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Heritage and cultural tourism (HCT) is currently one of the fastest growing fields in the tourism domain. Tourism as a composite field of study has traditionally been located within the economic and business management sector. However, due to the range of social, political and ethical issues pertaining to heritage and cultural tourism, it can be argued that it should be also located within a humanities context. After elucidating certain key concepts, the paper will consider the interdisciplinary nature of tourism theorist John Tribe. The relevance of tourism and its relationship with the humanities cluster of established disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, art, literature, history and heriatge will be discussed. It will become apparent that heritage and cultural tourism is also locating itself within the domain of the humanities, despite efforts to dislocate it. Key words: heritage and cultural tourism (HCT), economic and business management, humanities, mutlidisciplinary field, interdisciplinary, cross-disciplinary researchDisciplines: anthropology, archeology, art, business ecobomics, geography, heritage, history, literature, film, socioloy

Malacca Strait become discours matter which discussed by many parties today, infact is not a new issue, becouse some big power have interrest in this area.Hundreds centuries ago, eventhough before west colonealisme flooded South EastAsia, Malacca Strait has became an important area for development of world'spolitics, economics, and culture. Malacca Strait has became a part of long growthand development history of the big political power such as Sriwijaya (8thcentury), Perlak Kingdom (9th century-until 13th century), Samudera PasaiKingdom(13th century- until 16th century), Malacca Kingdom(14th century- until17th century) and Aceh Kingdom (16th century - until 20th century). This area isalso an important part of acculturation history of various cultural such as Budhis,Hindu, Islam and West (Christian), and also the interesting one is Malacca Sraithas become one of center for interest of world economic, it is not only in aspect ofthe strait as a trade connecting line, but also in aspect of economic growth itself.This condition is going on until today, with the different of economical andpolitical actors but the same focus of interest.

Relations between Armenia and Georgia go back many centuries into the history of these two neighboring nations. The recent history of their relations as two post-Soviet newly independent states is only two decades old, which means that certain problems have not yet been resolved. Both countries have to cope with political, ethnopolitical, economic, linguistic, and religious problems; the situation in both countries is further complicated by the far from simple processes of nation-building and the countries' involvement in bloody ethnopolitical conflicts in the Caucasus. This has inevitably affected the political and socioeconomic development of both Armenia and Georgia. Here I am going to assess the general dynamics, present state, possible prospects, and potential problems in Armenian-Georgian relations. I have paid particular attention to the main parameters of their relations in the economic, communication, political, military, cultural, educational, and humanitarian spheres, to say nothing of an especially important aspect regarding the Russian factor in Armenian-Georgian relations and the situation in Samtskhe-Javakheti, an administrative region of Georgia with a predominantly Armenian population.

Villarica, población del norte del departamento del Cauca, ha vivido y permanece afectada por una serie de circunstancias históricas que marcan su diario acontecer económico, político y cultural. Una historia signada por las dificultades propias de vivir en una tierra desconocida, ajena, marcada por intereses económicos y políticos contrarios a las expectativas de vida de sus habitantes. La Ley Páez es una de esas circunstancias que bien vale la pena analizar como hito de la historia local.AbstractVillarica, a town located in the northern part of the Department of Cauca (Colombia), has lived and remained affected by a number of historical circumstances, which characterize its economic, political, and cultural everyday life. A history signaled by the difficulties inherent to living in an unknown, alien land, as well as the economic and political interests opposed to the life expectations of its inhabitants. The Páez Law is one of those circumstances that is worth analyzing as a milestone in local history.

