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Abstract. This study presents a conceptual framework for addressing temporal variation in natural risk. Numerous former natural risk analyses and investigations have demonstrated that time and related changes have a crucial influence on risk. For natural hazards, time becomes a factor for a number of reasons. Using the example of landslides to illustrate this point, it is shown that: 1. landslide history is important in determining probability of occurrence, 2. the significance of catchment variables in explaining landslide susceptibility is dependent on the time scale chosen, 3. the observer's perception of the geosystem's state changes with different time spans, and 4. the system's sensitivity varies with time. Natural hazards are not isolated events but complex features that are connected with the social system. Similarly, elements at risk and their vulnerability are highly dynamic through time, an aspect that is not sufficiently acknowledged in research. Since natural risk is an amalgam of hazard and vulnerability, its temporal behaviour has to be considered as well. Identifying these changes and their underlying processes contributes to a better understanding of natural risk today and in the future. However, no dynamic models for natural risks are currently available. Dynamic behaviour of factors affecting risk is likely to create increasing connectivity and complexity. This demands a broad approach to natural risk, since the concept of risk encapsulates aspects of many disciplines and has suffered from single-discipline approaches in the past. In New Zealand, dramatic environmental and social change has occurred in a relatively short period of time, graphically demonstrating the temporal variability of the geosystem and the social system. To understand these changes and subsequent interactions between both systems, a holistic perspective is needed. This contribution reviews available frameworks, demonstrates the need for further concepts, and gives research perspectives on a New Zealand example.

This study is located within debates about the impact of second wave feminism on European gender contracts. Its particular focus is the development of EU supra state feminism in the form of gender equality policy since the early 1970s. It argues that gender equality policy cannot be fully understood without consideration of its budgetary dimension. Based on Majone's theory (1993) that overall EU social policy com prises both social regulation and social redistribution, this study highlighted the fact that a redistributional aspect to EU gender equality policy had existed since 1971 but that this dimension had received scant attention in the literature. The thesis hypothesised that comprehensive study of redistributional equality policy would provide a new perspective on gender equality policy as a whole. It further argued that redistributional equality policy required new theorisation since it related to a key aspect of the reproduction of the gendered European labour market, namely training policy and provision. This study took an historical comparative approach, based on documentary sources. Its timeframe was 1971 to 1997, that is from the introduction of initiatives regarding women's training in the ESF in 1971 to agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997. The comparative element was provided principally through a detailed case study of EU redistributional equality policy in the Republic of Ireland. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of EU redistributional gender equality policy over these decades. The research findings confirm the hypothesis that full inclusion of the redistributional dimension modifies current theorisation of such policy. In particular the study found that the balance of explanation for such policy's weak effects needed to move further towards the EU gender contract as compared with the gender contracts of the member states. ; TARA (Trinity's Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

'The Politics of Adoption' argues that adoption is not a mere family question. It conveys a model of citizenship. Policies, jurisprudence, and social work define an ideal image of parenthood in the hope to better control the making of future citizens. In a context of laws and debates on bioethics, this model is more and more infused with representations of the fertile body. Adoptive parents are thus expected to behave as if they were biological parents.

Jusqu'à présent et dans le cadre de sa politique de secteur, l'établissement de soins psychiatriques a une légitimité pour gérer seul les modalités de l'offre de soins. Il conserve la maîtrise de l'implantation de ses structures extra-hospitalières et la répartition de ses moyens. Il semble que la politique territoriale l'amène à perdre une partie de son autonomie. Mais cependant, et grâce à son expérience de secteur, l'hôpital psychiatrique n'aurait-il pas de nouveau les moyens de transformer sa pratique et d'innover ? Envisager la collaboration avec la médecine générale ne serait plus seulement une zone géographique à partager mais un espace de décision commun œuvrant pour le maintien d'une cohérence entre l'offre et la demande de soins. Nous nous proposons d'étudier cette problématique à travers trois grands chapitres : un premier chapitre consacré à la psychiatrie de secteur, un paradoxe qui confronte le caractère innovant de son parcours historique aux limites dues à sa structure. Un second chapitre observe, à partir du terrain, la collaboration entre la médecine générale et la psychiatrie du service public. Un troisième chapitre traite de l'évolution du lien entre la psychiatrie de secteur et la territorialisation dans le cadre de la loi HPST. C'est donc par cette approche territoriale que nous choisirons d'étudier les aspects et les possibilités d'un partenariat entre la médecine générale et la psychiatrie, cette fois envisagé comme le moyen d'investir une politique de santé et pas uniquement comme une finalité à améliorer.

