Co-operative banks are said to perform a broad and excellent role in the process of financial management which includes inculcating financial incorporation in India. Co-operative banks are considered as the monetary organization which provides financial support to the customers especially the people of low-class society who cannot take the opportunity of the high-class business banks for financial purposes. Co-operative banks provide loans especially to the poor people for the fulfillment of their means of livelihood. The cooperative banks in India are considered as the second-largest component among all the banking institutions in India. The co-operative banks provide loans of very low cost as it is their principle to work for cooperation rather than commercial parameters. Despite being categorized as one of the useful institutions of monetary nature it lays certain drawbacks that do not allow the institution to function smoothly. The cooperative banks have been working under the guidance of the Reserve Bank of India and its framework has been regulated by the Banking Regulation Act 1949. The co-operative banks are also under the dominance of the state government concerning the issues about the procedure for registration, membership, election, financial assistance, business operations, loans, recovery, and audit. All these important entities of cooperative banks are being regulated and supervised by the state government. In this research paper, the researcher will primarily focus on the working sector of the cooperative banks along with the history of its evolutions. The paper will also highlight the guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India and the Banking Regulations Act 1949. Also, some of the issues and challenges, and jurisdictional aspects faced by the bank are discussed in the paper.
In early 2000, neither a comprehensive upstream system nor an all-encompassing downstream approach to CO2 emissions permit trading seems feasible in Poland. However, a pilot emissions trading system in the power and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) sector isthought to be a realistic option in the near future. A comprehensive upstream approach would require permits for the carbon contained in fossil fuels produced or imported in Poland. It is ruled out due to the perceived difficulties of the inclusion ofthe coal sector in such a system. While inclusion of the gas sector, and especially of the oil sector, seems possible within a relatively short time, relying on an upstream approach without the coal sector is not advisable. Once the restructuring of thecoal sector as well as the privatization of the gas and oil sector is advanced, an upstream approach might become an option again. A comprehensive downstream approach would regulate CO2 emissions at their source, that is mostly at point of combustion offossil fuels. A system which includes industry, households and transport can be assumed to be infeasible. Instead, a "core program" was examined, which would focus on power and heat generation as well as energy intensive industries. Such an approach wasfound feasible in principle. Currently, however, only the largest emitters could be easily integrated in a reliable system. Drawing the line between those included and those excluded from such a partial system requires careful analysis. Including allenterprises in the relevant sectors would require significant improvements in monitoring and reporting reliability. A pilot emissions permit trading system could be introduced in the professional power and heat sector. Here, awareness concerning theinstrument was found to be high and the system could be based on monitoring requirements already required by law. Gradual inclusion of more relevant sectors and eventual combination with an upstream component to include oil refineries, and with them thegrowing CO2 emissions from transport, seem possible. Such a pilot program would allow firms and the policy maker to gather relevant experiences for the possible future introduction of a comprehensive system and for the emerging international emissionstrading system.To determine whether a pilot system is desirable, however, an extensive and comparative analysis of different climate protection policy options is still needed for Poland. It should include a close look at the implications of EU climateprotection policies and the effects of the liberalization of international electricity markets on domestic policy options. ; In early 2000, neither a comprehensive upstream system nor an all-encompassing downstream approach to CO 2 emissions permit trading seems feasible in Poland. However, a pilot emissions trading system in the power and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) sector is thought to be a realistic option in the near future. A comprehensive upstream approach would require permits for the carbon contained in fossil fuels produced or imported in Poland. It is ruled out due to the perceived difficulties of the inclusion of the coal sector in such a system. While inclusion of the gas sector, and especially of the oil sector, seems possible within a relatively short time, relying on an upstream approach without the coal sector is not advisable. Once the restructuring of the coal sector as well as the privatization of the gas and oil sector is advanced, an upstream approach might become an option again. A comprehensive downstream approach would regulate CO 2 emissions at their source, that is mostly at point of combustion of fossil fuels. A system which includes industry, households and transport can be assumed to be infeasible. Instead, a "core program" was examined, which would focus on power and heat generation as well as energy intensive industries. Such an approach was found feasible in principle. Currently, however, only the largest emitters could be easily integrated in a reliable system. Drawing the line between those included and those excluded from such a partial system requires careful analysis. Including all enterprises in the relevant sectors would require significant improvements in monitoring and reporting reliability. For both the upstream and downstream approach, the issue of electricity imports from the liberalizing European power markets poses a serious challenge. A national permit system might discriminate against domestic power producers and the environmental goal might be undermined by imports from foreign producers, if these are not subject to carbon regulation in their home country. Unless internationally agreed solutions are found to solve this problem, trading systems are unlikely to become a binding policy tool with significant environmental effects. A pilot emissions permit trading system could be introduced in the professional power and heat sector. Here, awareness concerning the instrument was found to be high and the system could be based on monitoring requirements already required by law. Gradual inclusion of more relevant sectors and eventual combination with an upstream component to include oil refineries, and with them the growing CO 2 emissions from transport, seem possible. Such a pilot program would allow firms and the policy maker to gather relevant experiences for the possible future introduction of a comprehensive system and for the emerging international emissions trading system. To determine whether a pilot system is desirable, however, an extensive and comparative analysis of different climate protection policy options is still needed for Poland. It should include a close look at the implications of EU climate protection policies and the effects of the liberalization of international electricity markets on domestic policy options.
