Suchergebnisse

Maize harvesting for silage promotes intense use of soil nutrients. The increase in forage harvesting time can ease nutrient use and benefit the nutritional quality of the silage. However, this practice may be economically unviable due to the reduction in the volume of harvested forage. The objective of our experiment was to evaluate several agronomic parameters, such as production, plant composition, nutritional value of silage and nutrient balance in the soil by harvesting the maize plant at different silage heights: 0.20; 0.40; 0.60; 0.80 and 1.00 m above the ground. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments with five repetitions. Representative plants in each plot were cut and fragmented in a forage machine. This material was homogenized and ensiled in experimental polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos. Each 0.10 m increase at harvest provided an increase of 0.65% in the dry matter content of the forage and reduced harvest to 339 kg ha-1 of dry matter. The presence of grains in the forage increased linearly 1.24% for every 0.10 m at the time of harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and silage lignin had a linear decrease of 4.5, 2.8 and 9.6%, respectively, per each 0.10 m lift crop height. Regarding the total digestible nutrients, dry matter intake and the relative forage, these values had a linear increase of 0.5, 7.2 and 8.2%, respectively. For each 0.10 m increase in cutting height, there was a decrease in soil nutrients, namely 3.6 kg ha-1 N, 1.3 kg ha-1 P2O5, 9.5 kg ha-1 K2O, 0.9 kg ha-1 CaO and 1.2 kg ha-1 MgO. Even with the harvest at 1.00 m above the ground, nutrient recycling nutrients by necromass is not sufficient to balance the potassium balance in the soil, causing a decline of 37.69 kg ha-1 K2O. The maize harvest to 0.47 m height represented the best relationship between silage quantity and quality, being the height that presents the greatest potential for economic return, and can fund management practices and soil fertilization to prevent degradation in foraging systems, mainly to overcome the negative balance of potassium in the system.

Pork consumption in Brazil is still low despite its productive importance. Relevant issues such as swine breeding, meat quality, and evaluation of aspects and attributes considered important by pork consumers at the time of purchase allows identifying consumer market demands. Moreover, physical parameters evaluation or pork cuts are suggested to certify the meat quality. The aim of this study was to identify the current situation of pig farming and determine the main aspects considered by consumers when buying pork in the Western region of Paraná state, Brazil. Furthermore, the physical properties of five pork chop brands marketed in the region were determined. Initially, an exploratory research was conducted involving ten pig farming sector professionals. This research allowed identifying that professionals understand the factors affecting meat quality and that some municipalities in the region are beyond their absorption capacity for pig production market. A descriptive research involving one hundred pork consumers showed that, although most prefer beef, 41% reported to consume pork 2 to 3 times a week. Pork chops and ribs are the preferred cuts, either fried or roasted. Details such as expiration date and federal inspection register were considered the most important aspects at the time of purchase, while price was the least important one. The meat color was the most mentioned sensory attribute. The physical analyses of five pork chop brands showed no pH difference (p > 0.05), water holding capacity, and cooking loss results, distinctive from the one observed for color (L*, a* and b*) and shearing force, which showed differences among the brands (p ? 0.05). Comparing pH and L*, it can be suggested that two brands showed normal meat characteristics, one DFD meat (pH > 6.0 and L* < 45), and other two brands PSE (pH < 5.8 and L* > 50). The research contributed to identifying features considered important by pork consumers, suggesting strategic actions to achieve greater preference and consumption index. The evaluation of physical parameters showed there is variability involved in pork chop quality as the samples were obtained from commercially different origins and under different processing and storage conditions.