Villarica, a town located in the northern part of the Department of Cauca (Colombia), has lived and remained affected by a number of historical circumstances, which characterize its economic, political, and cultural everyday life. A history signaled by the difficulties inherent to living in an unknown, alien land, as well as the economic and political interests opposed to the life expectations of its inhabitants. The Páez Law is one of those circumstances that is worth analyzing as a milestone in local history. ; Villarica, población del norte del departamento del Cauca, ha vivido y permanece afectada por una serie de circunstancias históricas que marcan su diario acontecer económico, político y cultural. Una historia signada por las dificultades propias de vivir en una tierra desconocida, ajena, marcada por intereses económicos y políticos contrarios a las expectativas de vida de sus habitantes. La Ley Páez es una de esas circunstancias que bien vale la pena analizar como hito de la historia local. ; Universidad de San Buenaventura - Cali

The practice of imposing economic sanctions in order to influence the actions of states and other parties—historically with varied levels of actual effectiveness—has a long and chequered history.2Given, however, that more than 90 per cent of the world's trade is carried by sea,3it is one particular form of sanction management—the 'so called economic weapon' of naval blockade— which tends to dominate the implementation of sanctions regimes.4Yet despite the frequency with which naval forces are used to implement maritime sanctions—or perhaps because of the long but erratic history of naval embargo and blockade—the regime as a whole remains haunted by some uncertainties as to its conceptual basis. As WL Martin observes, 'some measures such as "pacific blockade", have at times acquired a technical meaning' which has left them ill-equipped to deal with and adjust to new developments in blockade practice.5Even prior to 1914, the notion of 'blockade' was a dualist concept. On one hand, it was clearly a weapon of war.6

OBJECTIVE: To examine the conceptual bases for the conflicting views of excess capacity in healthcare markets and their application in the context of today's turbulent environment. STUDY SETTING: The policy and research literature of the past three decades. STUDY DESIGN: The theoretical perspectives of alternative economic schools of thought are used to support different policy positions with regard to excess capacity. Changes in these policy positions over time are linked to changes in the economic and political environment of the period. The social values implied by this history are articulated. DATA COLLECTION: Standard library search procedures are used to identify relevant literature. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Alternative policy views of excess capacity in healthcare markets rely on differing theoretical foundations. Changes in the context in which policy decisions are made over time affect the dominant theoretical framework and, therefore, the dominant policy view of excess capacity. CONCLUSIONS: In the 1990s, multiple perspectives of optimal capacity still exist. However, our evolving history suggests a set of persistent values that should guide future policy in this area.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Introduction and Summary -- What Should Countries Rich in Natural Resources Do to Grow Faster and Improve the Quality of Their Jobs? -- Answering Old and New Concerns about Trade -- Lessons from Successful Natural Resource-Rich Countries: Play to Your Strengths -- Building New Areas of Comparative Advantage -- Are the New Jobs Good Jobs? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Comparative Advantage, Diversification, and Intra- Industry Trade: Determinants and Consequences -- New Trade Theories, New Endowments, and New Patterns of Trade -- New Factor Endowments: Industrial Clusters, Logistics Costs, and ICT and Knowledge -- Comparative Advantage: Facts from LAC -- The Regional Average since the Early 1980s -- Are Traditional Endowments Destiny? -- Trade and Endowments -- Econometric Evidence -- Export Diversification and IIT: Where Are We, and Does It Matter? -- Export Diversification and IIT in LAC -- Summary of Findings about Comparative Advantage, Diversification, and IIT -- Notes -- It's Not Just What You Produce, But How: Lessons from Comparative History -- The Lesson from History: Play to Your Strengths -- Total Factor Productivity Growth and Development -- Knowledge and Natural Resources: A Proven Recipe for Growth -- Two Final Concerns -- Why Was Latin America's Experience So Disappointing? -- Distribution -- Education and Technical Capacity -- Disruptive Industrialization in the Postwar Period -- Are the Successful Models Replicable? The Death of Distance, Fragmentation, and First- Mover Advantages -- Notes -- Recent LAC Experiences: The Role of Knowledge and Institutions -- Chile's Agricultural Performance: The Case of Fresh Fruits Exports -- Econometric Results -- Net Rates of Protection -- Research and Development in Chilean Agriculture.