China as a hot luxury market has witnessed high growth in luxury sales despite the COVID-19. In recent years, many luxury companies have further improved their brand value and influence via co-branding strategies, however, their brand cooperation received mixed evaluations. Drawing on the conceptual blending theory and self-concept consistency theory, this paper constructs and verifies the structural equation model of consumer evaluation of luxury co-branding from the perspectives of the brands and the consumers. The study reveals that luxury co-branding fit, advertising types and the consumers' life-role transition have a positive impact on consumer evaluation. Both the type of advertising and consumers' life-role transition have a moderating effect on consumer evaluation. Specifically, (i) In luxury co-branding, the co-branded products paired with a high fit between the values of the cooperative brands are more likely to receive high consumer evaluation; (ii) The publicity of the brand image of the co-branded products has a stronger moderating effect on the perceived quality, appeal and purchase intention of luxury users than the publicity of the features of the co-branded products; (iii) For luxury brands with a high degree of joint fit, consumers who have not experienced life-role transformation have a stronger regulatory effect on consumers' perceived quality, attractiveness and purchase intention than consumers who have experienced life-role transformation.
The political crisis that sneaked up on America-the rise of Trump and Trumpism-has revealed the rot at the core of American exceptionalism. Recent changes in the way words and images are produced and received have made the current surreality possible; communication through social media, by design, maximizes attention and minimizes scrutiny. In 'Co-Illusion', the noted writer on art, photography, and politics David Levi Strauss bears witness to the new "iconopolitics" in which words and images lose their connection to reality. The collusion that fueled Trump's rise was the secret agreement of voters and media consumers-their "co-illusion"--To set aside the social contract.0Strauss offers dispatches from the epicenter of our constitutional earthquake, writing first from the 2016 Democratic and Republican conventions and then from the campaign. After the election, he switches gears, writing in the voices of the regime and of those complicit in its actions-from the thoughts of the President himself ("I am not a mistake. I am not a fluke, or a bug in the system. I am the System") to the reflections of a nameless billionaire tech CEO whose initials may or may not be M.Z. Finally, Strauss shows us how we might repair the damage to the public imaginary after Trump exits the scene. Photographs by celebrated documentary photographers Susan Meiselas and Peter van Agtmael accompany the texts
This volume is a revision and enlargement of a series of articles entitled "Fifty years of the House of Lords," contributed by the author to the Pall Mall gazette, collected and published under the same title in 1882, reprinted with notes in 1894, but now out of print. ; pt. I. The lords versus the nation.--pt. II. What the House of lords has done.--pt. III. What must we do with the House of lords? ; Mode of access: Internet.
ABSTRACTThe empowerment and participation of children and families in both the design and the delivery of services oriented towards them is now an accepted norm, if not always the accepted practice. Yet, challenges still remain, particularly where parents are separated and contact issues are problematic. Although contact centres are common in some Western countries including Australia, New Zealand, the UK, France, and the USA, this is not the case in the Republic of Ireland. The relatively recent introduction of divorce, increases in separation and childbirth outside of marriage have led to the need for service planners to respond to the growing issue of non‐resident contact with children. Using Bovaird's co‐production framework, the purpose of this paper is to outline and discuss specific findings relating to service user involvement emanating from a formative evaluation of an innovative supported contact service in Ireland. What emerges from the findings is a picture of co‐production where the broad parameters of the service are professionally defined and where the specifics of service user involvement in delivery vary from family to family but within the bounds of professional control.