Crop-livestock integration (CLI) is a management system that has been developed for a variety of soil and climatic conditions, which combined with the no-tillage system (NTS), has many variations in Brazil, particularly regarding grazing intensity. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different grazing intensities and soybean (Glycine max L.) crops on carbon (Cst) and nitrogen (Nst) stocks, light organic matter (LOM), root content of the LOM (RLOM), and remaining phosphorus (Prem) in an Oxisol under CLI. The treatments consisted of three different heights (0.25 m [P25], 0.35 m [P35], and 0.45 m [P45]) of pasture grown in a CLI system. Two control areas, an area without grazing (AWG) and a native vegetation area of the Cerrado biome (NCA), which were adjacent to the experimental area, were compared with the cultivated areas. Soil samples were collected from 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m beneath each area in a completely randomized design with six replications. Soil characteristics were evaluated in the post-pasture cycle period (PP) and the post-soybean crop period (PC), which coincided with the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The NCA had more LOM in the 0.00-0.05 m layer during the PC and the 0.05-0.10 m layer during both the PP and the PC, C in the LOM in the 0.00-0.20 m layer during the PP and the PC, N in the LOM in the 0.00-0.05 m layer in the PC and the 0.05-0.10 m layer in the PP and the PC, and Cst in the 0.00-0.20 m layer in the PP and the PC than the cultivated areas, but a lower soil density (SD) and Prem in the 0.00-0.20 m layer during both the PP and the PC. Treatment P35 had more Nst in the PC and RLOM in the PP than the other cultivated treatments and the AWG. The absence of grazing in the AWG decreased the SD from the PP to the PC, while the treatments with different grazing intensities had similar values throughout this period. Our results suggest that production could be intensified under light and moderate grazing intensities in the CLI system.

Proteus spp. are opportunistic multidrug resistant enterobacteria associated with diverse clinical diseases in domestic animals. However, Proteus infections in domestic animals are often misdiagnosed or considered contaminants in microbiological cultures rather than a primary agent of disease. Descriptions of Proteus infections in domestic animals are typically restricted to case reports, retrospective studies, or surveillance of other microorganisms. The present study investigated multiple antibiotic resistance indices, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and ESBL production in 73 strains of Proteus mirabilis (n = 69) and Proteus vulgaris (n = 4) isolated from domestic animals with various clinical manifestations. In dogs, the pathogen was most commonly associated with cystitis (48.21), enteritis (21.42%), otitis (14.29%), and conjunctivitis (3.57%). In bovines, the microorganism was predominant in cases of enteritis (22.22%), abscess (11.11%), otitis (11.11%), omphalitis (11.11%), and peritonitis (11.11%), and in organ fragments (11.11%). In equines (50.0%) and cats (100.0%), diarrhea was the main clinical sign. In vitro standard disk diffusion assay showed that the most effective antimicrobials against the isolates were imipenem (98.63), norfloxacin (95.89), amikacin (95.89), levofloxacin (90.41), ceftriaxone (87.64), and florfenicol (87.67). In contrast, the isolates commonly showed resistance to novobiocin (95.89), azithromycin (57.53), and trimethropim/sulfamethoxazole (39.73). Among the 73 isolates, the efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin according to MICs was 87.67%, 86.30%, 84.93%, and 82.19%, respectively. The MIC50 values of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were, respectively, 1.0, 0.004, 0.03, and 1.0 µg/mL. Thirty-three strains (45.21%) showed a antimicrobial multiple resistance index of ? 0.3. Multidrug resistance profiles of isolates were observed most frequently in dogs (n = 25; 75.76%), particularly in those with cystitis (n = 13; 52.0%), followed by bovines (n = 4; 12.12%), equines (n = 2; 6.06%), and cats (n = 2; 6.06%). Two (2.7%) strains, obtained from canine skin and feces, were diagnosed phenotypically as ESBL-producers. Here, we observed the diversity of Proteus infections in domestic animals. The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates and ESBL-producers reinforces the need for appropriate antimicrobial use and in vitro antimicrobial tests to support therapy.

In transgenic murine models, the study of certain organs or tissues can be performed after euthanasia of some specimens. However, this practice may not be economically feasible when applied to livestock such as transgenic goats. It is necessary to use minimally invasive methods to perform in vivo studies of organs that may be affected by disorders related to the activity of the transgene, particularly during milk production, when the recombinant protein is secreted. The aim of this study was to describe ultrasonographic findings of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and mammary glands in transgenic goats for evaluating the effect of human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) expression in milk during induced lactation. Six female Canindé goats-three transgenic (T) and three non-transgenic (NT)-were subjected to hormone therapy to induce lactation; ultrasonographic examinations of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and mammary gland were performed during both the hormonal therapy and the lactation period at different intervals depending on the organ being examined. On Day 16 (Day 1 = hormonal therapy initiation), all goats were lactating and presented healthy mammary glands, characterized by echogenic parenchyma showing a granular echotexture. Transgenic and non-transgenic goats were compared on the basis of measurements and ultrasound images obtained from each organ. No differences between T and NT animals were observed in the examined area for the liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys. Liver and renal echogenicity and appearance of gallbladder and portal and hepatic veins were similar in all females. Ultrasonographic findings of the mammary gland, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys in transgenic goats did not show any difference from those in non-transgenic goats.Thus, these results suggest that the presence and expression of the transgene had no effect on the ultrasonographic findings of mammary gland and abdominal organs in the transgenic goats. Moreover, the findings shows that ultrasonography is a useful screening tool for clinical examination of transgenic goats; this allows the investigation of possible disorders and avoids the unnecessary use of invasive techniques.

