Suchergebnisse

The need for micro– and macro–prudential policies improvement arose as a result of the negative impact of the financial crisis of 2008–2009 in EU, which indicated the vulnerability of the financial services markets functioning.Existing at that time branched system of state regulation of financial services markets wasn't able to level the arising of systemic risk neither at national nor at supranational level. In this connection arises the question of immediately reforming of the state regulation of financial services markets at all levelsThe article investigates the impact of functioning of state regulation model in the sphere of non–banking financial services markets and its effectiveness in the latter's development. Qualitative and quantitative indices are distinguished, use of which in course of calculation contributed to objective assessment of the socio–economic conditions of the countries under study. The conducted investigation indicated that the full integration of microprudential regulation in the Central Bank does not provide maximum efficiency of the non–banking financial services markets functioning. It's proved that the Twin Peaks model has better indices than other models of financial services markets regulation in EU–countries ; Статья посвящена исследованию влияния функционирования модели государственного регулирования рынков небанковских финансовых услуг на эффективность развития последних. Выделены качественные и количественные показатели, использование которых при расчете оказывали содействие объективной оценке социально–экономического состояния исследуемых стран. Проведенное исследование указало на то, что полная интеграция микропруденциального регулирования в Центральном Банке не обеспечивает максимальную эффективность функционирования рынков небанковских финансовых услуг. Доказано, что модель «Twin Peaks» имеет лучшие характеристики, чем ряд других моделей регулирования рынков финансовых услуг. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню впливу функціонування моделі державного регулювання ринків небанківських фінансових послуг на ефективність розвитку останніх. Виділено якісні та кількісні показники, використання яких при розрахунку сприяли об'єктивній оцінці соціально–економічного стану досліджуваних країн. Проведене дослідження вказало на те, що повна інтеграція мікропруденційного регулювання у Центральному Банку не забезпечує максимальну ефективність функціонування ринків небанківських фінансових послуг. Доведено, що модель «Twin Peaks» має кращі характеристики, ніж ряд інших моделей регулювання ринків фінансових послуг.

The enlargement of the European Union has had an enormous impact on migration within Europe. This book addresses the form of these effects, outlining the social, political and economic problems created by the free movement of people within the European Union

Cover -- Introduction: Setting the scene -- I. The advent of satellite based services -- I.1 Satellite based services -- I.2 Liability risks and the concept of damage -- a. Direct damage scenarios -- b. Indirect damage scenarios -- II. Research theme -- II.1 Scope of the research -- II.2 The research theme in general -- a. The architecture of GNSS -- b. Liability implications for civilian versions of GNSS: a general overview -- c. Tiers of errors leading to signal loss and the operator's perspective -- II.3 The research theme in more detail -- a. Research questions -- b. Case studies -- c. Forms of civil liability -- d. Catastrophic cases of damage and causation -- III. Expected outcomes of the research and innovation -- III.1 Literature review: status quo -- III.2 Outcomes and innovative aspects -- IV. Methodology -- First part: Satellite based services and GNSS -- Chapter 1: General aspects of satellite based services and GNSS -- I. Central themes of the chapter -- II. Satellite based services -- a. Satellite based services: definition -- b. Some examples: navigation, telecommunication, and Earth observation -- III. Global navigational satellite systems (GNSS) -- a. Architecture and underlying characteristic of GNSS -- a.1 Definition -- a.2 Global dimension -- b. The current systems -- b.1 The Global Positioning System (GPS) -- b.2 The Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) -- b.3 The advent of the EU's Galileo -- c. Civilian applications -- c.1 Transport applications -- c.2 Scientific applications -- c.3 Timing applications -- c.4 Data protection through the use of future GNSS related applications -- c.5 Leisure related applications -- Chapter 2: Liability risks within the field of GNSS: general remarks -- I. Central themes of the chapter -- II. A general overview of GNSS related risks -- a. Technological risks

Procurement law is one of the most complicated areas of the law and is undergoing constant change. Often, individuals who must apply the law in practice lack sufficient legal expertise. Oriented to practical concerns, this work presents procurement law in a systematic fashion and aims to furnish an overall understanding of this complex subject. Markus Solbach, Rechtsanwälte Rohwedder Partner, Mainz; Henning Bode, Amt für Bundesbau, Mainz.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- EU Treaties and Presidency Conclusions -- Table of Cases -- List of Figures -- List of Table -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background and Purpose of the Book -- 1.2 Characteristics of Competition in the ICT Markets -- 1.3 Why a Comparative Study? -- 1.4 Why an Inter-Disciplinary Study? -- 1.5 Who Should Read This Book? -- 1.6 Structure of the Book -- Part I: Merger Review -- Chapter 2: (Ir-) Relevant Markets in the High Technology Sector (?) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The SCP Paradigm and the Relevant Market -- 2.2.1 Relevant Product Market -- 2.2.1.1 Structural Conduct Performance (SCP) Paradigm -- 2.2.1.2 Implications of the SSNIP Test and the SCP Paradigm for Market Definition -- 2.2.2 Relevant Geographic Market -- 2.3 Relevance of the Current Approach for the ICT Sector -- 2.3.1 Is Market Definition (Essentially) a Means to an End? -- 2.3.2 Does the Current Approach Facilitate Effective Identification of the (Anti-) Competitive Effects of Mergers? -- 2.3.3 Market Definition and Multi-Sided Platforms -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 3: Salient Features of the ICT Sector -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Network Effects -- 3.2.1 Direct and Indirect Network Effects -- 3.2.2 Negative Network Effects -- 3.2.3 Network Effects and Economies of Scale -- 3.2.4 Network Effects and Two-Sided Platforms -- 3.2.5 Network Effects, Tipping and Second-Mover Advantage -- 3.2.5.1 Second Mover Advantage -- 3.2.5.2 Market Envelopment -- 3.2.6 Network Effects and Barriers to Entry -- 3.3 Qwertynomics, Customer Lock-in and Path Dependency -- 3.4 Technological Convergence -- 3.5 Consumerisation -- 3.5.1 Consumer and Enterprise Product Markets -- 3.5.2 Consumerisation and Market Definition -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Theory of Harm: Unilateral Effects in ICT Mergers -- 4.1 Introduction.