The article deals with an interesting but insufficiently and not clearly enough discussed in the historiographical process research perspective, which is related to the reconstruction, from the present day viewpoint, of the efforts and attempts of the national political elite to implement the idea of state autonomy of Ukraine through the mechanism of the so-called All-Russian Constituency (Constituent Assembly) during the existence of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) and taking into account the choice of the model of democratic social progress in the late 1917 – early 1918. This storyline is considered in the context of political activity of the Central Rada and its leaders M. Hrushevsky, V. Vinnychenko, other participants of the national-liberation movement of the Ukrainian Revolution (I. Mazepa, D. Doroshenko, etc.), implementation of certain steps to legitimize this institute as the supreme body of government and governance on the territory of Ukraine of that time, the consolidation of the political party on the basis of the traditions and experience of national government.Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of universals of the Central Rada in the course of strengthening its power positions, search and realization of the optimal formula of national and territorial autonomy of Ukraine, exercisingits right of final approval as the All-Russian "founder" (2nd Universal), formation of the UNR (3rd Universal) etc. The article makes an emphasis on the aggravation of the UNR relations with the Bolshevik government of Russia as a result of its ultimatum to the Rada and the unleashing of war against the UNR.The results of the elections in Ukraine which took place before the All-Russian and Ukrainian Constituent Assembly are described in the article. In addition, the rating of the main political forces in the regional dimension, first to be formed through such a democratic procedure, is studied. The substantiated conclusion is made about the actual failure of the phenomenon of the Constituency being dismissed by the Bolshevik government as a long-awaited tool in the public and political sphere for resolving the Ukrainian issue, the rapid decline in society under pressure of many factors of authority and influence of the Central Rada, the final collapse of its illusions to achieve a real autonomy of Ukraine under Moscow's supervision.
SUMMARY This study aims to examine the extent to which entrepreneurial characters of co-operative leaders is related to the success of agribusiness co-operatives ; so that the findings can be used to form strategies for developing agribusiness co-operatives. This general objective can be achieved through some of the following operational objectives ; namely to: (1) analyze factors that influence the development of co-operatives to determine success levels of agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia ; (2) identify characteristics of co-operative entrepreneurs in successful agribusiness co-operatives ; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of co-operative education and training (CET) programs in Indonesia ; and (4) formulate strategies for developing co-operative entrepreneurs and agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia. The research was conducted in thirty dairy co-operatives in the Provinces of West Java and East Java. The determination of dairy co-operatives as the object of study was done deliberately ; because dairy co-operatives in Indonesia are established in one of two ways ; either in the form of a KUD which is established by government policy (top-down approach) or in the form of a Non-KUD ; which is established naturally by dairy farmers (bottom-up approach). Analyses were conducted on the performance of co-operatives in 2000 ; and on the growth of co-operative businesses over five years (1996-2000). The data collected were analyzed in terms of the business and organizational aspects of co-operatives. Research respondents included co-operative boards of directors (BOD) ; managers ; employees ; and members and non-members of co-operatives ; coming to a total of 420 respondents. Two indices were made ; one each for business and organizational variables. After this was done ; both of these indexes were plotted to form quadrants ; in which the thirty dairy co-operatives distributed themselves into four typologies. The best co-operatives were those in the typology of Quadrant-I ; which had relatively better performance in both business and organizational aspects than those in the other typologies. There were ten co-operatives in Quadrant-1 ; four co-operatives in Quadrant-II ; and ten and six co-operatives in Quadrant-III and IV ; respectively. Additionally ; the two indices were then processed into a single index called the Dairy Co-operative Development Index ; which sorted the thirty sample co-operatives from best-to-worst performance. The performance of co-operative leaders was analyzed by comparing their performance among quadrants. A statistical test was used to determine whether the character of co-operative leaders was significantly different among quadrants ; particularly between Quadrant-I and the other Quadrants. This study shows that co-operative leaders in Quadrant-I have traits frequently recognized as entrepreneurial traits ; namely the highest score for internal locus of control and the need for achievement ; an ideal graph form of social motives ; as well as a moderate risk-taking attitude. To examine the third operational objective ; the study observed the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia. The primary data was obtained from 58 co-operative lecturers from 32 universities throughout Indonesia and 206 students who were taking co-operative studies at four sampled universities. In addition to this ; expert interviews were conducted with eight co-operative experts ; using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The result showed that the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia was still not effective in supporting the development of co-operatives. In addition ; a review of the implementation of co-operative education at universities showed that co-operative education was still not capable of motivating students to contribute to the development of co-operatives. The strategy proposed for developing CE consists of developing its three pillars ; namely: (1) building understanding and confidence in co-operatives ; (2) developing business and technological knowledge and skills ; and (3) developing altruistic leadership skills. Meanwhile ; the strategy for developing agribusiness co-operatives prioritizes the development of the existing agribusiness co-operatives ; which is formulated while referring to the typology of co-operatives and Co-operative Development Index.