The thesis examines how electrification has been received in rural villages in Lao People's Democratic Republic and how electricity has been integrated into living conditions and daily activities. The aim of the thesis is to highlight the active role of rural inhabitants in the electrification process. Moreover, the thesis attempts to offer reference points of electrical adoption and use in the Global South to the Western tradition of Science and Technology Studies. The empirical data for the thesis consists of semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observations made in five rural villages in the Vientiane province. In analysis of the data, the domestication framework is utilised. The study in hand shows that since its introduction electricity has transformed from a new technology into an integral part of everyday life in the villages. In the process, homes and the village environment, as well as some of the villagers' routines, have been changed permanently. Electricity has not, however, been integrated into all aspects of the villagers' routines, but has been integrated only into those activities in which it is seen as providing the greatest benefit; that is, in women's income earning and domestic tasks. The findings of the thesis offer insights as to how electricity functions in rural lives in Laos, as well as what kind of meanings are attached to it to other researchers. Moreover, the thesis indicates that though the domestication framework has its limitations, it is applicable to infrastructural technologies, and is more versatile from an anthropological perspective than it may at first appear.

Jusqu'à présent et dans le cadre de sa politique de secteur, l'établissement de soins psychiatriques a une légitimité pour gérer seul les modalités de l'offre de soins. Il conserve la maîtrise de l'implantation de ses structures extra-hospitalières et la répartition de ses moyens. Il semble que la politique territoriale l'amène à perdre une partie de son autonomie. Mais cependant, et grâce à son expérience de secteur, l'hôpital psychiatrique n'aurait-il pas de nouveau les moyens de transformer sa pratique et d'innover ? Envisager la collaboration avec la médecine générale ne serait plus seulement une zone géographique à partager mais un espace de décision commun œuvrant pour le maintien d'une cohérence entre l'offre et la demande de soins. Nous nous proposons d'étudier cette problématique à travers trois grands chapitres : un premier chapitre consacré à la psychiatrie de secteur, un paradoxe qui confronte le caractère innovant de son parcours historique aux limites dues à sa structure. Un second chapitre observe, à partir du terrain, la collaboration entre la médecine générale et la psychiatrie du service public. Un troisième chapitre traite de l'évolution du lien entre la psychiatrie de secteur et la territorialisation dans le cadre de la loi HPST. C'est donc par cette approche territoriale que nous choisirons d'étudier les aspects et les possibilités d'un partenariat entre la médecine générale et la psychiatrie, cette fois envisagé comme le moyen d'investir une politique de santé et pas uniquement comme une finalité à améliorer.

International audience ; The proliferation of mixed-member electoral systems has progressively led scholars to abandon the dichotomy between majoritarian and proportional systems. Among these numerous variants of these mixed systems, electoral systems with majority bonus remain overlooked and not well understood, not least because of the absence of systematic empirical comparison between them. France and Italy offer are among the few countries which have implemented mixed-member electoral systems with majority bonus at several levels of elections. In a preliminary empirical investigation on mixed-member electoral systems with majority bonuses, this study deals with the recent regional elections in France and Italy, in which such systems are used, focusing specifically on the matter of pre-electoral coalition formation, and on the political consequences of these systems. Two main aspects are studied. Firstly, what are the effects of the bonus arrangements on the probability and on the configuration of pre-electoral coalitions among parties? Secondly, what are the types of agreements reached in case of coalition formation? Does the well known 'Gamson law' of proportional sharing hold in such a context? It appears that these pre-electoral coalitions in such systems tend to lead to surplus coalitions in order to secure the bonus, and to a fairly proportional distribution of seats compared to votes, regardless of competitiveness or of the size of the larger parties. Levels of fragmentation are somehow linked to the constestability of the election both in France and Italy.

International audience ; The proliferation of mixed-member electoral systems has progressively led scholars to abandon the dichotomy between majoritarian and proportional systems. Among these numerous variants of these mixed systems, electoral systems with majority bonus remain overlooked and not well understood, not least because of the absence of systematic empirical comparison between them. France and Italy offer are among the few countries which have implemented mixed-member electoral systems with majority bonus at several levels of elections. In a preliminary empirical investigation on mixed-member electoral systems with majority bonuses, this study deals with the recent regional elections in France and Italy, in which such systems are used, focusing specifically on the matter of pre-electoral coalition formation, and on the political consequences of these systems. Two main aspects are studied. Firstly, what are the effects of the bonus arrangements on the probability and on the configuration of pre-electoral coalitions among parties? Secondly, what are the types of agreements reached in case of coalition formation? Does the well known 'Gamson law' of proportional sharing hold in such a context? It appears that these pre-electoral coalitions in such systems tend to lead to surplus coalitions in order to secure the bonus, and to a fairly proportional distribution of seats compared to votes, regardless of competitiveness or of the size of the larger parties. Levels of fragmentation are somehow linked to the constestability of the election both in France and Italy.