Foreword / Bernard Lewis -- Introduction -- Political Islam from Muhammad to Ahmadinejad / Joseph Morrison Skelly -- The origins of political Islam -- Balanced opposition : the tribal foundations of Arab Middle Eastern Islamic culture / Philip Carl Salzman -- Why did Muhammad attack the Byzantines? : a re-examination of Quran sura 30:1-2 / David Cook -- Challenging the Islamist politicization of Islam : the non-Islamic origins of Muslim political concepts / Sherko Kirmanj -- Interpreting political Islam -- War and peace : negotiating meaning in Islam / Robert P. Barnidge, Jr. -- The Quranic concept of war / Joseph C. Myers -- Jihad in Africa : past and present -- Mad mullahs and the pax Britannica : Islam as a factor in Somali resistance to British colonial rule / George L. Simpson, Jr. -- Jihadists and jurisprudents : the "revisions" literature of Sayyid Imam and Al-Gama ́a Al-Islamiyya / Daniel J. Lav -- Takfir as a tool for instigating Jihad among Muslims : the Ghanaian example / Mohammed Hafiz -- Political Islam in Iran, Iraq, and Palestine -- Reading Tehran in Washington : the problems of defining the fundamentalist regime in Iran and assessing the prospects for political change / Ofira Seliktar -- The modern impact of Mahdism and the case of Iraq / Timothy R. Furnish -- Palestinian precedents : the origins of Al-Qaeda's use of suicide terrorism and Istishhad / Benjamin T. Acosta -- Economic reform and reforming Ilam -- Economic justice in the Middle East : a bad idea, badly done / Patrick Clawson -- "For truth does not oppose truth" : the agreement of divine law and philosophy in Averroës' The book of the decisive treaties (Kitab Fa.sl al-Maqal) / Terence J. Kleven -- Hermeneutics and human rights : liberal democracy, Catholicism, and Islam / Edward T. Barrett

By 2030 more than sixty percent of the world's population will live in urban areas, with most of the world's population growth over the next twenty-five years being absorbed by cities and towns in low and middle income countries. What are the consequences of this shift? Demographic pressure already strains the capacity of local and national governments to manage urban change. Today, nearly one billion people live in slums, and in the absence of significant intervention that number is set to double in the next two decades. Will our future be dominated by mega-cities of poverty and despair, or can urbanization be harnessed to advance human and economic development? Cities and Development provides a critical exploration of the dynamic relationship between urbanism and development. Highlighting both the challenges and opportunities associated with rapid urban change, the book surveys: the historical relationship between urbanization and developmentthe role cities play in fostering economic growth in a globalizing worldthe unique characteristics of urban poverty and the poor record of interventions designed to tackle it the complexities of managing urban environments; issues of urban crime, violence, war and terrorism in contemporary cities the importance of urban planning, governance and politics in shaping city futures. This book brings into conversation debates from urban and development studies and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of current policy and planning responses to the contemporary urban challenge. It includes research orientated supplements in the form of summaries, boxed case studies, development questions and further reading. The book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students interested in urban, international and development studies, as well as policy-makers and planners concerned

In Assembling the Local, Upal Chakrabarti argues that the "local" should be reconceptualized as an abstract machine, which was itself central to the construction of the universal, namely, the establishment of political economy as a form of governance in nineteenth-century British India

In this article, we describe the context in which an international race towards Exascale computing has started. We cover the political and economic context and make a review of the recent history in high performance computing (HPC) architectures, with special emphasis on the recently announced European initiatives to reach Exascale computing in Europe. We conclude by describing current challenges and trends. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that improvements in the status of women and girls? however worthy and important in their own right? also drive the prosperity, stability, and security of families, communities, and nations. Yet despite many indicators of progress, women and girls everywhere? including countries of the developed world? continue to confront barriers to their full and equal participation in social, economic, and political life. Capturing voices and experiences from around the world, this work documents the modern history of the global women?s movement - its many accomplishments and setbacks. Drawing together prominent pioneers and contemporary policymakers, activists, and scholars, the volume interrogates where and why progress has met resistance and been slowed, and examine the still unfinished agenda for change in national and international policy arenas. This history and roadmap are especially critical for younger generations who need a better understanding of this rich feminist legacy and the intense opposition that women?s movements have generated. This book creates a clear and forceful narrative about women?s agency and the central relevance of women?s rights movements to global and national policy-making. It is essential reading for activists and policymakers, students and scholars alike.