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abstract: Norwegian protected areas have historically been managed by central, expertise bureaucracy; however, a governance change in 2010 decentralized and delegated the right to manage protected areas to locally elected politicians and elected Sámi representatives in newly established National Park Boards. We explore how this new governance change affects adaptive capacity within the reindeer industry, as the reindeer herders are now participating with other users in decision-making processes related to large tracts of protected areas in which they have pasture access. Aspects within adaptive capacity and resilience thinking are useful as complementary dimensions to a social-ecological system framework (Ostrom 2007) in exploring the dynamics of complex adaptive social-ecological systems. The National Park Board provides a novel example of adaptive governance that can foster resilient livelihoods for various groups of actors that depend on protected areas. Data for this paper were gathered primarily through observation in National Park Board meetings, focus groups, and qualitative interviews with reindeer herders and other key stakeholders. We have identified certain aspects of the national park governance that may serve as sources of resilience and adaptive capacity for the natural system and pastoral people that rely on using these areas. The regional National Park Board is as such a critical mechanism that provides an action arena for participation and conflict resolution. However, desired outcomes such as coproduction of knowledge, social learning, and increased adaptive capacity within reindeer husbandry have not been actualized at this time. The challenge with limited scope of action in the National Park Board and a mismatch between what is important for the herders and what is addressed in the National Park Board become important for the success of this management model. ; The final version of this article, as published in Ecology and Society, can be viewed online at: https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss2/art71/

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ACRONYMS I INTRODUCTION II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Multi-sited ethnography 2.2 Applied methods in research locations 2.3 Selection criteria for interview partners 2.3.1 Context of origin and return: Cameroon 2.3.2 Context of destination: Germany 2.4 Analysis 2.4.1 Challenges of my research 2.4.2 Ethical issues III CREATING A MIGRATION POPULATION: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF MIGRATION 3.1 Cameroon – 'Afrique en miniature' 3.2 Political history of Cameroon 3.3 The value of formal education 3.4 Internal mobility 3.4.1 Urbanization 3.4.2 Urban-rural migration 3.5 'La crise' – consequences of the economic decline 3.6 Human rights situation 3.7 Social and cultural aspects of the 'migration-hype' 3.8 Conclusion IV FAMILY, MARRIAGE, AND REPRODUCTION IN THE SENDING CONTEXT 4.1 Wealth in people 4.2 The role of family and kin in migration processes 4.2.1 Who is considered a family in the migration process? 4.2.2 Social networks and migration 4.2.3 Nyongo 4.2.4 Selecting migrants 4.2.5 Reciprocity 4.3 Marital constellations 4.3.1 Generating wealth through marriage 4.3.2 Marriage as a process 4.3.3 Multiple forms of marriage 4.3.4 Love and affection 4.3.5 Influence of employment, education, and urbanization on marital practices 4.3.6 Gender specific pre- migrational marital behavior 4.4 The importance of children 4.4.1 The idea of fosterage 4.4.2 Being a single mother 4.4.3 Childbearing and migration planning 4.5 Conclusion V THE STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION 5.1 Transnational migration 5.1.1 Theories of migration 5.1.2 Being a transmigrant 5.2 The significance of nation-states for transnational migration 5.2.1 Germany – a country of immigration? 5.2.2 Germany's immigration history 5.2.3 The Immigration Act (Zuwanderungsgesetz) 5.2.4 Processes of inclusion and exclusion in Germany 5.3 Choice of the country of destination 5.4 Paths of immigration 5.5 Cameroonian migrants in Germany 5.5.1 Cameroonian migrants in ...

Background: Although multi-sector policy is a promising strategy to create environments that stimulate physical activity among children, little is known about the feasibility of such a multi-sector policy approach. The aims of this study were: to identify a set of tangible (multi-sector) policy measures at the local level that address environmental characteristics related to physical activity among children; and to assess the feasibility of these measures, as perceived by local policy makers. Methods: In four Dutch municipalities, a Delphi study was conducted among local policy makers of different policy sectors (public health, sports, youth and education, spatial planning/public space, traffic and transportation, and safety). In the first Delphi round, respondents generated a list of possible policy measures addressing three environmental correlates of physical activity among children (social cohesion, accessibility of facilities, and traffic safety). In the second Delphi round, policy makers weighted different feasibility aspects (political feasibility, cultural/community acceptability, technical feasibility, cost feasibility, and legal feasibility) and assessed the feasibility of the policy measures derived from the first round. The third Delphi round was aimed at reaching consensus by feedback of group results. Finally, one overall feasibility score was calculated for each policy measure. Results: Cultural/community acceptability, political feasibility, and cost feasibility were considered most important feasibility aspects. The Delphi studies yielded 16 feasible policy measures aimed at physical and social environmental correlates of physical activity among children. Less drastic policy measures were considered more feasible, whereas environmental policy measures were considered less feasible. Conclusions: This study showed that the Delphi technique can be a useful tool in reaching consensus about feasible multi-sector policy measures. The study yielded several feasible policy measures aimed at physical and social environmental correlates of physical activity among children and can assist local policy makers in designing multi-sector policies aimed at an activity-friendly environment for children.