During the year 2000 an initiative among the African states to transform the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) into the African Union (AU) gained momentum. It resulted in the ratification of the Constitutive Act and its adoption at the 36th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in July 2001 in Lusaka. Parallel to this process of reorganisation towards closer inter-state collaboration on the African continent in the spirit of Pan Africanism emerged the systematic effort to redefine developmental priorities and to claim a new common position of African states in the globalised world. The "African Renaissance" initiative of South Africa's President Thabo Mbeki resulted in a "Millenium Africa Recovery Programme", which was finally revised and presented as the "New Africa Initiative" (NAI). Adopted at the same OAU Summit in Lusaka in July 2001, the NAI serves as a blueprint for Africa's development strategy at the beginning of the 21st century. It was presented to the G8 summit in Genoa, where the leaders of the world's powerful countries decided on a follow up by appointing individual special advisers to explore support to the NAI and future collaboration on the basis of this document. This paper offers a preliminary assessment of the New Africa Initiative within the context of the transformation of the OAU into the AU. It identifies and summarises essential new aspects advocated, critically examines the degree of realism and points at the possible limitations. The analysis also considers first reactions to the initiatives and reflects on the perspectives.

Relatively low and volatile agricultural commodity prices have placed increasing pressure on the state's farm sector in the 1990s. At the same time, an unusually robust non-farm economy has generated significant demand for rural housing and recreational land development. The result has been a dramatic acceleration in the rate of farmland conversion to non- farm uses over the last 15 years. Non-farm growth pressures have affected many other aspects of Wisconsin's urban and rural landscape as well. To help communities grapple with these new challenges, the state legislature passed a new "Smart Growth" law in the fall of 1999 (1999 Wisconsin Act 9). This law encourages municipalities to write and use new "comprehensive plans" to guide all their land use decisions by January 1, 2010. Under the statute, one required element of comprehensive plans will be an assessment of agricultural resources and a plan for their future use or protection. This article assesses the significance of the new Smart Growth legislation for agriculture in Wisconsin. I begin with an overview of trends in farmland loss in the state. Because agricultural planning had a long history in the state even before the Smart Growth law, I examine some of the political and economic challenges of writing and implementing effective land use plans in rural communities. I conclude with a detailed consideration of what the Smart Growth law will require concerning agriculture, and explore some of the ways in which it could impact farms, the general agribusiness economy, land markets, and rural communities in Wisconsin.

A symposium on national independence & self-determination in postcommunist countries. In Self-Determination and War: The Case of Yugoslavia, Branka Magas discusses the origins of the Yugoslavian conflict, blames the Left in Europe for defending Yugoslavia against its secessionist republics, & argues that the Yugoslavian conflict represents the destruction of once-autonomous states rather than simply the eruption of retrograde nationalisms. In Nationalism: Barrier to Progress, Ernest Erber argues that: the nation-state & the principle of national sovereignty is in historical decline, nationalism plays an increasingly reactionary role, & the right of national self-determination will fade as ethnic minority rights are subsumed under the expanding umbrella of human rights. In Nationalism and the Self, Lynne Jones discusses psychological aspects of nationalism, examines the relation between the self & historical processes, & argues that Yugoslavia illustrates how the rejection of nationalist aspirations tends, paradoxically, to intensify them. In Really Existing Nationalism, Bogdan Denitch argues that nationalism provides a collective identity that can be adopted to protect against the collapse of universalisms, eg, communism. In Democracy and the Right to Secede, Martin Thomas argues that Slovenia & Croatia had a right to secede. In Self-Determination: As a Contingency Principle, John Feffer argues that Left-oriented analyses of nationalism & the legitimacy of states suffer from a latent libertarianism that seriously compromises the discussion of self-determination. In Self-Determination: A Democratic Political Principle, Samuel Farber contends that: the self-determination of nations is a fundamental democratic principle, self-determination is crucial for progressive political change, & self-determination has little to do with nationalism. W. Howard

