resultant actions (or inactions) outside the health sector. Consequently, the United Nations, and its agency the WHO, have called for national leadership and whole-of-government action to understand and address the health impacts of policies in all sectors. This research responds to that call by investigating how policymaking in four sectors—urban planning, justice, energy and environment—may influence the social determinants of health and health equity (SDH/HE). Methods and analysis: The research design is informed by a critical qualitative approach. Three successive stages are included in the design. The first involves analysing all strategic policy documents and selected legislative documents from the four sectors (n=583). The document analysis is based on a coding framework developed to identify alignment between the documents and the SDH/HE. Two policies that demonstrate good practice in regard to SDH/HE will be selected from each sector during the second stage for embedded case study analysis (total n=8). This is intended to illuminate which factors have supported recognition and action on SDH/HE in the selected policies. The third stage involves progressive theoretical integration and development to understand political and institutional facilitators and barriers to action on SDH/HE, both within and between sectors. Ethics and dissemination: The research will provide much needed evidence about how coherent whole-of-government action on SDH/HE can be advanced and contribute knowledge about how health-enhancing policy activity in the four sectors may be optimised. Learnings from the research will be shared via a project advisory group, policy briefings, academic papers, conference presentations and research symposia. Ethics approval has been secured for the embedded case studies, which involve research participants.

Many urban school districts are adopting restorative practices (RP) as a means to reduce suspensions and resolve racial discipline gaps. In this study, we use a sensemaking framework to examine educators' beliefs about discipline and their perceptions of RP and its implementation. We draw on survey responses ( N = 363) administered after educators attended RP trainings in a large, diverse county in California. Our results show the majority of respondents possess beliefs or an understanding of RP that are compatible with the goals of the approach. Survey respondents cite challenges to implementing RP that are at times consistent (e.g., lack of time) and at times at odds (e.g., relatively low emphasis on lack of leadership as a hindrance) with the current literature. As suggested by sensemaking theory, we find attitudes and beliefs are predictors of educators' experiences implementing RP, including challenges to implementation and effects of the practices.

1. Fundamentals of placemaking for the Built Environment: An Introduction -- 2. People in Place: Placemaking Fundamentals -- 3. Nature in place: Placemaking in the biosphere -- 4. There's No Place Like (Without) Country -- 5. Community Engagement: What is it? -- 6. Local governments and developers in placemaking: Defining their responsibilities and capacities to shape place -- 7. Design for Change: An adaptive approach to urban places in transformation -- 8. Economics of Place -- 9. Project Implementation -- 10. Leadership in Placemaking -- 11. The Systems of Place Agency: Adaptive Governance for Public Benefit -- 12. DigitalXPlace -- 13. Place evaluation: Measuring what matters by prioritising relationships -- 14. The ART of engagement: Placemaking for nature and people in cities

This thesis presents a case study of women's empowerment in Indonesia that examines how women in one informal settlement (slum) in Jakarta, Kampung Rawa, resist house eviction. This thesis also examines how governments, NGOs and leader in the community could assist or impede women's empowerment. In Jakarta, house evictions have been conducted for over fifty years as part of municipal government policies for modernising the city. They particularly target poor people living in informal settlements without title to land and acutely affect women. This study examines how women's empowerment and disempowerment occurs in the process of struggles to prevent eviction in different urban political contexts under three governors of Jakarta in the New Democratic era: Sutiyoso, Fauzi Bowo and Joko Widodo. Utilising a feminist qualitative approach based on interviews, focus group discussions and participative observation, this thesis defines women's empowerment as a process of creating space for women to expand their agency in order to challenge oppressive power. Most studies assess women's empowerment as operationalised within intervention programs conducted by NGOs, government officers or other development agencies. By contrast, I analyse whether the desire to resist the demolition of their homes and their roles as mothers encourage women to intensify their agency. This study exposes the diversity of women's situations, their agency and their strategies in preventing eviction. Although they live in one informal settlement Kampung Rawa residents are divided into three groups, each with different characteristics. They have faced different layers of power that oppress them in everyday life: husbands, community leaders, and local governments. However, women's agency is strongly evident through different kinds of resistance in their daily life, as individuals and through the adoption of more collective strategies, both subtle and more visible. The dynamics of their agency are influenced by several factors: their own perception of problems and the way they interpret their roles as mother and wives, their relationship with their husbands, government attitudes and policies, and their interaction with NGOs and leaders in their own community. These different interactions have created more available spaces for them to increase their agency, but also have obstructed their agency. Thus, this study concludes that women's struggles in combating eviction facilitate their empowerment even as they experience disempowerment.

