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The Czech Republic has been in transition from communism to democracy since 1989. How disability has been defined and understood in Czech society is described in political, social and cultural context. The state of law and disability policy is illustrated by a case study involving a mother with a disabled son who had to be placed in an institution due to the lack of financial resources. The case is described as an insight into the current state of disability law and its interpretation in the Czech Republic. This case is examined as a human rights issue and it is argued that the transition from medical model and welfare law to a civil and human rights law, with regard to people with disabilities, has not yet been completed in the Czech Repulic.

Рассматривается проблема духовных оснований российской правовой системы, определяющих особенности формирования и реализации права. На примере института прав и свобод человека показываются различия между западноевропейским и российским подходами к идее прав человека. Делается вывод о том, что игнорирование духовных оснований российского права в деятельности законодателей обрекает право на чисто формальное существование. ; The author considers the problem of spiritual grounds of the Russian legal system that determine the way how law is formed and implemented. By using the example of the institute of human rights and freedoms, the author demonstrates the differences between West-European and Russian approach to the idea of human rights. It is concluded that by ignoring the spiritual grounds of Russian law, legislators doomed the law to a purely formal existence.

This paper analyzes a series of films that, in different ways, seeks to represent the last Argentine dictatorship. The possibility of interpreting the thematic and formal recurrences of the films, as a defining characteristic of a specific series, is posed as a first hypothesis. A second hypothesis postulates the possibility of relating aesthetic and rhetorical transformations of the series to certain socio-political processes, such as the democratic governmental policies on Human Rights and the demands of old and new Human Rights organizations, both of which implied a historic evaluation of the former period. These processes are observed in the modification of the reading contract proposed to the spectator in the films, under the different motifs which intervene in the construction of the enunciate: "testimony", "denunciation", and "memory", respectively.

American foreign aid, and the factors contributing to its disbursement, have frequently been discussed in scholarly research. This issue has also developed into a highly contentious issue in US foreign policy. The purpose of this thesis is to determine if recipient states' human rights practices are a determining factor in the aid allocation process. This thesis will analyze the second term of President Clinton's administration to determine if he consistently implemented his foreign policy agenda of democratic enlargement with regard to foreign aid disbursement to Africa. Two different methodological approaches will be used in this analysis; a pooled time series regression will be run along with a case study analysis of two recipient countries. Overall, the findings suggest that a state's human rights practices were a determining factor in aid allocation.

Scholarship is substantial and growing on "transitional jus-
tice," that is, the legal and political decisions devised by
incoming democratizing regimes to address the excesses of
outgoing repressive regimes and the harms endured by their
victims. Truth commissions are perhaps the most significant,
if controversial, innovations in a democratizing regime's
toolbox. Their significance is largely derived from their
peculiarity. Since the early 1970s, approximately 21 commis-
sions have been established in various countries. They have
been defined as "bodies set up to investigate a past history of
violations of human rights in a particular country-which can
include violations by the military or other government forces
or by armed opposition forces" (Priscilla Hayner, "Fifteen
Truth Commissions-1974 to 1994: A Comparative Study,"
Human Rights Quarterly 16 [November 1994]: 597-655).

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic immunity — Diplomatic agents — Family of diplomatic agent — Extent of immunity — Child custody dispute between diplomatic agent and spouse — Jurisdiction of courts of receiving State — Immunity of diplomatic agent after termination of appointment — Immunity in respect of official acts — Limits — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 1, 31, 32 and 37 — Relevance of human rights agreements — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Immunity of State officials for official acts — Extent — Diplomat returning to sending State with children — Whether an official act — Whether official immune in action in courts of receiving State — Relationship between State immunity and diplomatic immunity486Treaties — Effect in national law — Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, 1980 — The law of England

There has always been a certain attitude in Washington having to do with Latin America. It is that Latin America is not quite a grown-up place and, therefore, is worthy of intense US interest only when the region, or part of it, falls into a crisis that crosses paths with one of the US hot-button issues of the moment: drugs, immigration, human rights, communism (until recently) and, farther back, fascism. In other words, Latin America has been worthy of attention only when the United States decided to "do good" (e.g., human rights crusades), incorporate the region into efforts at solving US domestic problems (e.g., drugs), or needed firm support from the region in some international effort (e.g., the Cold War and World War II).