Abstract Background Sustainable development and public health quite strongly correlate, being connected and conditioned by one another. This paper therein attempts to offer a representation of Europe's current situation of sustainable development in the area of public health. Methods A dataset on sustainable development in the area of public health consisting of 31 European countries (formally proposed by the European Union Commission and EUROSTAT) has been used in this paper in order to evaluate said issue for the countries listed thereof. A statistical method which synthesizes several indicators into one quantitative indicator has also been utilized. Furthermore, the applied method offers the possibility to obtain an optimal set of variables for future studies of the problem, as well as for the possible development of indicators. Results According to the results obtained, Norway and Iceland are the two foremost European countries regarding sustainable development in the area of public health, whereas Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia, some of the European Union's newest Member States, rank lowest. The results also demonstrate that the most significant variables (more than 80%) in rating countries are found to be "healthy life years at birth, females" (r 2 = 0.880), "healthy life years at birth, males" (r 2 = 0.864), "death rate due to chronic diseases, males" (r 2 = 0.850), and "healthy life years, 65, females" (r 2 = 0.844). Conclusions Based on the results of this paper, public health represents a precondition for sustainable development, which should be continuously invested in and improved. After the assessment of the dataset, proposed by EUROSTAT in order to evaluate progress towards the agreed goals of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS), this paper offers an improved set of variables, which it is hoped, may initiate further studies concerning this problem.

European integration has had, and is continuing to have, an enormous impact on the state of Europe: through transforming the nation-state; creating new supranational institutions and joint policy-making; integrating markets and liberalizing trade; fiscal redistribution; and through fostering the formation of transnational elite networks and growing identification with Europe; but also through accentuating social friction; raising concerns about the remoteness of supranational policy-making and serving as a focal point for 'Eurosceptic' political mobilization. Thus, it is increasingly crucial for researchers, students and citizens to understand the complex history of the present-day European Union. This book provides them with a highly accessible state of the art introduction to how historians and social scientists have conceptualized, written about, and debated this increasingly shared contemporary history of Europe since World War II.

In June 1996, the EU directive on parental leave came into force. A major consideration in the introduction of this directive was its advantages for the reconciliation of work and family life. However, there is little systematic knowledge about the practical significance of parental leave arrangements in the European Union for equal opportunities policy. Given this situation, the main focus of this article is on empirical issues such as the number of (male and female) leavetakers and the length of the leave. In order to present comparative data, a user rate is calculated for eight European countries. It appears that the majority of leavetakers are women; even in Nordic countries there are big differences between the user rates of men and women. As a result, the importance of the actual parental leave arrangements for equal opportunities seems rather dubious.

Provides a rigorously structured analysis of the system of judicial protection in the European Union and the procedure before the Union Courts. It examines the various types of proceedings which may be brought before the Union Courts and addresses the relationship between the Court of Justice and the national courts.

The eurozone crisis started in Greece in 2009-10, spread into Ireland and Portugal, and, from there, quickly spread to the larger economies of Spain and Italy. By the autumn of 2011, it threatened the entire global financial system. In Europe's Crisis, Europe's Future, an international group of economic analysts provides an insightful view of the crisis.How did mismanagement of a crisis in a marginal economy spark such a wildfire? After all, Greece is responsible for only 2% of the eurozone's total GDP, yet the crisis in Athens threatened to grow into a worldwide contagion.Individual chapters