<p>This study measured the ruminal parameters, feed intake, fecal and urinary N production, and N balance (NB) in sheep fed increasing levels of residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp (RETP) on a 0.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, and 15.0% dry matter (DM) basis. Four mixed-breed male sheep weighing 40.38 ± 2.10 kg of body weight were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The animals were allocated to metabolism cages and fed twice a day. Each experimental period lasted 20 days. The pH and concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in ruminal fluid were measured. Nitrogen intake (NI), fecal N (FN), urinary N (UN), absorbed N (AN), and NB were expressed in g·day-1, percentage of consumed nitrogen (CN), and g·kg-1 of metabolic weight (g·(kg0.75)-1. Statistical analysis of these variables was performed by evaluating the variance and regression at 5% probability. The levels of RETP did not alter (p&gt;0.05) the pH level or NH3-N concentration in the rumen fluid, but a quadratic behavior for the same values after feeding (p&lt;0.05) was observed. The inclusion of RETP in the diet did not change (p&gt;0.05) NI, UN, the AN in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75)-1, NB in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75)-1, or the percentage of CN. However, the AN as a percentage of CN showed a linear effect (p&lt;0.05) with the inclusion of RETP in experimental diets. For FN in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75) -1, no difference was observed (p&gt;0.05) with the inclusion of RETP, but for FN expressed as a percentage of CN, a linear increase (p&lt;0.05) was observed with the inclusion of RETP. Thus, we concluded that diets with up to 15.0% RETP do not alter the pH and NH3-N in ruminal fluid, NI, UN, or NB. In addition, the inclusion of 15.0% RETP has a laxative affect. </p>

1733 bone fragments were excavated at the Rus layer of the archeological site Igren-8 placed near the Samara river falling into the Dnipro river in 2018. 1103 fossils were identified by their anatomical and species affiliation. Such sample is considered to be statistically sufficient to characterize the condition of animal husbandry in the settlement. Zoological material characteristics show that the cattle made up the absolute majority of the meat production consumed by the settlers. Hunting was paid insignificant attention. The cows take the first place according to the number of the found fossils (581 bone fragments). The small cattle take the second place (387 bone fragments). The swine take the third place (78 bone fragments). The fourth and the fifth places are taken by the horse (8 bone fragments) and the dog (3 bone fragments) accordingly. The elk, deer, hare, wolf, beaver and ferret fossils were identified too, with 46 bone fragments. The sex and age characteristics of the cattle suggest milk cattle breeding. The small cattle were bred for milk and wool both. The age of the killed animals and their teeth condition denotes the sufficient feed base at the site. The height of the cows at the withers ranges from 109 cm to 122.7 cm. The height of the sheep at the withers ranges from 58.6 cm to 65.9 cm. The height of the horse was 138.8 cm; also it was medium-legged according to the leg thickness.

