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The article examines multi-level governance as a system of constant non-hierarchical, intertwining interaction of governmental structures, civil society and business at different levels of governance – supranational, regional, national, subnational, local – in order to discuss, develop and implement certain public policy. Multilevel governance is characterized by polycentrism and polysubjectivity, lack of concentration of power and exclusive competence at the national or any other level, where power can be exercised by non-governmental actors. The concept of multilevel governance was developed under the influence of network theory, governance doctrine and the paradigm of global governance. Network theory focused on the relationship between network participants and on understanding the internal structure of the network. The doctrine of governance reveals the relationship between state and non-state institutions, which provide the transition from hierarchical relations to a system of cooperation and co-management. The global governance paradigm is based on the recognition that relationships that are built at the local, national, and global levels are closely interconnected and interdependent. The science of public management and administration has defined two types of multilevel governance that are created around dichotomies: general purpose jurisdictions / Ad hoc jurisdictions; non-intersection / intersection of jurisdictions; limited / unlimited number of levels of jurisdictions; uniform and stable structure / flexible design. One of the main principles of multilevel governance is subsidiarity, which will define the principle of division of powers according to which the relevant functions are assigned to the level (local to supranational) and the sector (public, civic, business) in which these functions will be performed most effectively. Multilevel governance is an extremely dynamic system characterized by flexibility and diversification of interactions of management entities in cross-territorial and cross-sectoral dimensions, when different combinations of actors are formed in nature and form, degree of formalization and unification of interaction in different areas of public policy. The mechanism for streamlining the functioning of the system of multilevel governance is decentralization as a process of distribution of powers between different levels and sectors of government. ; У статті розглядаються різноманітні теоретико-методологічні аспекти багаторівневого врядування, яке є системою постійної неієрархічної, взаємоперетинаючої взаємодії урядових структур, суб'єктів громадянського суспільства та організацій бізнесу на різних рівнях врядування – наднаціональному, регіональному, національному, субнаціональному, локальному – з метою обговорення, вироблення та реалізації певної публічної політики. Обґрунтовуються різні характеристики багаторівневого врядування. Досліджується концепт багаторівневого врядування, що склався під впливом теорії мереж, доктрини врядування та парадигми глобального врядування. Обґрунтовуються принципи функціонування багаторівневої системи врядування. Робиться висновок, що механізмом впорядкування функціонування системи багаторівневого врядування у цілому є децентралізація як процес розподілення повноважень поміж різними рівнями та секторами врядування.

The article focuses on elements of social engineering (SI) that could be used by the states in their own interests during the COVID-19 pandemic. These elements were used to form negative public opinion, change the political landscape, and reduce citizens' trust in their own governments. These elements are influence and persuasion. Traditional media and social networks play a major role in the use of these SI elements. SI has a long history of theoretical study as a scientific phenomenon. Practical elements of SI have a large arsenal, from government tools to influencing individuals. The article aims to demonstrate using SI elements, influence, and persuasion by the interested states and governments to obtain certain preferences for both foreign and domestic policies. ; Artykuł koncentruje się na elementach inżynierii społecznej (SI) wykorzystywanych przez poszczególne państwa we własnym interesie podczas pandemii COVID-19. Elementy te wykorzystano do kształtowania negatywnej opinii publicz nej, zmiany krajobrazu politycznego i zmniejszenia zaufania obywateli do własnych rządów. Zaliczają się do nich wpływ i perswazja. Tradycyjne media i sieci społecznościowe odgrywają główną rolę w wykorzystaniu tych elementów SI. SI ma długą historię studiów teoretycznych jako zjawiska naukowego. Praktyczne elementy SI mają duży arsenał, od narzędzi rządowych po metody wpływania na jednostki. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie wykorzystania elementów SI, wpływu i perswazji przez zainteresowane państwa i rządy w celu uzyskania określonych preferencji zarówno dla polityki zagranicznej, jak i wewnętrznej. ; 4 ; 5 ; 18 ; Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

Als Voraussetzung zur Bewertung einer systemtechnischen Problemstellung, wie die des automatischen Fahrens in der Produktion, wird im ersten Beitrag des dreiteiligen Forschungsvorhabens zunächst der morphologische Prototypentest entwickelt. Mit dessen Hilfe soll ein morphologisches Merkmalsschema konzipiert werden. Im Fokus steht die Entwicklung eines ganzheitlichen Überblicks zu Konzepten des automatischen Fahrens in der Produktion, der als Ausgangspunkt für die weiteren Untersuchungen dient.
 
The first contribution of the three-part research project develops the morphological prototype test for evaluating a system-technical problem, such as automatic driving in the production. It will be used to design a morphological scheme. The focus is on developing a holistic overview of concepts of automatic driving in the production, serving as a starting point for further investigations.

The global history perspective and comparison research between Eurocentric and Sinocentric methods on economic history give us new perspective on the topic of European-Chinese trade during early modern period. Compared with the large number of researches on the consumption society of Western Europe around the 18th century about the goods from Eastern world like tea, silk, and porcelain, very few researches have been done about the European commodities in Eastern countries. Especially, the studies on consumption of European wine in China market during the 17th and 18th centuries is completely void. Therefore, based on the economic conditions of southern and eastern China, considered the geographical, political and cultural aspects, several questions and hypothesis are designed, including consumption groups of the European wine, the consumer volumes, consumption habits, wine market shares, the merchant groups¿ role, etc. The research will be down upon the cross-referencing of primary data and the materials, along with the application of database. ; GECEM Project. Departamento de Historia Moderna. Universidad Pablo de Olavide ; Versión del editor

The study of the 'liberation' struggle in South Africa is unusual in that, with respect to the final phase of struggle in the 1980s, the literature was dominated by an 'indigenous' scholarship produced in whole or in part inside the country and, initially, during rather than after the period of struggle. This article examines three phases in this indigenous scholarship, beginning in the 1970s and 1980s with a phase of research that emphasised the local sources of political protest. In the early 1990s this gave way, partially at least, to a phase of 'critical indigenous' scholarship, focused primarily on the (mis)conduct of the 'youth'. Finally, beginning in the late 1990s and continuing into the early 2000s, there was a phase of 'activist-oriented indigenous' scholarship, focused on political leadership and networks. Each phase was defined in large part by the political context, which substituted for a theoretical or comparative framework for analysis. They were also distinguished by shifting methodologies and sources. While the 'voices' of participants in protest and organisation were emphasised in these three phases, different voices were given prominence in each of these. The challenge for scholars now is to integrate diverse voices into an overall picture, whilst recognising that voices are incomplete, that some potential voices are likely to remain silent, and that making sense of voices requires going beyond them.