Repudiation, the study of a juridical antinomy

How can one reconcile French human rights law, secular and egalitarian, with the unilateral repudiation practised in certain Muslim countries ? Two fundamental principles in the French legal system clash head on : the principle of respect for foreign cultures and the principle of equality between men and women. When it comes to dealing with repudiation in France, French courts have always privileged the second principle.
Moreover, two recent matters show that the attitude of French courts is changing concerning repudiations abroad. In fact, whereas previously French courts expressed a certain degree of tolerance regarding foreign repudiation, they now often refuse to recognise it, invoking the principle of equality between spouses established by the European Convention on Human Rights.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Compatibility of municipal legislation with treaty provision — European Convention on Human Rights — Freedom of religion and freedom to manifest religious belief (Article 9) — Whether legislation establishing compulsory old age insurance scheme conflicts with Article 9-Requirement of payment of contributions by Minister — The law of the Netherlands.233The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — Meaning of freedom of religion and freedom to manifest religious belief (Article 9) — Whether legislation establishing compulsory old age insurance scheme conflicts with Article 9 in so far as it requires payment of contributions by minister — Argument based on principle that Church alone should be source of all remuneration and pensions to ministers — The law of the Netherlands.

380Human rights — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Indication of view to respondent State — Whether binding — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Effect of indication of views — Defendant convicted before Special Criminal Court — Committee expressing view that defendant's right under Article 26 of the Covenant to equality before the law and equal protection of the law violated — Effect of views of the Committee — Whether defendant entitled to have conviction quashed — Concept of legitimate expectations — Effect of the Covenant in municipal lawHuman rights — Equality before the law — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Article 26 — Defendant tried before Special Criminal Court — Whether decision to try defendant before Special Criminal Court based on reasonable and objective grounds — Whether violating right to equal protection before the lawRelationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Covenant not incorporated into Irish law — Whether creating effects in Irish law — Doctrine of legitimate expectations — Irish Constitution, Article 29 — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — Views of the Human Rights Committee — Whether legally binding within Irish law — Whether conferring rights enforceable in Irish law — The law of Ireland

Thesis in Human Rights in Contemporary Societies submitted to the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research of the University of Coimbra. ; This thesis analyses narratives of young LGBTQ+ adults with a chronic illness. The research is based on 24 narrative interviews conducted in Portugal and Italy between 2016 and 2019. First, the research aims to explore to what extent the experiences of chronic illness and the self-identification as LGBTQ+ interplay with multiple forms of oppression. Referring to the theoretical framework of crip studies and queer studies, it scrutinises how heteronormativity and able-bodiedness (re)produce norms that affect the perception of bodies both in the private and in the public space. Secondly, the research investigates whether the combination of chronic illness and LGBTQ+ identification in the context of Southern Europe reveals anti-normative (re)productive subjects and a different understanding of human rights from an intersectional lens. Finally, it aims at understanding which practices of time, care, and visibility are put in place to deal with the pressures of heteronormativity and able-bodiedness. Taking intersectionality as a reference, it interrogates what other multiple belongings interfere in the experiences of interviewees, such as class, gender, cultural capital, and education. Moreover, through the analysis of personal narratives, it analyses how interviewees make sense of their identity and to what extent practices of resistance correspond to political claims in this sense. The research contributes to queer studies, the sociology of health and illness and critical studies of human rights by highlighting the intersections of heteronormativity and able-bodiedness and proposing a queer-crip understanding of time, visibility, and care. The thesis is divided into three sections. The first (chapters 1 and 2) lays the theoretical foundations through a discussion of the existent literature in the sociology of health and illness around chronic illness and the theoretical shift ...