The article explores the use and importance of taking a biographical approach to conducting participatory action research (PAR) with asylum seekers and refugees in order to: better understand lived experiences of exile and belonging; contribute to the important field of Biographical Sociology; provide a safe space for stories to be told; and in turn for these stories to feed in to policy and praxis. The authors' combined work on the asylum-migration nexus, the politics of representation and participatory action research methodology (PAR) as ethno-mimesisi argues for the use of biography to contribute to cultural politics at the level of theory, experience and praxis, and is constitutive of critical theory in praxis. PAR research undertaken with Bosnian refugees in the East Midlands and Afghan refugees in London will be the focus around which our analysis develops. We develop a case for theory building based upon lived experience using biographical materials, both narrative and visual, as critical theory in practice towards a vision of social justice that challenges the dominant knowledge/power axis embedded in current governance and media policy relating to forced migration. The dominant power/knowledge axis related to forced migration is embedded in current (New Labour) governance and re-presented in some media texts as identified below. New Labour governance is symbolised in the competing discourses of a) strong centralised control and b) more open systems, network and partnership based governance (Newman, 2003: 17-23; Clarke, 2004; Lewis, 2000). Open systems are made up of partnerships and networks – "joined up government", "that transcends the vertical, departmental structures of government itself" (Newman, 2003: 20). to develop or foster a consensual style of governing. Progressive governance is defined by Newman (2003:15) as involving a significant shift from governance through hierarchy and competition to governance through networks and partnerships with an emphasis upon inclusion. Progressive governance involves the production of techniques and strategies of responsibilisation of citizens operationalised through the development of networks, alliances, and partnerships, with a strong focus upon active citizenship. Thus, spreading responsibility for social control to non state agencies and "communities" (Garland, 2001). In relation to forced migration/asylum discourses around the exclusion of the "other" (involving criminalisation, detention and deportation) and the maintenance and control of borders (developing ever more tighter controls on entry and asylum applications) exist in tension with discourses that speak of human rights, responsibilities and possibilities for multi-cultural citizenship especially in the community cohesion literature. There is a conflict at the heart of New Labour's approach to asylum policy linked to the "alterity" of the asylum seeker that promulgates hegemonic ideologies and discourses around rights to belonging and citizenship, perceived access to resources (redistribution) and misrecognition fostering suspicion of the "stranger". Alongside discourses of fairness and rights to enter and seek refuge, there exist regressive discourses that water down the vitally important actual and symbolic 1951 UN convention, and foster a split between "bogus" and "genuine" refugees, making it extremely hard to seek asylum in the UK.