Background: Health and social services provided at home are becoming increasingly important. Hence, there is a need for information on home care in Europe. The objective of this literature review was to respond to this need by systematically describing what has been reported on home care in Europe in the scientific literature over the past decade. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed for papers on home care published in English, using the following data bases: Cinahl, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, and Social Care Online. Studies were only included if they complied with the definition of home care, were published between January 1998 and October 2009, and dealt with at least one of the 31 specified countries. Clinical interventions, instrument developments, local projects and reviews were excluded. The data extracted included: the characteristics of the study and aspects of home care 'policy & regulation', 'financing', 'organisation & service delivery', and 'clients & informal carers'. Results: Seventy- four out of 5,133 potentially relevant studies met the inclusion criteria, providing information on 18 countries. Many focused on the characteristics of home care recipients and on the organisation of home care. Geographical inequalities, market forces, quality and integration of services were also among the issues frequently discussed. Conclusions: Home care systems appeared to differ both between and within countries. The papers included, however, provided only a limited picture of home care. Many studies only focused on one aspect of the home care system and international comparative studies were rare. Furthermore, little information emerged on home care financing and on home care in general in Eastern Europe. This review clearly shows the need for more scientific publications on home care, especially studies comparing countries. A comprehensive and more complete insight into the state of home care in Europe ...

Background: Health and social services provided at home are becoming increasingly important. Hence, there is a need for information on home care in Europe. The objective of this literature review was to respond to this need, by systematically describing what has been reported on home care in Europe in the scientific literature over the past decade. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed for papers on home care published in English, using the following data bases: Cinahl, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, and Social Care Online. Studies were only included if they complied with the definition of home care, were published between January 1998 and October 2009, and dealt with at least one of the 31 specified countries. Clinical interventions, instrument developments, local projects and reviews were excluded. The data extracted included: the characteristics of the study and aspects of home care 'policy & regulation', 'financing', 'organisation & service delivery', and 'clients & informal carers'. Results: Seventy-four out of 5,133 potentially relevant studies met the inclusion criteria, providing information on 18 countries. Many focused on the characteristics of home care recipients and on the organisation of home care. Geographical inequalities, market forces, quality and integration of services were also among the issues frequently discussed. Conclusions: It can be concluded that home care systems appeared to differ not just between but also within countries. The papers included, however, provided only a limited picture of home care. Many studies only focused on one aspect of the home care system and international comparative studies were rare. Furthermore, little information emerged on home care financing and on home care in general in Eastern Europe. This review clearly shows the need for more scientific publications on home care, especially papers comparing countries. A comprehensive and more complete insight into the ...

Our commentary on Christine Sleeter's landmark work, Why Is There Learning Disabilities? A Critical Analysis of the Birth of the Field in Its Social Context, is presented in four sections. Each of the first three sections addresses one of the foci of her conflict analysis—ideology, institutions, and differentiated education—by summarizing her argument with respect to that aspect of her analysis, historicizing her line of argument in Foucault's sense of recontextualization or rereading a text in terms of categories and problems unavailable to its author, and assessing the social, historical and theoretical value of her analysis in general and with respect to the categories and problems of our recontextualization. In the first section we draw upon democratic theory to differentiate three strains of American liberalism—market, developmental, and managerial—which we use to extend Sleeter's argument regarding the ideology behind the creation of the learning disabilities category. In the second section we use institutional theory to reread her argument regarding schools as social institutions and what they had to gain from the creation of the learning disabilities category. For the third aspect of her analysis, we use the institutional history of public education to trace the roots of the discursive practice of differentiated education and to characterize the system that existed in the 1950s that the Brown decision, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, and the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 tried to change. In our concluding section we bring Sleeter's analysis forward in time to consider the new push for higher standards that she speculates about at the end of her paper. What she was referring to turned out to be the start of the neoliberal standards-based reform movement, which we review and relate to Sleeter's analysis and our recontextualization, as well as to her most recent work that addresses the intersection of accountability, equity, and democracy.

