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The word 'refugee' is both evocative and contested; it means different things to different people. For lawyers, the main legal reference point is the UN Refugee Convention of 1951. This concise and engaging book follows the structure of the Convention to explore international refugee law. Including an introduction to the historical and legal context, Colin Yeo draws on his experience as an immigration barrister to explain the present-day legal framework for global refugee protection. Chapters consider: • well-founded fear; • persecution; • the loss of refugee status and exclusion; • the rights of refugees; • and state responses to refugee claims. The book includes studies of key legal cases, reviews the successes and failures of the Convention and looks ahead to the future, including the impact of climate change and the Global Compact on Refugees. Communicating important legal concepts in an approachable way, this is an essential guide for students, lawyers and non-specialists

Abstract: In the absence of harmonization, Member States' conflict rules to determine the law applicable to companies and particularly the continuing cleft between the incorporation method and siege-réel approach cause difficulties for the internal market for companies by, sometimes, frustrating cross-border establishments. The right of establishment cannot be invoked to oppose the consequence of the real seat approach according to which a company cannot transfer its real seat to another Member State (outbound obstacles). The Cartesio decision of 16 December 2008 learns that in that respect the Daily Mail judgment of 1988 is still good law. However, according to Cartesio such a transfer of a company seat without change of the law applicable to the company must be distinguished from a cross-border conversion (Umwandlung), the company in that case being converted into a company law form of the host Member State. This article discusses reasons for this distinction and the conditions that could possibly still be imposed by the Member State of departure and the host Member State. However, inbound obstacles created by a Member State applying the real seat approach to an incoming company incorporated under the law of another Member State have, to a large extent, been removed as a consequence of the ECJ's case law. The consequences of this case law for pseudo-foreign companies and for Member States' freedom to apply local company rules to foreign companies are being discussed. In practice, cross-border movements of companies appear to have steadily increased triggering regulatory competition in the company law field between Member States. Finally, some comments are made on possible consequences of those developments for future EU harmonization of company law.

Federal and Virginia courts and legislatures acted on a wide variety of environmental issues and topics in the June 1995 to June 1996 period. This article reviews the key environmental developments at the federal and state level from that period involving air, water, waste, Superfund, wetlands, and environmentally related constitutional, land use, and property tort law.

Dieses Werk enthält Forschungsergebnisse zu Fragestellungen bezüglich der Auswirkungen von Legalitätsmaximen und der Regulierung von Machtbefugnissen in verschiedenen Rechtsbereichen aus südafrikanischer und deutscher Perspektive, die in Zusammenarbeit der Universitäten Augsburg und Johannesburg entstanden sind. Aktuelle Themen werden von Wissenschaftlern aus Deutschland eingeführt und anschließend von südafrikanischen Kollegen reflektiert. Dies führt zu einem besseren Verständnis ungeklärter Rechtsfragen beider Rechtssysteme. Mit Beiträgen von Martina Benecke, Michael Biesinger, Isabella Brosig, Jennifer Hölzlwimmer, Michael Kort, Maximilian Kübler-Wachendorff, Stefan Lorenzmeier, Thomas M.J. Möllers, Thilo Rensmann, Matthias Rossi, Wolfgang Wurmnest.

Introduction -- A mid-channel jurisdiction : Jersey as a mixed legal system -- Basic principles of contract law from a comparative perspective -- The formation of a contract -- Undermining a contract : vices de consentement -- Effects of contracts -- Comparing remedies -- Comparative law lessons and reform issues

What follows is, first, a report of certain developments during the last two years in the administrative law of Virginia, in particular the law governing rule making by state agencies and judicial review of both rules and cases from state agencies and, second, a report of developments in the law relating to Virginia's Freedom of Information Act.

Abstract. The systemic concept of national law which emerged in the XIXth century in Europe had important consequences for the definition and use of foreign law. Foreign law came to be sharply distinguished from national law, and the principle of global disunity which underlay national unifications of law meant that foreign law had to be presumed to be in conflict with national law. Private international law became a necessary form of international ordering.
This article explores the effect on such thinking of the current process of harmonization of law, which is taking place in Europe and elsewhere in the world. The reasons for this harmonization are also examined. It is argued that harmonization blurs the distinction between foreign and national law; that the presumption of conflict amongst national laws can no longer be sustained; and that current rules and principles governing the use of foreign law should therefore be re-examined, to reflect the harmonization process.
Résumé. La conception systémique de droit national qui est devenue courante au XIXe siècle avait des conséquences importantes pour la définition et l'emploi du droit étranger. Le droit étranger est devenu radicalement distinct du droit national et le principe de désunion global qui était à la base des unifications nationales du droit a mené à une présomption de conflit entre le droit national et le droit étranger. Le droit international privé est devenu un moyen essentiel de la coordination international.
Cet article examine l'effet sur ces idées du processus d'harmonisation des droits qui a lieu actuellement en Europe et dans le monde. Sont examinées aussi les raisons pour cette harmonisation. L'article suggère que l'harmonisation rend moins nette la distinction entre le droit national et le droit étranger; qu'une présomption de conflit entre les droits nationaux ne peut plus étre soutenue; et que les règles et les principes qui gouvernent l'emploi du droit étranger devraient étre ré-examinés pour mieux refleter le processus d'harmonisation.