Depuis plus d'une décennie, le Rwanda a adopté une série de politiques et stratégies visant le développement économique et l'amélioration des conditions de vie de sa population majoritairement agricole. Dans le secteur agricole, la mise en pratique de ces stratégies et des programmes y relatifs s'est accompagnée d'une série de progrès en matière d'adoption de paquets technologiques et de l'augmentation de la production. Cependant, on remarque que l'économie du pays est toujours caractérisée par une agriculture de subsistance, et pour la filière maïs en particulier, le pays affiche une dépendance continuelle vis-à-vis des importations pour satisfaire la demande nationale, et les usines de transformation du maïs opèrent toujours en dessous de leur capacité installée. Cette recherche se propose de comprendre le niveau de compétitivité de cette filière dans les conditions actuelles de production et de commercialisation en vue d'inventorier les contraintes existantes et de formuler les stratégies pouvant améliorer le niveau de performance économique de la production et le système de commercialisation du maïs. Les données collectées pour étudier la performance économique de la production du maïs proviennent d'un suivi rapproché des activités de production du maïs sur un échantillon de 50 producteurs issus de cinq coopératives de producteurs de maïs choisies dans les districts de Huye, Rusizi, Gasabo, Burera et Bugesera pendant deux saisons culturales. Elles ont été complétées par l'observation directe, les entretiens avec les personnes ressources ciblées et les discussions de groupes focalisés. L'analyse a été faite à l'aide de l'analyse de groupe et des méthodes statistiques appropriées. L'étude de la chaîne de commercialisation a utilisé le modèle 'Structure-Comportement-Performance' avec des données collectées sur un échantillon de 150 producteurs et 17 collecteurs choisis dans les districts de Burera, Bugesera et Huye, et 15 transporteurs, 5 grossistes et 15 détaillants choisis au marché national de Kigali. Les résultats ont révélé que pour la plupart des producteurs, le rendement reste très faible comparativement aux rendements théoriques attendus, les prix de revient restent plus élevés et supérieurs aux prix de vente, la marge brute et le revenu du travail familial sont négatifs et la valeur ajoutée brute créée par les producteurs n'est pas élevée quand bien même elle est positive. L'analyse a montré que l'augmentation du prix de vente influence positivement la marge brute, la valeur ajoutée et le revenu du travail familial, et que l'usage rationnel des semences améliorées, des engrais chimiques et amendements contribuent à augmenter le rendement. Ce qui montre clairement que l'amélioration du prix de vente et de l'usage rationnel des intrants peut contribuer significativement à faire de la production du maïs une activité plus rentable et rémunératrice des facteurs de production. Cette étude a également mis au clair les défis qui entravent le processus de production du maïs. Ils englobent: la non-disponibilité et le faible accès aux intrants, l'insuffisance de l'encadrement technique, les ressources financières limitées et le faible accès au crédit agricole formel, le coût élevé de location des marais, le mode de fixation du prix plancher et manque de mécanismes assurant son usage par les acheteurs potentiels, le manque d'infrastructures de stockage, et la non-durabilité des subventions aux intrants octroyées par le gouvernement. Au niveau de la commercialisation, les résultats ont révélé que plusieurs acteurs participent dans la commercialisation du maïs. L'étude a également révélé que le maïs importé de l'Ouganda est vendu sur le marché domestique à des prix moins élevés que le maïs produit localement, ce qui atteste en même temps de la hausse du coût de production du maïs au Rwanda par rapport à l'Ouganda et du faible niveau de compétitivité du maïs local par rapport au maïs de l'Ouganda. L'état amélioré des routes de desserte et le niveau élevé d'accès à l'information sur les prix par les acteurs ont été soulignés parmi les innovations technologiques qui ont contribué à améliorer le système de commercialisation des denrées agricoles en général et du maïs en particulier, ce qui a également été témoigné par le niveau d'intégration observé entre les marchés de collecte de maïs et le marché national de Kigali. Toutefois, on note que le manque de capital suffisant et le faible accès au crédit formel ont été signalés comme contraintes majeures par la plupart des acteurs de la chaîne. A la lumière de tous ces résultats, il est clair que les conditions de production et de commercialisation du maïs ne sont pas bonnes à tous les niveaux. Ceci porte atteinte à la capacité de la filière à répondre convenablement à la demande domestique, à générer des revenus pour les acteurs et à s'intégrer sur les marchés tant domestiques que régionaux. Par conséquent, les stratégies visant à augmenter la production et améliorer les conditions de conduite de la filière ont été recommandées. Elles incluent la mise en place d'actions visant à améliorer l'accès au financement par les acteurs de la filière, à rendre disponibles et accessibles les intrants, à réorganiser le système de commercialisation surtout en matière de fixation et d'usage du prix plancher, à rendre disponibles les infrastructures de stockage dans les zones où elles sont en déficit, à améliorer le suivi, la formation et la sensibilisation des producteurs de maïs sur les techniques culturales et l'adoption des innovations, et à harmoniser au niveau national les coûts de location de la terre des marais. ; For more than a decade, Rwanda has adopted a series of policies and strategies aimed at economic development and the improvement of the living conditions of its predominantly agricultural population. In agriculture, implementation of these strategies and related programs has been accompanied by a series of advances in the adoption of farming technologies and increasing agricultural production. However, the country's economy is still characterized by subsistence agriculture, and for the maize sector in particular, the country is continuously depending on imports to meet domestic demand, and maize processing plants always operate below their productive capacity. This research aims to examine the level of competitiveness of this sector in the current production and marketing conditions in order to identify existing constraints and formulate the strategies that can improve the level of economic performance of maize production and maize marketing system. The data used to study the economic performance of maize production come from close monitoring of maize production activities on a sample of 50 producers from five maize producers' cooperatives selected in the districts of Huye, Rusizi, Gasabo, Burera and Bugesera during two growing seasons. They were supplemented by direct observation, interviews with targeted resource persons, and focus group discussions. The analysis was done using group analysis and appropriate statistical methods. The study of the maize marketing system used the 'Structure-Conduct-Performance' model with data collected from a sample of 150 producers and 17 assemblers selected in the districts of Burera, Bugesera and Huye, and 15 transporters, 5 wholesalers and 15 retailers selected at the national market of Kigali. The results revealed that for many producers, the yield is very low compared to theoretical expected yields, production costs are higher and exceed sales prices, gross margin and family labor income are negative, and the gross added value created by maize producers is not high even though it is positive. The analysis showed that the increase in the selling price positively influences the gross margin, added value and family labor income, and that the rational use of improved seeds, chemical fertilizers and soil conditioners improves the yield. This clearly shows that improving the selling price and rational use of inputs can significantly contribute to making maize production a more profitable and income-generating activity. The study also identified challenges that hamper the production process. These include non-availability of, and low access to inputs, inadequate technical support, limited financial resources and low access to formal agricultural credit, high marshlands rental fee, method of fixing the maize floor price and lack of mechanisms ensuring its use by potential buyers, the lack of storage infrastructure, and the unsustainability of inputs subsidies granted by the government. At the marketing level, the results revealed that several actors are involved in the marketing of maize. The study also revealed that maize imported from Uganda is sold on domestic market at lower prices than locally produced maize, which attests the increase in the cost of maize production in Rwanda compared to Uganda and the low level of competitiveness of the local maize compared to Ugandan maize. The improved status of feeder roads and the high level of access to price information by actors were highlighted among the technological innovations that helped improve the marketing system of foodstuffs in general and maize in particular, which was also evidenced by the level of integration observed between districts maize markets and the national market of Kigali. However, the lack of enough capital and low access to formal credit were noted as major constraints by most of the chain actors. In the light of all these results, it is clear that the production and marketing of maize are not done in good conditions at all levels. This in turn undermines the sector's ability to respond adequately to domestic demand, generate income for actors and integrate itself into both domestic and regional markets. Therefore, strategies aiming at scaling-up the maize production and marketing, and improving working conditions of the sector operators were recommended. These strategies include the implementation of actions to improve access to finance by farmers and other actors; making inputs avail and accessible; reorganizing the marketing system especially in terms of fixing and using the floor price; making available storage facilities where necessary; improving the monitoring, training and sensitization of maize producers on farming techniques and the use of improved technologies; and harmonizing the marshland rental fee at national level.