Maģistra darbs skata migrāciju sociālo transformāciju kontekstā, kā arī migrācijas komunikatīvos aspektus un valsts institūciju regulējošo lomu. Darba mērķis ir noskaidrot, kāds diskurss par Īrijā strādājošajiem Latvijas iedzīvotājiem tiek veidots presē, kā arī valdības un valsts institūciju dokumentos un, balstoties uz iegūtajiem rezultātiem, aptaujāt Īrijā strādājošos Latvijas iedzīvotājus. Maģistra darbs balstīts uz S. Kāstla (Castles) izpratni par migrāciju sociālo transformācijas procesu kontekstā, kā arī migrācijas komunikatīvajiem aspektiem - H. Moulanas (Mowlana) izvirzīto tēzi par migrāciju kā informācijas starptautiskās plūsmas kanālu un tipu. Darbs veikts kā jauko metožu pētījums, pamatā izmantojot N. Fērklofa (Fairclough) kritisko diskursa analīzi, kvantitatīvo kontentanalīzi, kā arī kvalitatīvās daļēji strukturētās intervijas un kvantitatīvo aptauju. Maģistra darbs sadalīts četrās galvenajām daļās – teorētiskajā daļā, metodoloģiskajā daļā, empīriskajā daļā un secinājumu daļā. Atslēgvārdi: sociālie transformācijas procesi, migrācija, komunikācija, diskursa analīze. ; Master paper concerns with migration in social transformations context, as well as communicative aspects of migration and regulation role of Administrative Institutions of the State. The aim of paper is to ascertain discourse of Latvian Inhabitants employed in Ireland in Latvian national press and documents of the Government of the Republic of Latvia and Administrative Institutions of the State and based on acquired results make a questionnaire to Latvian Inhabitants employed in Ireland. Master paper is based on S. Castles conception about migration in social transformation processes context as well as communicative aspects of migration - H. Mowlana thesis about migration as type and channels of international flow of information. Paper is done as a mixed method's research, as a basic method using N. Fairclough critical discourse analyze, quantitative content analyze, and also qualitative semi structured interviews and quantitative query. The structure of Master paper consists of four main parts – theoretical part, methodological part, empirical part and conclusions. Keywords: social transformation process, migration, communication, critical discourse analysis.

La escala adecuada es un tema central y fundamental para la determinación de la dinámica y del equilibrio de cualquier proceso. Por ello también es una cuestión central para la determinación del desarrollo sostenible, afectando este en todas sus dimensiones (social, cultural, política, económica, técnica y ambiental.). Sin embargo, poca atención se presta al tema de la escala adecuada en la mayoría de las discusiones sobre el desarrollo sostenible. Seguimos preocupados en buscar la forma de 'sostener el crecimiento' cuando, frente a los desequilibrios de escala ya observables, lo que tendríamos que buscar es como frenar o incluso revertir el crecimiento. En este artículo se considera el tema de la escala particularmente a partir de las ideas de Leopold Kohr quién, ya a mediados del siglo pasado, buscó aplicar el tema de la escala al análisis social y a la crítica del modelo de desarrollo moderno. Aunque es un autor fundamental, su obra nunca se tradujo al castellano y, en parte intentando suplir esta carencia se hace abundantes citas textuales de su obra magna 'El Derrumbe de las Naciones'. ; The appropriate scale is a central feature of any process. It is a central aspect too of the development process in its multilayered aspects, affecting the socioeconomic development process on all its levels (social, cultural, political, economic, technical and environmental dimension). Notwithstanding, little attention is given to the dimension of scale in most discussions about sustainable development, centred as we are in looking for ways of 'sustaining growth' instead of stopping or even reversing it. In this article we consider the dimension of scale (or over-scale) particularly making reference to Leopold Kohr's fundamental and path-breaking analysis. Abundant reference and quotations are made, particularly from his major work 'The Breakdown of Nations' as a way of tribute and bringing this fundamental author closer to the Spanish speaking reader once his work has not yet been translated into Spanish.