After the end of World War II leaders of the West European countries had realised the necessity to create new security frameworks, thus making the security of the continent the concern of the Europeans themselves. However, immediately after it had been formed the North Atlantic Alliance, as a trans-Atlantic defence shield against the danger from the "communist East", became the central security component in Europe. Just after the end of the Cold War and disappearance of the "danger from the East" the European leaders initiated the process of creation of the new European defence system. The system would be designed in such a way not to jeopardise the position of the NATO, improving at the same time the security and stability in the continent. In the first part of the article the author considers the course of European integration in the second half of the last century that proceeded through creation of institutions preceding the establishment of the European Union. During the period of creation of this specific form of action performed by the European states at the internal and international levels, the deficiency of integration in the military field was notable. In that regard, the author stresses the role of the Western European Union as an alliance for collective defence of West European countries. The second part of the paper discusses the shaping of the EU security component through the provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy, which are included in the EU agreements. The Maastricht Treaty defined the Common Foreign and Security Policy as an instrument to reach agreement by member states in the defence field. The Amsterdam Treaty confirmed the role of this mechanism expanding the authorities resulting from it. The Treaty of Nice supplements the existing mechanism by a new military and political structure that should help implement the decisions made by the European Union institutions in the military field. In the third part of the article, the author presents the facts concerning the establishment and internal organisation of the Eurocorps. The creation of this military formation took place in early 1990s and was initiated by the two states of "the old Europe" - Germany and France. The authors also emphasises that the establishment of this formation is the first step towards creation of the armed forces in Europe. The fourth part of the paper treats the Rapid Reaction Force that was established by the Helsinki Agreement (1999). It became operative in early 2003 and its basic aim is to prevent the outbreak of crises in the region and to improve stability in Europe. In spite of the opinions that the establishment of such a force is the skeleton for creation of the European armed forces, the author thinks that, at least in the near future, they will not be a rival to the NATO. In his opinion, their possible military missions will be carried out only when the alliance takes no interest in being engaged in them.

Why the end of the cold war caused Norway to withdraw its application for EU membership, but led Finland to join; how changes in national identity modified public debate about joining in both countries.

The author analyzes the Eurasian Customs Union, the motives for its creation, its impact on Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus as well as the perspectives for the further integration of its member states to establish the Eurasian Economic Union. It is argued that the creation of the Eurasian Customs Union is based mostly on the foreign trade policy measures applied by Russia and adopted by the other members of the Union. The Eurasian Union and its institutions such as the Eurasian Economic Commission and Court are seen as agents of the member states, especially Russia, rather than independent supranational actors acting in of the Union's interests. The Eurasian Union represents a regional entity which is both being modelled on the EU and is intended to provide a competing center of attraction for third countries. The establishment of the Eurasian Customs Union has changed the geopolitical situation in the EU eastern neighborhood by creating an alternative option of regional integration for the EU Eastern Partnership countries. For Ukraine and other countries of the Eastern Partnership, which declare their intention to sign association and deep and comprehensive free trade agreements with the EU, joining the Eurasian Customs Union would imply that the EU will have to negotiate agreements on trade with the Eurasian Union rather than with individual countries. This would significantly postpone the prospects of integration of these countries into the EU. The eastern partners of the EU, therefore, have to choose between two alternatives of integration (and Belarus has already chosen the eastern direction). Meanwhile, the EU has to rethink its own policy towards the Eastern Partnership countries and offer incentives for the further reforms to advance trade liberalization and association with the EU without damaging its own credibility. This is the key issue for the Lithuania's EU Council Presidency forthcoming in the second half of 2013. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama Eurazijos muitų sąjunga, jos kūrimo motyvai, poveikis ir jos narių perspektyvos glaudžiau integruotis, kuriant Eurazijos ekonominę sąjungą. Teigiama, kad Eurazijos muitų sąjungos kūrimas yra pagrįstas daugiausia Rusijos taikomos prekybos politikos priemonių perkėlimu kitoms sąjungos šalims. Tikėtina, jog šis darinys veikiau bus instrumentas jo valstybių narių tikslams pasiekti, o viršvalstybinės institucijos – Eurazijos ekonominė komisija, teismas – veiks kaip valstybių narių, pirmiausia Rusijos patikėtiniai, o ne nepriklausomos institucijos, siekiančios bendrų sąjungos tikslų. Pabrėžiama, kad Eurazijos muitų sąjungos sukūrimas pakeitė situaciją ES Rytų kaimynystėje – sukūrė alternatyvų regioninės integracijos projektąRytų partnerystės šalims. Šiuo atžvilgiu Eurazijos muitų sąjungą galima vertinti kaip konkuruojančio regionalizmo reiškinį. Ukrainos ar kitos Rytų partnerės, siekiančios įgyvendinti laisvosios prekybos susitarimą su ES, įsijungimas į Eurazijos muitų sąjungą reikštų, jog ES tektų derėtis dėl prekybos liberalizavimo jau nebe su viena šalimi, bet su visa muitų sąjungą, o pasiekti susitarimai galiotų visoms jos narėms. Tokia perspektyva bent kol kas sunkiai tikėtina, tad Rytų partnerystės šalys turi rinktis tarp dviejų integracijos projektų, o kai kurios (Baltarusija) jau pasirinko Rytų kryptį. Todėl ES turi gerai apgalvoti, kaip, nepablogindama savo reputacijos, galėtų sustiprinti paskatas Rytų partnerėms imtis pertvarkų, būtinų asociacijai ir prekybos liberalizavimui su ES. Šie klausimai ypač aktualūs pirmininkavimą ES Tarybai perimančiai Lietuvai, kurios vienas svarbiausių prioritetų bus ES santykių su Rytų partnerėmis intensyvinimas.