"As population estimates for 2050 reach over 9 billion, issues of food security and nutrition have been dominating academic and policy debates. A total of 805 million people are undernourished worldwide and malnutrition affects nearly every country on the planet. Despite impressive productivity increases, there is growing evidence that conventional agricultural strategies fall short of eliminating global hunger, as well as having long-term ecological consequences. Forests can play an important role in complementing agricultural production to address the Sustainable Development Goals on zero hunger. Forests and trees can be managed to provide better and more nutritionally-balanced diets, greater control over food inputs--particularly during lean seasons and periods of vulnerability (especially for marginalised groups)--and deliver ecosystem services for crop production. However forests are undergoing a rapid process of degradation, a complex process that governments are struggling to reverse. This volume provides important evidence and insights about the potential of forests to reducing global hunger and malnutrition, exploring the different roles of landscapes, and the governance approaches that are required for the equitable delivery of these benefits. Forests and Food is essential reading for researchers, students, NGOs and government departments responsible for agriculture, forestry, food security and poverty alleviation around the globe. This book is based on the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Global Forest Expert Panel report on Forest and Food Security

Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Geschichte und Manifestation des Nationaltheaters in Japan, der Transfer einer europäischen Kulturinstitution nach und deren Umsetzungsprozess in Japan, welcher mit der Modernisierung Japans ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts begann und erst hundert Jahre später mit der Eröffnung des ersten Nationaltheaters 1966 endete. Dazu werden theaterhistorische Entwicklungen, Veränderungen in der Theaterproduktion und -architektur in Bezug auf die Genese eines japanischen Nationaltheaters beleuchtet. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass sich die Institution Nationaltheater in seiner japanischen kulturellen Translation bzw. Manifestation wesentlich von den vom Land selbst als Model anvisierten Pendants in Europa in Inhalt, Organisations- und Produktionsstruktur unterscheidet. Kulturell übersetzt wurde allein die Hülle der europäischen Institution. Das erste Nationaltheater in Japan manifestiert sich als eine von der Regierung im Rahmen des Denkmalschutzgesetztes initiierte und bestimmte, spezifisch japanische Variante eines Nationaltheaters, die unter dem Management von staatlichen Angestellten und Beamten den Erhalt traditioneller Künste in dafür ausgerichteten Bühnen zur Aufgabe hat. Nationaltheaterensemble gibt es nicht, die Produktionen werden mit Schauspielern kommerzieller Theaterunternehmen realisiert. Der lange Prozess dieser Genese liegt in der nicht vorhandenen Theaterförderung seitens der Regierung und der eher zurückhaltenden Haltung der Theaterwelt gegenüber einem staatlich betriebenen Theater begründet. Das Hüllen-Konzept des ersten Nationaltheaters diente, genau wie dessen Management durch Beamte, als Prototyp für die fünf weiteren bis 2004 eröffneten Nationaltheater in Japan, welche als Spartentheater der spezifisch japanischen Vielfalt an Theaterformen, auch in ihrer Bühnenarchitektur Rechnung tragen. ; This dissertation explores the history and manifestation of the National Theatre in Japan, the transfer of a European cultural institution and its implementation process in Japan, which began with the modernization of Japan in the mid-19th century and only ended a hundred years later with the opening of the first National Theatre in 1966. Theatre-historical developments, changes in theater production and architecture in relation to the genesis of a Japanese National Theatre are examined. The result shows that the institution National Theatre in its Japanese cultural translation or manifestation differs substantially from its counterparts in Europe targeted by Japan as a model in content, organization and production structure. Only the outer shell of the European institution was culturally translated. The first National Theatre in Japan is manifesting itself as a specific Japanese variant, initiated and determined by the Government under the heritage protection law. Managed by state employees and civil servants, it is dedicated to the preservation of traditional arts. National Theatre ensembles do not exist, the productions are realized with actors of commercial theater companies. The long process of this genesis was due to the non-existent promotion of the performing arts by the government and the rather restrained attitude of the theater world towards a state-run theater. The concept of the first National Theater served as a prototype for the five other National Theaters in Japan, opened until 2004, which as theaters for special genres match the specific Japanese variety of theatrical forms and their stage architecture.