La escala adecuada es un tema central y fundamental para la determinación de la dinámica y del equilibrio de cualquier proceso. Por ello también es una cuestión central para la determinación del desarrollo sostenible, afectando este en todas sus dimensiones (social, cultural, política, económica, técnica y ambiental.). Sin embargo, poca atención se presta al tema de la escala adecuada en la mayoría de las discusiones sobre el desarrollo sostenible. Seguimos preocupados en buscar la forma de 'sostener el crecimiento' cuando, frente a los desequilibrios de escala ya observables, lo que tendríamos que buscar es como frenar o incluso revertir el crecimiento. En este artículo se considera el tema de la escala particularmente a partir de las ideas de Leopold Kohr quién, ya a mediados del siglo pasado, buscó aplicar el tema de la escala al análisis social y a la crítica del modelo de desarrollo moderno. Aunque es un autor fundamental, su obra nunca se tradujo al castellano y, en parte intentando suplir esta carencia se hace abundantes citas textuales de su obra magna 'El Derrumbe de las Naciones'. ; The appropriate scale is a central feature of any process. It is a central aspect too of the development process in its multilayered aspects, affecting the socioeconomic development process on all its levels (social, cultural, political, economic, technical and environmental dimension). Notwithstanding, little attention is given to the dimension of scale in most discussions about sustainable development, centred as we are in looking for ways of 'sustaining growth' instead of stopping or even reversing it. In this article we consider the dimension of scale (or over-scale) particularly making reference to Leopold Kohr's fundamental and path-breaking analysis. Abundant reference and quotations are made, particularly from his major work 'The Breakdown of Nations' as a way of tribute and bringing this fundamental author closer to the Spanish speaking reader once his work has not yet been translated into Spanish.

There is no simple answer to the question of the potential impact of migration on the EU economy. EU migration policy is expected to meet the requirements of economic and social policy, in particular of the Lisbon Agenda, as well as national cultural, political, strategic and security imperatives. The problem is complicated by different national traditions in social organisation, which are deeply rooted in history and which have resulted in different migration models within the EU. Moreover, what is an issue in its own right is immigration as a tool to counter the negative impact of population ageing on economic growth and the pressure on public funds. Another aspect of migration concerns the internationalisation of production and its contribution to the diversification of the productive structure of the EU and its member states. Further, migration may also contribute to the growth of the informal economy, an aspect of concern in member states with large shares of the informal sector in GDP. Yet another question to be resolved is the role of migration in the flow of trade in goods and services within an enlarged Europe and between the EU (25) and the rest of the world. The distinction between migration and trade in services (mode 4) is important for judging the impact on the labour market, as the regulatory mechanisms differ. The paper addresses all the above issues. As with employment, education and social policies, a common understanding about the impact of various possible routes of migration policies on the societies of the member states has to be obtained before entering a process of policy coordination towards eventual convergence. The paper focuses on ways in which different policies on various categories of migration - labour migration, family reunification, refugee and asylum-seeker intake - and the free movement of service providers can differentially impact the EU economy, calling for a complex mix of policy interventions to address the various socio-economic challenges emanating from them.

Abstract. This study presents a conceptual framework for addressing temporal variation in natural risk. Numerous former natural risk analyses and investigations have demonstrated that time and related changes have a crucial influence on risk. For natural hazards, time becomes a factor for a number of reasons. Using the example of landslides to illustrate this point, it is shown that: 1. landslide history is important in determining probability of occurrence, 2. the significance of catchment variables in explaining landslide susceptibility is dependent on the time scale chosen, 3. the observer's perception of the geosystem's state changes with different time spans, and 4. the system's sensitivity varies with time. Natural hazards are not isolated events but complex features that are connected with the social system. Similarly, elements at risk and their vulnerability are highly dynamic through time, an aspect that is not sufficiently acknowledged in research. Since natural risk is an amalgam of hazard and vulnerability, its temporal behaviour has to be considered as well. Identifying these changes and their underlying processes contributes to a better understanding of natural risk today and in the future. However, no dynamic models for natural risks are currently available. Dynamic behaviour of factors affecting risk is likely to create increasing connectivity and complexity. This demands a broad approach to natural risk, since the concept of risk encapsulates aspects of many disciplines and has suffered from single-discipline approaches in the past. In New Zealand, dramatic environmental and social change has occurred in a relatively short period of time, graphically demonstrating the temporal variability of the geosystem and the social system. To understand these changes and subsequent interactions between both systems, a holistic perspective is needed. This contribution reviews available frameworks, demonstrates the need for further concepts, and gives research perspectives on a New Zealand example.

This study is located within debates about the impact of second wave feminism on European gender contracts. Its particular focus is the development of EU supra state feminism in the form of gender equality policy since the early 1970s. It argues that gender equality policy cannot be fully understood without consideration of its budgetary dimension. Based on Majone's theory (1993) that overall EU social policy com prises both social regulation and social redistribution, this study highlighted the fact that a redistributional aspect to EU gender equality policy had existed since 1971 but that this dimension had received scant attention in the literature. The thesis hypothesised that comprehensive study of redistributional equality policy would provide a new perspective on gender equality policy as a whole. It further argued that redistributional equality policy required new theorisation since it related to a key aspect of the reproduction of the gendered European labour market, namely training policy and provision. This study took an historical comparative approach, based on documentary sources. Its timeframe was 1971 to 1997, that is from the introduction of initiatives regarding women's training in the ESF in 1971 to agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997. The comparative element was provided principally through a detailed case study of EU redistributional equality policy in the Republic of Ireland. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of EU redistributional gender equality policy over these decades. The research findings confirm the hypothesis that full inclusion of the redistributional dimension modifies current theorisation of such policy. In particular the study found that the balance of explanation for such policy's weak effects needed to move further towards the EU gender contract as compared with the gender contracts of the member states. ; TARA (Trinity's Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