Background In Kenya, Community Health Committees (CHC) were established to enhance community participation in health services. Their role is to provide leadership, oversight in delivery of community health services, promote social accountability and mobilize resources for community health. CHCs form social networks with other actors, with whom they exchange health information for decision-making and accountability. This case study aimed to explore the structure of a rural and an urban CHC network and to analyze how health-related information flowed in these networks. Understanding the pathways of information in community settings may provide recommendations for strategies to improve the role and functioning of CHCs. Methods In 2017, we conducted 4 focus group discussions with 27 community discussants and 10 semi-structured interviews with health professionals in a rural area and an urban slum. Using social network analysis, we determined the structure of their social networks and how health related information flowed in these networks. Results Both CHCs were composed of respected persons nominated by their communities. Each social network had 12 actors that represented both community and government institutions. CHCs were not central actors in the exchange of health-related information. Health workers, community health volunteers and local Chiefs in the urban slum often passed information between the different groups of actors, while CHCs hardly did this. Therefore, CHCs had little control over the flow of health-related information. Although CHC members were respected persons who served in multiple roles within their communities, this did not enhance their centrality. It emerged that CHCs were often left out in the flow of health-related information and decision-making, which led to demotivation. Community health volunteers were more involved by other actors such as health managers and non-governmental organizations as a conduit for health-related information. Conclusion Social network analysis demonstrated how CHCs played a peripheral role in the flow of health-related information. Their perception of being left out of the information flow led to demotivation, which hampered their ability to facilitate community participation in community health services; hence challenging effective participation through CHCs.

While much has been written about preparing educational leaders to lead for social justice, much less has been written about how to do so. This study is one of the first to analyze the reflections and written assignments of aspiring administrators to determine what they are currently thinking about poverty, race/ethnicity, and social justice leadership and how that thinking is shaped throughout one course. Results indicate that students were variable in their individual reflections, but that assignments, which required them to analyze the inequities in their schools and develop an implementation plan, led all of these aspiring administrators to seek to redress those inequities. The article discusses implications for other programs, which prepare educational leaders.

Bestselling author Margaret Wheatley and long-time Berkana Institute collaborator Deborah Frieze take readers on a learning journey into seven diverse communities that have walked out of limiting beliefs and practices and walked on to something new. From Brazil to Ohio, they demonstrate how each of these communities made a conscious choice to develop a healthier, more resilient world based on the idea to "create with what we have."

Cover -- Table of Contents -- List of Acronyms -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- Prologue -- 1.1 Scope and Aims -- 1.2 Research Design and Methodology -- 1.2.1 Data Collection and Evaluation -- 1.2.2 Reflections on the Research Process -- 1.3 Outline of the Study -- 2 Theoretical and Historical Framework -- 2.1 Citizenship -- 2.1.1 The Citizenship Debate -- 2.1.2 Citizenship in Brazil -- 2.1.3 The City: Context and Development of an Insurgent Citizenship -- 2.2 Gender -- 2.2.1 The Gender Debate -- 2.2.2 Gender Relations and Urban Household Structures in Brazil -- 2.3 Gender and Citizenship -- 2.3.1 Feminist Thinking on Citizenship -- 2.3.2 Women and Citizenship in Urban Latin America -- 3 Insights into the Squats -- 3.1 The Squat Chiquinha Gonzaga -- 3.1.1 Genesis and First Organization -- 3.1.2 Still the Same? Talking about Problems and Changes -- 3.2 The Squat Manoel Congo -- 3.2.1 Genesis and First Organization -- 3.2.2 Still the Same? Talking about Problems and Changes -- 3.2.3 Preliminary Summary -- 4 Doing Citizenship and Gender from Below -- 4.1 Getting to Know the Squatters -- 4.1.1"I am a survivor": Life Stories and Life Backgrounds -- 4.1.2 Personal Motivation and Real Changes in Everyday Life -- 4.1.3 Preliminary Summary -- 4.2 Understanding (of) Citizenship -- 4.2.1 The Legitimacy of Action: Articulation of Rights and Needs -- 4.2.2 "I hope for the best": Urban Imaginaries -- 4.2.3 Preliminary Summary -- 4.3 Approaching Women's Citizenship -- 4.3.1 Women's Participation -- 4.3.2 Daily Routines in the Squats: Organizationand Division of Labor -- 4.3.3 "Men are parasites": Self-Perception and Gender Stereotyping -- 4.3.4 "I am an activist, I am a mother": Female Leadership -- 4.3.5 Preliminary Summary -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography.