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This work presents the elements of economic analysis of law that occur in the thought of Gaetano Filangieri. In the pages of La Scienza della Legislazione the Neapolitan writer develops a utilitarian and economic investigation that pays attention to the judgments individuals make over social phenomena at the margin point. A proof of this development can be found in the explanation of the principle of decreasing marginal utility, argued in Head XXXI of Book III, which represents one of the most effective demonstrations that can be found before the end of nineteenth-century literature. The most remarkable fact is that, of all the five parts that compose the Filangierian work, the most rich in economic arguments is dedicated to "Criminal Laws."This article will point out this and other innovative results of the Filangerian analysis, and will also offer a reconstruction of the economic theory on crime and punishment presented in La Scienza della Legislazione. Filangieri's criminal doctrine represents a significant example of the Enlightenment antecedents of "law and economics," as well as the better known contributions made by Beccaria and Bentham.

AbstractA new approach for anticipating and shaping adversarial behavior is developed and demonstrated. The approach extends the notion of prediction, which is a forecast of the future from a third party point of view, to anticipation, which is a forecast from the perspective of an entity having partial control in a domain. Shaping utilizes the models developed for anticipation to determine actions that influence another influential entity (e.g., an enemy) and actions to direct the emergent phenomena of a domain according to an entity's objectives. The approach is developed using principles of control theory and demonstrated in the southeastern region of Afghanistan. A key capability demonstrated by this approach is its ability to handle proactive adversaries when actionable intelligence is nonexistent. In the demonstration, Taliban (Red) combat actions are anticipated from the perspective of the coalition forces (Blue) across time, across space, and by the current state of the region and then shaped to Blue's desires. Shaping identifies periods of time that simultaneous or alternating Blue combat actions in different regions help meet Blue's military and nonmilitary objectives. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011

This paper describes the results of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) experiments implementing cooperative maneuvering for three different vehicles driving automatically. The cars used were cybercars from the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA), (France), which are fully automated road vehicles, and two mass-produced cars-one a Smart Fortwo car from TNO (Netherlands) equipped with additional actuators and sensors and the other a convertible Citroe¨n C3 from IAI (Spain) that uses sensorial information to manage the actuators. The cars communicate by a wireless mesh network over Wi-Fi using the optimized link state routing (OLSR) ad-hoc protocol. The entire communication task is embedded in a small MIPS Linux Box (4G System Cube) that is transparent for the cars. A standard framework was defined with the parameters needed to perform adaptive cruise control (ACC) and intersection maneuvers among the cars, as well as emergency stops via a signal sent by the infrastructure. The experiments were carried out in La Rochelle (France) during the final demonstration of the European Union (EU) Cybercars-2 Project.

This paper describes the results of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) experiments implementing cooperative maneuvering for three different vehicles driving automatically. The cars used were cybercars from the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA), (France), which are fully automated road vehicles, and two mass-produced cars-one a Smart Fortwo car from TNO (Netherlands) equipped with additional actuators and sensors and the other a convertible Citroe¨n C3 from IAI (Spain) that uses sensorial information to manage the actuators. The cars communicate by a wireless mesh network over Wi-Fi using the optimized link state routing (OLSR) ad-hoc protocol. The entire communication task is embedded in a small MIPS Linux Box (4G System Cube) that is transparent for the cars. A standard framework was defined with the parameters needed to perform adaptive cruise control (ACC) and intersection maneuvers among the cars, as well as emergency stops via a signal sent by the infrastructure. The experiments were carried out in La Rochelle (France) during the final demonstration of the European Union (EU) Cybercars-2 Project.

Ludwig von Mises was the acknowledged leader of the Austrian School of economic thought, a prodigious originator in economic theory, and a prolific author. Mises's writings and lectures encompassed economic theory, history, epistemology, government, and political philosophy. His contributions to economic theory include important clarifications on the quantity theory of money, the theory of the trade cycle, the integration of monetary theory with economic theory in general, and a demonstration that socialism must fail because it cannot solve the problem of economic calculation. Mises was the first scholar to recognize that economics is part of a larger science in human action, a science that Mises called praxeology. Austrian business cycle theory has a legitimate claim to being the most authoritative explanation of the recent global financial and economic crisis. Indeed, many mainstream economists have begun to analyze the crisis, perhaps unwittingly so, in terms that sound as if they were derived directly from the Mises theory of macroeconomic fluctuations. Even advanced economic research into financial leverage and liquidity does conceptually little more than develop the framework of Austrian business cycle theory.

An exploration of why US nuclear power policies have languished over the last three decades traces government policies from President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1953 "Atoms for Peace" speech. It was announced in February of 1954 that the Atomic Energy Commission would undertake a five-year reactor-development program with or without private participation. Special attention is given to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, the 1955 Power Reactors Demonstration Program; the 1957 opening of the nation's first commercial reactor in Shippingport, PA; & competition between General Electric & Westinghouse to develop new technologies & build nuclear reactors. Fifty plants were operating by the mid-1970s, but sky-high utility bills, poor management, & the Three-Mile Island disaster led to a hiatus of future plans. Government haste is blamed for preventing nuclear power from becoming a routine industrial process. Private manufacturers would have developed the process more slowly but more efficiently. It is argued that now is the time for a resurgence of a nuclear power program that can benefit from past experience. References. J. Lindroth

International audience ; On the 14 of January 2011, President Ben Ali fled Tunisia after only one month of a popular insurrection. By participating in the demonstrations, the lawyers have supported the mobilization. The involvement of the Tunisian Bar within the protest movement cannot be distinguished from the ways the regime has tried to manipulate the legal profession. The fear that the Tunisian bar might be politicized led the Ben Ali regime to harass the profession. In doing so, he has invonluntarily influenced a majority of lawyers to openly criticize its regime. ; Le 14 janvier 2011, le président Ben Ali s'enfuyait de Tunisie après un mois d'insurrection populaire. Par leur participation aux manifestations, les avocats ont apporté leur soutien à cette insurrection. Cette implication du barreau dans le mouvement protestataire est inséparable de la manière dont les gouvernants ont tenté de contrôler l'avocature. La crainte de voir les avocats passer au politique a conduit le régime de Ben Ali à brimer la profession. Ce faisant, il a involontairement poussé la majeure partie des avocats à adopter à son endroit un positionnement critique.

This paper explores the forces of nationalism and transnationalism and examines the ways in which they are intricately and inextricably linked in Kamila Shamsie's most recent novel, Burnt Shadows. It explores Burnt Shadows for its nationalistic rhetoric, arguing the case for its attempt to critically analyze the status of Pakistanis and Muslims in a post '9/11' world order, particularly within the contemporary discourses on terrorism, capitalism and Islamic fundamentalism. The paper attempts at connecting the novel's alternative version of nationalism with the forces of feminism, via the novel's unusual and ubiquitous protagonist, Hiroko Tanaka. It argues that while Hiroko poses serious challenges to existing and normative power structures, her physical body serves as a manuscript upon which national and political upheavals are literally and metaphorically transcribed, reflecting the novel's demonstration of women's bodies as sites of conflict between nationalism and colonialism. It offers the novel as an attempt at 'psychic healing' – a work that embraces nationalism transnationally, hence propounding an 'imagined community' (Hicks, xxiii-xxxi) that makes possible the existence of a kind of 'horizontal comradeship', transcending national borderlands and cultural boundaries.

This article compares the debates and demonstrations about Darfur that have taken place in the Sudan, the United States, and Qatar and illuminates how political violence is apprehended and cultural identities are constructed. The rallies that occurred among Sudanese inside and outside the Sudan following the 2009 indictment of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir by the International Criminal Court (ICC) are particularly revealing. Examining what has been represented worldwide as the first genocide of the twenty-first century brings to light the ideologies that are expressed in impassioned political positions. Ideology, which implicitly undergirds the mixed emotions with which the ICC warrant was received, has been fundamental to the Darfur story from the start of the crisis in 2003. Describing Darfur in three distinct sociopolitical arenas, one sees various scenarios that are akin to a play with multiple actors and scenes, each of which is contextually mediated and expertly produced. The disconnections, ruptures, and shifts in the flow of this narration point to the disparities in the situational, local, regional, and transnational forces at work.

