Suchergebnisse

Controlling supply of light arms to sub-state groups.

Selected official statements and documents from US, UN, Israeli, Palestinian, and Saudi Arabian sources on the second intifada, Israel's response, prospects for peace, and roles of the US, UN, and Arab states. Includes remarks by Palestinian National Authority President Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Sharon.

""Cover""; ""Title Page""; ""Copyright Page""; ""Brief Contents""; ""Table of Contents""; ""Preface""; ""Part I Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: A Conceptual Framework""; ""Chapter 1 Ethnic Conflict on the World Stage""; ""Introduction""; ""Definitions""; ""How Is Ethnic Identity Formed?""; ""Why Does Ethnic Conflict Occur?""; ""The First Wave: Modernization, Nationalism, and Ethnic Conflict""; ""The Second Wave: Multiethnic States and Democratic Instability""; ""The Third Wave: Resource Competition and Ethnic Nationalism""

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- 1 Controversies and Questions -- PART I ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AS A SOURCE OF CONFLICT -- 2 The Case of South Africa -- 3 Causal Pathways to Conflict -- 4 Demographic Pressure and Interstate Conflict -- 5 Demography, Environment, and Security -- 6 Water and Conflict: Rhetoric and Reality -- 7 Resource Constraints or Abundance? -- PART II THE REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT -- 8 Democracy and the Environment -- 9 The Limits and Promise of Environmental Conflict Prevention -- 10 Fair Division in the Spratly Islands Conflict -- 11 Environmental Cooperation and International Peace -- PART III ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT: A FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA -- 12 Armed Conflict and the Environment -- 13 The Environment and Violent Conflict -- Bibliography -- Index

This research advances the hypothesis and establishes empirically that interpersonal population diversity has contributed significantly to the emergence, prevalence, recurrence, and severity of intrasocietal conflicts. Exploiting an exogenous source of variations in population diversity across nations and ethnic groups, it demonstrates that population diversity, as determined predominantly during the exodus of humans from Africa tens of thousands of years ago, has contributed significantly to the risk and intensity of historical and contemporary internal conflicts, accounting for the confounding effects of geographical, institutional, and cultural characteristics, as well as for the level of economic development. These findings arguably reflect the adverse effect of population diversity on interpersonal trust, its contribution to divergence in preferences for public goods and redistributive policies, and its impact on the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups.

This research advances the hypothesis and establishes empirically that interpersonal population diversity has contributed significantly to the emergence, prevalence, recurrence, and severity of intrasocietal conflicts. Exploiting an exogenous source of variations in population diversity across nations and ethnic groups, it demonstrates that population diversity, as determined predominantly during the exodus of humans from Africa tens of thousands of years ago, has contributed significantly to the risk and intensity of historical and contemporary internal conflicts, accounting for the confounding effects of geographical, institutional, and cultural characteristics, as well as for the level of economic development. These findings arguably reflect the adverse effect of population diversity on interpersonal trust, its contribution to divergence in preferences for public goods and redistributive policies, and its impact on the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups.

It is widely assumed that scientists should be objective and ignore personal factors in their scientific conduct (Douglas 2014). However, scientists are human beings and are therefore also driven by interests other than the advancement of scientific knowledge – for instance, by the pursuit of honour and status, wealth, the desire to support their students, political commitments, morality and other factors. Sometimes scientists' non-scientific interests seem to be in conflict with responsible conduct of research, and when this is the case there is a conflict of interest. However, some conflicts of interest are unavoidable and some are even harmless; conflicts of interest do not necessarily lead to questionable research practice and are sometimes an intrinsic part of research itself. But some, particularly those involving financial interests, are a serious threat to the responsible conduct of research and should therefore be taken very seriously. In this chapter we discuss what exactly a conflict of interest is, and why, when and how we, as scientists, should actively respond to our conflicts of interest by, for example, disclosing them.