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The study compares sign and oral language in terms of information transmission efficiency. The sample consisted of 36 hearing people with no knowledge of sign language and 36 deaf people reasonably fluent in sign language. (The deaf participants' level of hearing loss ranged from severe to profound.) Oral and sign language comprehension was assessed by means of texts at three different difficulty levels. After being exposed to the texts, the study participants had to tell what they had understood about them, answer a set of related questions, and offer a title for each text. When the hearing group's comprehension of oral versions of the texts was compared to the deaf group's comprehension of signed versions, the deaf group showed better comprehension of the explicit content of the texts but added more invented content and made more errors.

The article examines the 100-year history of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IF) as a state organization and a special social institution. It traces the history of systematization of philosophical knowledge in an encyclopedic form: the initial plan (early 1920s) of G.G. Shpet to focus ef­forts on the question "What is philosophy?"; the project of the historical study of philosophy in the light of materialistic dialectics as its pinnacle (1928–1930); a partly realized plan (late 1930 – early 1940) of writing a 7-volume world his­tory of philosophy; "Philosophical Encyclopedia" in 5 volumes (1960–1970); "New Philosophical Encyclopedia" (2000–2001) in 4 volumes. The article shows the contradictory interaction of the tasks of the study of philosophy and its development. In the history of IF, the following stages are highlighted: the dog­matism of 1930–1940, the humanistic turn of the mid-1950s, rejection of the mo­nopoly of Marxist philosophy, pluralism of post-Soviet philosophy. The contem­porary situation has put into question the traditional beliefs what a human being is. The challenges from the brain and cognitive sciences highlight a new under­standing of consciousness and reason, which creates a common field of research for the IF and exciting creative perspectives for its staff

Abstract
Extending the work of those who center narratives in their discussions of affect, this essay considers black queer women's (BQW) narratives describing the sensations associated with being in and out of spaces created for and by BQW. The narratives examine emerged during ethnographic interviews I conducted in Washington, D.C. between 2012 and 2015. Many BQW living in and around Washington, D.C. socialize within what is colloquially referred to as the Scene – an amorphous, loosely connected set of social networks made up of other BQW and their allies. One of the most important and recognizable aspects of the Scene are the spaces produced for and by these social networks. I refer to these as "scene spaces." Scene spaces are highly-affect latent sites, as people frequently talk about how space makes them feel, or how they feel in particular spaces. Thus, scene spaces serve as the focal point of this paper's discussion.

AbstractWe describe the overall philosophy of a computational approach to natural language processing entirely developed in a System Theory Paradigm. A metalanguage to represent world knowledge and theoretical system knowledge is described and criteria for a semantic parsing based on a systems approach are outlined. The approach is applicable to a variety of natural language, which is restricted but not limited to one discourse domain.

In this article, we set out to survey the current state of awareness and use of the phenomenon of language code-mixing among young people, thereby assessing the causes and effects and providing directions in language use by contemporary Vietnamese youth. Currently, code-mixing is a very common phenomenon in young people's communication, especially pupils and students in high schools and universities. Code-mixing is not only a purely linguistic phenomenon but also a phenomenon recognized in language-cultural contact. This phenomenon has created a lot of mixed public opinion. This phenomenon significantly contributes to maintaining the purity of the Vietnamese language in contemporary times. By using statistical methods based on questionnaires administered to over 1,000 students at Vietnamese universities, we have obtained results regarding the current status of awareness and use of code-mixing phenomenon in the language. The results obtained show that young people in Vietnam have relatively correct awareness about the use of language code mixing phenomenon, but there is still a need for measures to orient a part of young people to improve their language skills. I highly recommend the use of code-mixing phenomenon in particular and modern languages in general. The three measures proposed in the article, namely raising awareness among young people, promoting language education, and coordinating between relevant parties, will certainly contribute to the work of preserving the purity of the Vietnamese language.

