Suchergebnisse

393The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Soldier sentenced to disciplinary training under Military Discipline Act — Whether violation of provisions of the Convention — Article 5 — Right to liberty and security of person — Whether subjection to military discipline involves deprivation of liberty — Article 5(1)(b) — Permissible restrictions to secure the fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law — Article 6 — Defence rights in the determination of civil rights or of any criminal charge — Whether any disciplinary sentence involves criminal charge — Whether enforcement of military discipline involves determination of civil rights — Article 10 — Freedom of expression — Permissible restrictions for the prevention of disorder — The law of the Netherlands

Conclusiveness of Statements of the Executive States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conclusiveness of statements of the executive — Existence of a state of war — Matter for the executive and not for the courts — Conflict between India and Pakistan — The law of PakistanWar and neutrality — War in general — Termination of war Declaration of the commencement of war and existence of a state of war — Cessation of hostilities — Declaration of ceasefire in the Security Council of the United Nations — Joint declaration of warring parties acknowledging end of belligerency — Original declaration of war not revoked — Whether war terminated — Whether courts competent to decide the question — Authority competent to do so — Proper procedure when question arises — Enemy subject residing in foreign territory — Whether entitled to institute legal proceedings — The law of Pakistan

International society, so long the resolution to problems of collective political order, now appears to be failing in its capacity to deal with transnational challenges such as climate change, global security and financial instability. Indeed, the structure of international society itself has become a significant obstacle to such pressing issues of global governance. One striking response has been the reemergence of cities as important actors on the international stage. This article will show how these two issues are intrinsically linked. Cities have taken on new governance roles in the gaps left by hamstrung nation-states, and their contribution to an emerging global governance architecture will be a significant feature of the international relations of the 21st century. But do the new governance activities of cities represent a failure on the part of states, as some scholars have argued? Or are they a part of an emerging form of global order, in which the relationship between states, cities and other actors is being recalibrated? This article argues that the remarkable renaissance of cities in recent decades has been a result of a shift in the structure of international society, and assesses the causal drivers of this shift. It goes on to draw out some of the implications of the recalibration of the relationship between the city and the state for how we understand the emerging form of global order.

One of the key features of the 2002 United States National Security Strategy was an abrupt shift from the traditional U.S. approach to proliferation threats that prioritized deterrence and promotion of nondiscriminatory nonproliferation norms, to an approach called counterproliferation that emphasized military preemption and direct challenges to adversarial state identity. This thesis asks the question, what caused counterproliferation to largely replace deterrence and nonproliferation as the central national security policies of the U.S. concerning unconventional weapons? The thesis argues that to understand this policy change requires not merely an appreciation of changes in the post-Cold War international security environment, but also an examination of how culturally shaped threat conceptions among American policymakers interacted with capabilities development and policy institutionalization within the U.S. military. As no current theory adequately addresses those dynamics, complimentary strategic culture and organizational theory models are presented as the framework for analysis. This thesis will contend that policy shift from NP to CP resulted from the merging of strategic cultural efforts aimed at legitimizing conceptions of proliferation threats as originating from state identity, with a military organizational drive to avoid uncertainty through the development of counterproliferation capabilities. Together these strategic cultural and organizational responses to shifting proliferation threats altered the menu of choice for policymakers by institutionalizing and legitimizing a policy response that directly challenged existing nonproliferation norms and practices. This thesis relies on a detailed case study of the evolution of counterproliferation policy from 1993 to 2002, with particular focus on the analysis of public discourse, declassified policy planning and Department of Defense documents, and participant interviews.