Within the current conditions of our globalized society, market structures and logics have come to organize culture, economy, and politics in an increasingly interrelated manner. Contingent to this triangulation, architecture needs to be critical about its turn towards the market and the commercialization of its production. By performing as a brand that expands and evolves serially, architectural practice can maneuver commercial systems of exchange and act as a cultural agent that promotes deeper engagement with design. Corporeal forms that induce empathic relationships can serve as the architectural products necessary to fuel consumption practices that craft individualized disciplinary interaction. The empathic branding of serial bodily objects provides a viable means for building consumer audiences and nourishing design agency while critiquing and capitalizing off of architecture's commodification. Characterized in part by a valorization of the free market and the birth of entrepreneurial self, advanced capitalist orders have reformatted the structure of civic and social practices such as architecture. With the rise of consumerism, exercises in identity and engagement have conformed to commodity flows, soliciting commercially-defined subjectivity. In turn, culture at large is now facilitated by the production-consumption binary derived from modern business practices, adhering to strategies such as marketing and manufacturing. Validated by this consumerist paradigm, the branded consumption and serial production of commercial products present a potential model for design practice that can operate within market ecologies as means of establishing a dialogic relationship with consumers within a curated cultural setting. Detached from strict marriages to scale and material, forms serve as appropriate architectural commodities as they allow for design to navigate throughout market economies freely. The forms apt for positive consumer relationships are bodies, or corporeal objects that invite viewing subjects to engage and create companionable relationships through their topological surfaces infused with biomorphic characteristics and autonomous vitality. These relationships are fueled by empathic tendencies that satisfies the emotional desires of consumption and encourages lasting commitment to product-forms. Satisfying commercial concerns of loyalty and architectural concerns of engagement, empathic bodily products serve as a keystone in the creation of architectural brand aimed at expanding the scope and depth design agency.

Within the current conditions of our globalized society, market structures and logics have come to organize culture, economy, and politics in an increasingly interrelated manner. Contingent to this triangulation, architecture needs to be critical about its turn towards the market and the commercialization of its production. By performing as a brand that expands and evolves serially, architectural practice can maneuver commercial systems of exchange and act as a cultural agent that promotes deeper engagement with design. Corporeal forms that induce empathic relationships can serve as the architectural products necessary to fuel consumption practices that craft individualized disciplinary interaction. The empathic branding of serial bodily objects provides a viable means for building consumer audiences and nourishing design agency while critiquing and capitalizing off of architecture's commodification. Characterized in part by a valorization of the free market and the birth of entrepreneurial self, advanced capitalist orders have reformatted the structure of civic and social practices such as architecture. With the rise of consumerism, exercises in identity and engagement have conformed to commodity flows, soliciting commercially-defined subjectivity. In turn, culture at large is now facilitated by the production-consumption binary derived from modern business practices, adhering to strategies such as marketing and manufacturing. Validated by this consumerist paradigm, the branded consumption and serial production of commercial products present a potential model for design practice that can operate within market ecologies as means of establishing a dialogic relationship with consumers within a curated cultural setting. Detached from strict marriages to scale and material, forms serve as appropriate architectural commodities as they allow for design to navigate throughout market economies freely. The forms apt for positive consumer relationships are bodies, or corporeal objects that invite viewing subjects to engage and create companionable relationships through their topological surfaces infused with biomorphic characteristics and autonomous vitality. These relationships are fueled by empathic tendencies that satisfies the emotional desires of consumption and encourages lasting commitment to product-forms. Satisfying commercial concerns of loyalty and architectural concerns of engagement, empathic bodily products serve as a keystone in the creation of architectural brand aimed at expanding the scope and depth design agency.