The Parasol Club is a student-run, collaborative group focusing on sustainable resource use at the University of Arizona (UA), especially rainwater harvesting. The group's fundamental idea is that, as a land-grant university in an arid environment, UA should serve as a learning laboratory for the development and demonstration of techniques for sustainable use of water and energy. Parasol's success is due largely to its collaborative model in which students work closely with facilities staff, faculty, and administrators to identify sites, gather materials and labor, and bring projects to fruition. Completed projects serve as a testament to the effectiveness of the collaborative model. As the group has demonstrated the power of institutional collaboration at the university, its circle has widened to include members of several academic departments, additional facilities staff, and university administrators. New campus projects are planned, and the group has extended its reach to work with Tucson primary schools and neighborhood organizations on rainwater harvesting projects. This paper discusses Parasol's model as an example for collaborative infrastructure and project development at an institutional level.

The nature and importance of the relationship between leadership and probation practice is considered drawing upon information collected from Probation Officers and Service Managers as part of a study on probation practice and the contribution of leadership to the achievement of effective service delivery. The participants asserted that the quality of the relationship between Service Managers (holding a positional leadership role) and Probation Officers (as practitioners) is likely to exert a positive influence upon Probation Officer work performance and that the practice credibility of Service Managers (based upon the clear articulation of professional values, the possession of knowledge, and demonstration of expertise) was associated with the development of trust, respect, confidence and willing following amongst staff. Participants also suggested that the management style employed by senior managers (reflective of the impact of New Public Management) is at variance with the practitioners' desire for leadership that places emphasis upon practice. Three challenges facing senior managers in the New Zealand Community Probation Service are identified which, if engaged, offer solutions to issues concerning the relationship between leadership, practice and ultimately effective service delivery.

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate what is the best ontological framework of anticipatory systems. Its aim is to argue the thesis that the ontology on which anticipatory systems are based should be a dynamic one: a kind of process ontology. It seeks to include a demonstration of the fruitfulness of such an ontological framework for the investigation of anticipatory systems.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of the paper is a process ontological one. The objectives are achieved by a comparative analysis of the static and dynamic approaches to the ontological framework.FindingsA process ontological framework is a reliable basis for the substantiation of the thesis that there is no great gap between living and non‐living systems as far as anticipation is concerned.Practical implicationsAn example is represented of an anticipatory non‐living system that is artificially created and is programmed as a self‐control system. In this respect the paper has some practical implications.Originality/valueA new approach is suggested to the investigation of anticipatory systems. It could be of interest not only for philosophers, but also for scientists who work on ontology as technology.

Thousands of demonstrators crowded Trafalgar Square on a chilly April afternoon in 1978 to protest the planned expansion of nuclear fuel reprocessing operations at the Windscale Reactor in rural Cumbria. Toward the end of the rally, a young woman faced the mass of protestors from behind the podium. "I am here to bring you greetings of solidarity from the various European, Australian, and Japanese anti-nuclear movements," she announced. She explained that the movements whose greetings she brought to London represented "a great wave of transnational determination to put a stop to Windscale, to put a stop to a nuclearized, militarized Europe." Within the next few moments, she described the contours of this "transnational wave." She took her audience from Aboriginal territory in Australia, where Green Ban strikes interfered with uranium mining, to the nonviolent demonstrations against reactor construction in German villages, and back to Windscale, where protesters demanded a stop to nuclear fuel reprocessing. In the few minutes she stood at the podium, Petra Kelly narrated an around-the-world journey that had taken her most of the previous two decades to complete.

This article calls for the construction of constitutional rights as principles, rather than as rules. The rule construction conceives subsumption or classification as the appropriate form for the application of constitutional rights. It attempts, in this way, to avoid the problems associated with balancing. By contrast, the principles construction argues that balancing is inevitable and unavoidable. Balancing is at the very core of the proportionality test. The debate over the construction of constitutional rights is, therefore, first and foremost a debate over proportionality analysis. The central objection to the principles construction is that balancing and, with it, the proportionality test, is irrational. This irrationality objection is countered by analysis of the formal structure of balancing; the analysis shows that balancing is a case of rational legal argument that is explicated by means of an arithmetic formula: the Weight Formula. The Weight Formula provides a demonstration of how and why balancing is possible as a form of rational legal argument. It also makes it possible to show that proportionality analysis endangers neither the power nor the force of constitutional rights.