Der Wandel der geopolitischen Landschaft der Welt nach dem Kalten Krieg in den 90er Jahren hat auch tiefgreifende Konsequenzen für das internationale "humanitäre Regime". Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt in knapper Form, wie vor allem die Nicht-Regierungs-Organisationen auf die weltweiten Krisen reagiert haben und welche Schlüsse daraus für die Zukunft zu ziehen sind. Das Flüchtlingsproblem ist heute zu einer globalen Frage geworden, die nicht mehr allein durch die internationale Kooperation der betroffenen Staaten beantwortet werden kann. Nicht-Regierungs-Organisationen müssen in ihren Organisationsstrukturen entsprechend international und flexibel reagieren. Die Schwerpunkte der Aktivitäten müssen bei der Stärkung der Zivilgesellschaften, der Überwachung der lokalen Einhaltung der Menschenrechte und dem Aufbau lokaler und internationaler Organisationsformen liegen. (ICA)

Introduction: Contemporary Issues in Caribbean and Latin American Relations -- The Guyana Shield in a Changing Regional Environment: Challenges and Opportunities / by Raymond Mark Kirton -- The Impact of Venezuelan Immigrants on Crime in Trinidad and Tobago: A Critical Evaluation / by Marlon Anatol, Amanda Anatol, and Sacha Joseph-Mathews -- Leveraging the Asylum System to Overcome Immigration Barriers in Small Island States / by Ashaki L. Dore -- To Expand or not to Expand? Utilizing Geopolitical Analysis to Examine CARICOM's Potential Enlargement in the 21st Century / by Kai-Ann D. Skeete -- The Foreign Policy of the Cuban Revolution: Half a Century of Cuba-Caribbean Relations / by Jacqueline Laguardia Martinez and Milagros Martinez Reinosa -- Reflections on the Socially Responsive Regional Integration Process of UNASUR: A Small State Perspective / by Ruben Martoredjo -- Validating the Dimensions of Human Security Using a Factor-Analytic Procedure / by Clement Henry.

Central Asia on Japan's diplomatic agenda : security, resources, and humanitarianism -- Silk Road diplomacy of the DPJ cabinets : continuity, inertia and change -- Japan's aid in the New Silk Road : developmentalism, securitisation and likely prototype for Belt and road? -- Energy Silk Road : anticipation and adaption in Japan's resource diplomacy -- Japan, China and Asian connectivity : competition, cooperation and the weaponisation of infrastructure finance?

International agricultural trade is key to improving global food security. It ensures access to more diversified foods (e.g. Krivonos and Kuhn 2019 ), acts as a safety net against local production shortfalls (Glauben et al. 2022) and helps make use of regional climatic or resource-related production advantages. While local production and short supply chains can reduce transport costs, they do not necessarily equate to resilient food systems or lower carbon footprints (Stein and Santini 2022). Currently, though, international agricultural trade is facing supply chain disruptions and rising world market prices resulting from the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, increasing global food demand and extreme weather events. Both are threatening already strained food security, in particular in import-dependent, low-income regions. Geopolitical risks, such as the China- US trade war and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, are further rattling the food market. As the world's largest consumer of agricultural goods, China's trade strategies influence world markets, with ripple-down effects for consumers around the world, particularly in the Global South. This policy brief aims at shedding light on China's current market actions, and the likely short- and mid-term developments and their impacts. We argue for moderation in response to short-term shocks. Excessive mobility and trade restrictions as well as extreme stockpiling should be avoided. These harm the trade system's overall capacity to resist further and more serious global challenges related to population growth and climate change.

Scientific Foundations for the Formation of the Organizational Structure of the Grain Market -- Priorities and Efficiency of Government Support for the Agricultural Sector of Ukraine -- Development of Methods of Revision Control of Financial and Economic Activities of Agricultural Consumer Cooperatives -- Sustainable Agriculture for Food Security: Conceptual Framework and Benefits of Digitalization -- Methodological Approach to the Polycriteria Assessment of Agricultural Sustainability: Digitalization, International Experience, Problems, and Challenges for Higher Education in Russia -- Environmental and Energy Efficiency as a Criterion for Sustainable Agriculture -- Agriculture in developing countries: cultural differences, vectors of sustainable development, digitalization, and international experience -- Potential and Opportunities of Organic Agriculture in Russia -- Agflation as a Threat to Food Security: Analysis of Inflationary Factors -- Growth Reserves of Agricultural Production in the Ryazan Region -- The Current State of the Organic Market in Russia -- Farm Size in Organic Agriculture: Analysis of European Countries and Russia -- Study of the Labor Resources of Peasant (Farm) Households by Production Type -- Expanded reproduction as the basis for agricultural sustainability: marketing, digital economy, and smart technologies -- Changes in the Agrochemical Indicators of Light Gray Forest Soil and the Yield of Grain Crops during the Rotation of Crop Rotation under the Influence of Various Systems of its Processing in the Conditions of the South-East of the Volga-Vyatka Region -- Improving the Price Mechanism in Milk Production and Processing -- Assessment of Efficiency and Production Risks in Crop Production Innovative Development -- Innovative Calculating of Products in Industry Enterprises.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Humanitarian Aid - New Set Up and New Challenges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Unique Humanitarian Aid to the Syrians -- The Classical Ethical Principles -- Humanity -- Neutrality -- Impartiality -- Independence -- New Ethical Challenges in Contemporary Humanitarian Operations -- Standards of Treatment -- Treatment Location -- Legal Consideration -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- International Humanitarian Law: The Compliance Challenge -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Compliance Challenge -- Weapons Prohibitions -- The UN Security Council -- Legal Classification and Contemporary Conflict -- Armed Non-State Actors -- The Human Rights Humanitarian Law Interface -- International Criminal Law -- Attempted IHL Institutional Compliance -- Conclusion: Towards Feasible Futures -- References -- About the Author -- Chapter 3 -- Atrocious Crimes and the Multifaceted Dilemma of Humanitarian Interventions in World Politics -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theoretical Consideration -- The 2011 Libyan Crisis -- The Syrian Crisis -- The Myanmar Crisis -- Emerging Challenges and Prospects of R to P -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Haiti: Quality of Life Eight Years after the Earthquake -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Haiti before the Earthquake -- 2. Quality of Life -- 2.1. Health and Medical Assistance -- 2.2. Education and Access to Information -- 2.3. Income and Profession -- 2.4. Security -- 2.5. Environment, Physical Space and Housing -- 2.6. Leisure and Free Time -- 2.7. Family and Social Network -- 2.8. Life Perspectives and Satisfaction with Their Own Lives -- 2.9. Spirituality and Personal Beliefs -- 3. The Current Picture of Humanitarian Aid -- Conclusion -- References -- Annex 1. Table Summarizing Life Conditions before and Just after the Earthquake -- Annex 2. Glossary -- Biographical Sketches.

This book offers a multidisciplinary treatment of targeting. It is intended for use by the military, government legal advisers and academics. The book is suitable for use in both military training and educational programs and in Bachelor and Master degree level courses on such topics as War Studies and Strategic Studies. The book first explores the context of targeting, its evolution and the current targeting process and characteristics. An overview of the legal and ethical constraints on targeting as an operational process follows. It concludes by surveying contemporary issues in targeting such as the potential advent of autonomous weapon systems, 'non-kinetic' targeting, targeting in multinational military operations and leadership decapitation in counter-terrorism operations. The deep practical experience and academic background of the contributors ensures comprehensive treatment of current targeting and use of force issues. Paul Ducheine is Professor for Cyber Operations and Cyber Security, Netherlands Defence Academy, Breda, The Netherlands; and Professor of Law of Military Cyber Operations and Cyber Security at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Michael Schmitt is Charles H. Stockton Professor & Director, Stockton Center for the Study of International Law, U.S. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and Professor of Public International Law, University of Exeter, UK. Frans Osinga is Chair of the War Studies Department, Netherlands Defence Academy, Breda, The Netherlands, and Professor of Military Operational Art and Sciences.