En el presente artículo se estudia la pintura histórica y los retratos de próceres y hombres ilustres elaborados en Colombia durante el siglo XIX. Usualmente estas pinturas se han analizado desde perspectivas iconográficas e iconológicas. En el siguiente texto se presentan, en cambio, como objetos culturales que experimentaron procesos de producción, difusión y recepción específicos. Para dar luz sobre estas temáticas, se revisaron diferentes fondos del Archivo General de la Nación y del Archivo Histórico del Museo Nacional, así como prensa y legislación de la época. Se constató que en Colombia el mínimo apoyo estatal a la producción pictórica habría desestimulado la factura de cuadros históricos. Igualmente, se encontró que si bien a lo largo del siglo la elaboración de retratos fue incentivada ocasionalmente por el Gobierno, la mayoría de estos fueron producidos por la iniciativa privada, lo cual no impidió su exposición en espacios públicos y que su circulación fuera más amplia. Se concluye que la ausencia de proyectos estatales de gran envergadura para la realización de esta clase de pinturas nos conlleva a relativizar el papel de la representación en la creación del relato nacional colombiano, particularmente en el Museo Nacional. ; In this article we study historical painting and portraits of founding fathers and independence heroes produced in Colombia during the 19th century. These paintings have usually been analyzed from iconographic and iconological perspectives; however, they are presented here as cultural objects that undergo specific production, diffusion, reception and appropriation processes. To shine some light on these topics, we examined different document collections from the General Archive of the Nation (Colombia) and the Historical Archive of the National Museum (Colombia), as well as the press and legislation of the time. It was found that the minimal state support of pictorial production would have discouraged the elaboration of historical paintings in Colombia. We discovered that although portrait painting was occasionally encouraged by the Government throughout the 19th century, most of the portraits were the result of private initiatives. This situation, however, didn't prevent their exhibition in public spaces and an increase in their circulation. In conclusion, the absence of wide ranging projects for an official production of that type of paintings leads us to relativize the role of representation in the creation of Colombia's national narrative, particularly in the National Museum.

During the 20th century, the production of electricity by hydroelectric methods brought about dramatic modifications in the Portuguese landscape. This paper looks at the work produced by architect Januário Godinho between 1945 and 1964 for the Cávado Hydroelectric Company (HICA), and his design on different levels for the hydroelectric complex on the Cávado River, located in the inland region of Trás-os-Montes in the north of Portugal. HICA and the architecture of Januário Godinho addresses the relationship between technological development and structural conception, and the use of design on a largescale landscape to overcome the limits of 'modern architecture'. The disproportionate nexus of scale between the operation itself, the obsession of the Portuguese political body and the ethnographic interests of the intellectuals created a clash that may bring about a new understanding of the facts when looked at in relation to the debate on contemporary planning. Located at a great distance from major cities, very difficult to get to and with very few, if any, resources available, the structures built by HICA necessitated the creation of a series of small, brand-new urban settlements. New settings were designed, which fell somewhere between the two apparently opposed worlds of the village and the hydroelectric power station. Places with economic, social and cultural dimensions such as houses, schools, churches and other social areas coexisted with workplaces, dams, hydroelectric power stations and control centres. The mixed nature of these activities, which were superimposed on the previously existing low-income agricultural structure, created original landscapes as well as an alternative approach to understanding Portuguese post-war architecture. The methods used to produce this landscape of infrastructure were plain: political will supported by technical knowledge, resulting in the creation of a layout in which a cultural approach would inform the design. But if we are asking two apparently neutral questions, a third very simple one also emerges. What did the landscape of Cávado look like before the construction process began? How did the technicians and architects bring about its transformation? If we take a look at the architectural production that emerged there, the answer does not seem clear. The question, then, is: what were the models used in the production of this landscape? Can they be found in the midst of the post-war architectural debate? ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion