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Technological opportunities have a transformative impact on labour markets. In this article, we aim to study the ways in which digital technologies contribute to the development of the digital model of the labour market and digital platforms. We aim to highlight digital opportunities to support efforts to ensure the development of strategies, policies and labour market transformations. We intend to build the digital model of the labour market within the model of the systemic digital economy, in close connection with other digitalization models (business, financial markets, public finance, commerce, industry, agriculture, transport). An important part of the study focuses on the opportunities for sustainable financing of the digitized labour market, as financial services interact closely with labour market institutions, which reflect on labour outcomes. We propose that the digital model of the labour market in close correlation with the digital business model will developed with investments from employers in the training of employees in digitization, new modern professional knowledge, which will allow an integration of companies in global markets. The financial-monetary dimension of companies in the context of globalization also requires radical transformations to ensure companies' access to the international financial markets.

The aim of this report was (1) to gather information on the structure of protection and support for agriculture in the various countries, in particular those which play a leading role in multilateral negotiations on international trade (United States, Canada, European Union); (2) assess and quantify this protection in comparison with that in force in the European Union; (3) have tools to simulate the impact of reform proposals during the Millenium Round negotiations. ; L'objectif de ce rapport était de 1) réunir des informations sur la structure de la protection et du soutien à l'agriculture dans les différents pays, en particulier ceux qui jouent un rôle leader dans les négociations multilatérales sur le commerce international (Etats-Unis, Canada, Union européenne) ; 2) évaluer et quantifier cette protection en comparaison avec celle en vigueur dans l'Union européenne ; 3) disposer d'outils permettant de simuler les impacts de proposition de réforme pendant les négociations du Millenium Round.

PurposeThis paper examines the attempts by trade unions in Britain to gain organisational rights for their members and for workers in organisations operating within the hitherto non‐unionised "new economy".Design/methodology/approachBy using data drawn from fieldwork interviews with full‐time union officials and supplemented by secondary sources, the paper assesses the genesis and progress of these campaigns, suggesting a combination of employer hostility and worker indifference explain the limited advances made to date.FindingsIn particular, the paper considers the configuration of the inter‐relationship between employer action, union strength and sudden grievances as the major explanatory variable in accounting for the variation in the outcomes of the eight union recognition campaigns. Finally, the high degree of dependence and reliance on full‐time union officers, contra the "organising" model, is examined.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research on union presence and activity in the "new economy" are needed to critically examine these conclusions, given that the research was based on a study of eight employers.Practical implicationsThe implications for trade unions are that not all campaigns for union recognition can be expected to be equally successful, that campaigns are likely to take a relatively long period of time before significant advances are made and that greater scrutiny of potential campaigns is needed.Originality/valueProvides lessons for trade unions attempting to gain organisational rights for their members.

European Community Law has a multilingual character, which reflects the fact that the European Union is becoming an increasingly multicultural and multilingual entity. Following the accession of the new Member States in May 2004 and of Romania and Bulgaria in January 2007 and, finally, of Croatia in 2013, there are now 24 official languages that create immense difficulties in translating from one language to the others. The multilingual character of EU legislation has urged the creation of a "neutral or descriptive" language in order to forge a supranational terminology that maintains equal distance from each national language. At the same time, legal languages and legal terminologies are and remain profoundly culture-bound and the implementation process of directives are often great challenges in coping with translation issues. The aim of this paper is to investigate how multilingualism impacts on the harmonisation process of European private law.

When it comes to formulating foreign and pan-European policies, the European Union faces myriad challenges. The Domestic Sources of European Foreign Policy is an incisive study of these difficulties and their origins. It pays particular attention to the ways internal EU debates are influenced by domestic politics and political actors who legitimize or constrain support for shared policies. Ultimately revealing whether a democratic deficit exists in EU foreign policy, this book will be required reading for scholars and policy makers interested in European affairs and international relations.

Five years after the first tremors in Europe's banking system, what makes the crisis unique is the absence of a democratically accountable decision-making framework; there is an 'executive deficit' that compounds Europe's democratic deficit. The author argues that the only way to resolve the crisis successfully is a sustained effort to achieve a 'fourfold union' agenda: banking union, fiscal union, competitiveness union and political union. Progress must be made in parallel on each of the four components. In particular, successful progress towards banking union requires a combination of short term action, including the establishment of a temporary resolution authority to identify undercapitalised banks and to restructure them, and longer-term measures, including the creation of permanent authorities for supervision, resolution and deposit insurance.

The unionisation of professional, scientific and technical employees has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Much of the debate has concerned the issue of whether unionism and professionalism are compatible. During the 1970s, established white‐collar unions and a new breed of "professionals‐only" unions sought to recruit in this area on the assumption that they were. However, the early 1980s saw a decline in the rate of recruitment and a fall in the membership of some "professionals‐only" unions. Subsequently, a period of consolidation and reorganisation has taken place, with the established white‐collar unions leading the way in devising new organisational arrangements. These entailed absorbing some of the "professionals‐only" unions into their ranks. How far, though, is trade union membership regarded as compatible with professional status by individual engineers?