If policy analysis in education management is considered as a whole, it can be divided into parts and decomposed to understand this whole, and parts or sections are examined and details are revealed, so that the activity of having an idea about the whole can be called education policy analysis. The starting point of policy analysis in the educational process is to conceptualize the problem in order to achieve the desired goals and facilitate the determination of appropriate systems. This stage is generally related to policy problems and policy options. It is important to pay attention to the focus of policy areas in content creation, to ensure consensus to a large extent and to be meticulous on sensitive issues. In the analyses, the problem areas can be reviewed according to fairness, equality, effectiveness and ineffectiveness, quality or quantity, impact on the economy and similar issues. Policy analysis is partly descriptive. Because policy analysis is based on social and behavioral sciences that make claims about the consequences and causes of policy. But it is also normative. Normative, economic and decision analysis are also closely related to other branches of social and political philosophy and morality in order to verify and evaluate the moral values of politics and claims about expectations. This normative aspect of policy analysis is necessary. Because political knowledge allows achieving the desired results and is based on preferred forms of behavior, value judgments and processes based on morality. A policy problem is an unrealized value or, with it, the opportunity for defined development that can be achieved through public action. The knowledge that will solve the problem requires knowledge about the previous conditions of the problem (such as school safety or standard of living) as well as knowledge about the values of success that lead to the solution of the problem. Knowledge about policy problems plays a critical role in policy analysis. Because the path of the identified problem requires searching for appropriate solutions. Insufficient or incorrect information can lead to a very important error. Key Words: National Education, Education Management, Public Policy, Policy Analysis

En este editorial se analizan varios aspectos de la Historia de las Bibliotecas, tanto en el área de la Bibliotecología y la Ciencia de la Información como en las Ciencias Sociales. Se señala la importancia de esta materia en la formación bibliotecaria. Se sugieren una serie de tópicos para abordar su análisis a partir de la Historia Cultural y su encuentro con la Historia Política. Finalmente, se abordan algunos conceptos fundamentales para la Historia de la Bibliotecas, tales como los procesos de "continuidad y discontinuidad", "las migraciones y articulaciones bibliotecarias", "las tipologías de las bibliotecas" en el pasado, "los cambios y las tradiciones", entre otros. ; This editorial analyses several aspects of the History of Libraries in the area of Librarianship and Information Science, as well as in the Social Sciences. It is noted the importance of this field in the library training. A series of topics are suggested to approach this analysis from the Cultural History perspective and its encounter with the Political History. Finally, some fundamental concepts for the History of Libraries are approached, such as the processes of "continuity and discontinuity", the "migrations and library articulations", the "typologies of libraries" in the past, the "changes and traditions", among others.

This editorial analyses several aspects of the History of Libraries in the area of Librarianship and Information Science, as well as in the Social Sciences. It is noted the importance of this field in the library training. A series of topics are suggested to approach this analysis from the Cultural History perspective and its encounter with the Political History. Finally, some fundamental concepts for the History of Libraries are approached, such as the processes of "continuity and discontinuity", the "migrations and library articulations", the "typologies of libraries" in the past, the "changes and traditions", among others. ; En este editorial se analizan varios aspectos de la Historia de las Bibliotecas, tanto en el área de la Bibliotecología y la Ciencia de la Información como en las Ciencias Sociales. Se señala la importancia de esta materia en la formación bibliotecaria. Se sugieren una serie de tópicos para abordar su análisis a partir de la Historia Cultural y su encuentro con la Historia Política. Finalmente, se abordan algunos conceptos fundamentales para la Historia de la Bibliotecas, tales como los procesos de "continuidad y discontinuidad", "las migraciones y articulaciones bibliotecarias", "las tipologías de las bibliotecas" en el pasado, "los cambios y las tradiciones", entre otros.

International audience ; Formerly distant penal colony of the British Empire, the State of the Western Australia is not any more an isolated province, rural and provincial province since its entrance to the Australian Federation in 1901. The contemporary evolution of this territory and that of its urban centres of Perth and Fremantle is unmistakably connected to its oceanic facade. With hindsight, the Indian Ocean was during a century the interface with the rest of the world, the vector of the development that it is trade, industrial developments, seaside tourism, defence policy or other aspects affecting the human exchanges in a widely desert State. To present a century of considerable changes, a century of progressive opening on the Indian Ocean, such is the leitmotiv of this historic study on Western Australia in the XXth century. ; Jadis lointaine colonie pénitentiaire de l'Empire Britannique, l'État de l'Australie Occidentale n'est plus tout à fait une province isolée, rurale et provinciale depuis son entrée dans la Fédération australienne en 1901. La mutation contemporaine de ce territoire et celle de ses pôles urbains de Perth et Fremantle, est incontestablement liée à sa façade océanique. Avec le recul, l'océan Indien a été pendant un siècle l'interface avec le reste du monde, le vecteur du développement qu'il s'agisse des échanges commerciaux, des développements industriels, du tourisme balnéaire, de la politique de défense ou d'autres aspects touchant les échanges humains dans un Etat largement désertique. Retracer un siècle de changements considérables, un siècle d'ouverture progressive sur l'océan Indien, tel est le leitmotiv de cette étude historique sur l'Australie Occidentale au XXe siècle.