The progress of information society is at the onset of new uses, new trades which assess in a coercive way, the implementation of new economic and judicial standards. The constraints of copyright and especially its immateriality were poorly understood then, or even ignored by society. Recently, French members of parliament have proclaimed under exceptional circumstances the prohibition of "peer to peer". We will need to find some issues to combine: fair and equal remuneration of authors, consideration of international judicial restrictions with the guarantee of an access to knowledge and information for all, in conformity with the Tunis commitment. The problem of authors' remunerations appears thus as one of the major aspects of a new Internet governance. ; Le développement des technologies de l'information dans ce que l'on appelle la « société de l'information » est à l'origine de nouveaux usages, de nouveaux échanges qui imposent, de manière coercitive, la mise en place de nouveaux modèles économiques et juridiques. Les contraintes du droit d'auteur et surtout son immatérialité étaient alors mal comprises voire ignorées par le corps social. Récemment les parlementaires français posaient dans des circonstances exceptionnelles le principe de l'illégalité du téléchargement entre internautes. Il faudra conjuguer : juste et équitable rémunération des auteurs, prise en considération des contraintes juridiques internationales avec la garantie de l'accès à la connaissance et à l'information pour tous, conformément à l'engagement de Tunis. La question de la rémunération des auteurs apparaît donc comme un des aspects majeurs de la gouvernance de l'Internet.

The progress of information society is at the onset of new uses, new trades which assess in a coercive way, the implementation of new economic and judicial standards. The constraints of copyright and especially its immateriality were poorly understood then, or even ignored by society. Recently, French members of parliament have proclaimed under exceptional circumstances the prohibition of "peer to peer". We will need to find some issues to combine: fair and equal remuneration of authors, consideration of international judicial restrictions with the guarantee of an access to knowledge and information for all, in conformity with the Tunis commitment. The problem of authors' remunerations appears thus as one of the major aspects of a new Internet governance. ; Le développement des technologies de l'information dans ce que l'on appelle la « société de l'information » est à l'origine de nouveaux usages, de nouveaux échanges qui imposent, de manière coercitive, la mise en place de nouveaux modèles économiques et juridiques. Les contraintes du droit d'auteur et surtout son immatérialité étaient alors mal comprises voire ignorées par le corps social. Récemment les parlementaires français posaient dans des circonstances exceptionnelles le principe de l'illégalité du téléchargement entre internautes. Il faudra conjuguer : juste et équitable rémunération des auteurs, prise en considération des contraintes juridiques internationales avec la garantie de l'accès à la connaissance et à l'information pour tous, conformément à l'engagement de Tunis. La question de la rémunération des auteurs apparaît donc comme un des aspects majeurs de la gouvernance de l'Internet.

The progress of information society is at the onset of new uses, new trades which assess in a coercive way, the implementation of new economic and judicial standards. The constraints of copyright and especially its immateriality were poorly understood then, or even ignored by society. Recently, French members of parliament have proclaimed under exceptional circumstances the prohibition of "peer to peer". We will need to find some issues to combine: fair and equal remuneration of authors, consideration of international judicial restrictions with the guarantee of an access to knowledge and information for all, in conformity with the Tunis commitment. The problem of authors' remunerations appears thus as one of the major aspects of a new Internet governance. ; Le développement des technologies de l'information dans ce que l'on appelle la « société de l'information » est à l'origine de nouveaux usages, de nouveaux échanges qui imposent, de manière coercitive, la mise en place de nouveaux modèles économiques et juridiques. Les contraintes du droit d'auteur et surtout son immatérialité étaient alors mal comprises voire ignorées par le corps social. Récemment les parlementaires français posaient dans des circonstances exceptionnelles le principe de l'illégalité du téléchargement entre internautes. Il faudra conjuguer : juste et équitable rémunération des auteurs, prise en considération des contraintes juridiques internationales avec la garantie de l'accès à la connaissance et à l'information pour tous, conformément à l'engagement de Tunis. La question de la rémunération des auteurs apparaît donc comme un des aspects majeurs de la gouvernance de l'Internet.