This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND) open access license. This exciting new text presents the first overview of Jean Jacques Rousseau's work from a political science perspective. Was Rousseau--the great theorist of the French Revolution--really a conservative? This original study argues that the he was a constitutionalist much closer to Madison, Montesquieu, and Locke than to revolutionaries. Outlining his profound opposition to Godless materialism and revolutionary change, this book finds parallels between Rousseau and Burke, as well as showing how Rousseau developed the first modern theory of nationalism. The book presents an integrated political analysis of Rousseau's educational, ethical, religious and political writings, and will be essential reading for students of politics, philosophy and the history of ideas

Examined is the claim by Jurgen Habermas that Karl Marx failed to transcend the philosophy of the subject. This claim is compared to Gyorgy Markus's alternative rendition of Marx (Language & Production, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986), which tries to save the Marxian paradigm of production for contemporary critical theory. Habermas's assimilation of Marx to the philosophy of the subject is a consequence of his belief that Marxian critical theory lacks normative foundations. Markus argues that Habermas drastically narrows the significance of the paradigm of production, which casts doubt on Marx's assimilation to the philosophy of the subject. It is concluded that Markus's challenge to the ideal of a Marx immured in the philosophy of the subject is a vindication of Marx's claim to have broken with philosophical tradition, which renders Habermas guilty of overestimating his own break with tradition while misrepresenting the achievement of Marx. W. Howard

The question of the subject and limits of philosophy received various solutions throughout its history, but invariably it was at the center of worldview conflicts of turning epochs. Skeptical constructions have always been of particular im­portance in this series. One of the most fruitful pages in the development of skepticism is associated with the late Renaissance. In this regard, the figure of Pierre Charron is extremely noteworthy. In his oeuvre, it would be wrong to see only a scholastic repetition of Montaigne's ideas. Of course, the influence of the native of Perigord on Charron's thinking is undoubtedly. But the signi­ficance of Charron's legacy goes far beyond simply repeating other people's theoretical attitudes. He approached the construction of his skeptical system through a deep thinking. The starting point on this path is a treatise on the ba­sics of religion. Charron opposes Duplessis-Mornay's concept, which justified the need to fight Catholicism under the slogan of freeing the Church from tyranny. Reflections on the problem of a correct understanding of the essence of religious clashes that resulted in a series of civil wars are a prerequisite for his main work – the treatise On Wisdom. By distinguishing between types of wisdom, he separates religion from philosophy and morality. He accuses mod­ern theologians and metaphysicians of wandering on dead ends. According to Charron, skeptical philosophy was called upon to replace their erroneous con­structions, refusing to try to reveal the essence of things and concentrating on civilian life. This kind of philosophy is based on self-knowledge and its true core is morality. Not intending to break with religion, Charron to a large extent stimulated the reflections of subsequent freethinkers. The article focuses on three dimensions of Charron's skepticism.

Around the US, much attention is being directed to upgrading the system of foreign-lang instruction. Consensus has emerged on at least a few key points, including focus on adult lang needs, development of consistent measures of individual & program performance, elaboration of the technology of teaching upper-level lang skills, & establishment of empirically oriented experimental classrooms. It is suggested that funding be obtained for creation of a national center for foreign-lang resources that would create, evaluate, & promote techniques of lang instruction to impact a larger number of students. Such a center might follow the model of the National Instit of Health centers or those funded by the National Science Foundation. Modified HA

There has been a recent revival of interest in Gramsci's theory of hegemony. Within this revival, some scholars have focused upon the question of the sources of Gramsci's theory, particularly with reference to linguistic sources; others have focused upon applications of Gramsci's theory of hegemony, particularly in conjunction with the question of the subaltern. This article seeks to contribute to this revival by nuancing three aspects of Gramsci's theory of hegemony. Firstly, Croce's presumed influence over the latter is rejected in favor of a commonality of concerns with a whole generation of Italian intellectuals, not just Croce. Secondly, it is emphasized that philosophy played an important role in Gramsci's theory of hegemony in that it provided the all-important critiques of common sense and false consciousness. Lastly, it is argued that the intellectuals' need for a new hegemony was not just organic but included traditional intellectuals in complex new formations.

This article's aim is to examine the role of political philosophy and the possibilities of how it can help policy- makers to create and evaluate immigration policies more carefully. It should be shown that just policy needs to deal not only with the consequences which affect citizens but also with other impacts on foreigners. Philosophers can at least find ideals which reflect relevant liberal values and analyse if immigration policies and their implantation do not harm important liberal principles. They can also point out the problematic aspects of realistic and idealistic approaches to immigration policy. Then the equality and freedom of citizens and immigrants could be more respected. It is important especially for refugees because their situation can be very difficult when they are able to find a country where they can live.