Suchergebnisse

In the environmental field, water management provides examples of the move towards participative democracy. Indeed, French water policy promotes participative river basin management settings. Such settings place different forms of knowledge in contact with each other, and raise the issue of assembling this plurality within the decision-making process.How to combine scientific, lay and diverse cultural forms of knowledge? "Hybrid fora" (Callon, Lascoumes and Barthes 2001) are political settings which tackle this issue, using the principle of symmetry. Following this pragmatic stance, this communication paper studies how "participants" assemble different forms of knowledge, specifically focusing on plural cognitive forms; from the most personal to the public. How do people cope with their attachments to the environment while participating in "governance" practices? How do they cope with the necessity of making people and things equivalent and general? This paper focuses on these tensions, relying on Thévenot's framework of "regime of engagement" (Thévenot 2000). This author analyses people's shifts between different "pragmatic regimes of engagement" ("familiarity", "regular planned action" and "justification") and moral treatments of their attachments to the world. He examines the "familiarity regime of engagement" which is wrecked in public arenas. The Lentilla and the Llech are two Mediterranean rivers in the south of France where the predominance of agricultural water uses is being challenged by environmental issues and the development of recreational water uses. A new approach to sharing water is needed. The existing political modalities of management are of the community type and lean on interpersonal arrangements. Based on strong social links, they have proved efficient. But today they are encountering difficulties as they are required to make room for new people with particular concerns regarding water. As a consequence, some of these people ("neorurals" and the French water agency) are requesting public debates and the development of formal settings (management plans, rules and regulations, contracts, standards…) in order to guarantee the integration of their "good" including satisfying interests or moral principles and protecting personal ties. This paper focuses on participants' "engagement" and the Assembling of knowledge forms in the Lentilla and Llech participative water management settings. Interviews, observations of meetings, as well as an experimental game, are used. This game aims to make people experience shifting between pragmatic regimes: from familiar engagement to public formats as well as between various water management "orders of worth" (Boltanski and Thévenot 2006) in order to make "compromises". The game is assumed to be suitable for simulating the composition of heterogeneous pieces of knowledge and for supporting participative management. The paper presents the case study, the game, its theoretical background and the first results of its experimentation.

В статье обсуждается вопрос о правомерности причисления Древней Армении к эллинистическому миру. Показано, что взаимодействуя с эллинистическими государствами, Армения оставалась при этом страной со своей традиционной формой правления, своим укладом и своей самобытной культурой. Армения не входила в общую систему эллинистических государств как определенного социально-экономического, политического и культурного целого. Армения никак не может быть отнесена ни к эллинистическим, ни к эллинизированным государствам, хотя её роль во взаимоотношениях с эллинистическим миром была достаточно весомой. Во второй части статьи рассматриваются некоторые вопросы истории Армении в период после заключения Арташатского мира 66 г. до н.э. и до принятия Арменией христианства в 301 г. н.э. ; The question about the lawfulness of the ancient Armenia reckoning to the Hellenistic world is discussed. That is why this article contains some episodes of the history of ancient Armenia since the defeat of Akhemenid powers in 330 BC and before the announcement of Christianity the State religion of Armenia in 301 AD is shown, that in addition to Armenia cannot be assigned to the Hellenistic world. Interacting with the Hellenistic States, Armenia remained the country with their traditional form of Government, its structure and its distinctive culture. Armenia was not in the common system of Hellenistic States how a specific socio-economic, political and cultural variety. The peculiarity of the Hellenism is the synthesis of Greek and Oriental basics. However, in Armenia, the process began quite late and was quite superficial. Significant remnants of pre-class society, the existence of the Imperial title to the land only in the inner parts of Armenia, the weakness of bureaucracy are all featured Armenia from modern to Hellenistic States. Any Hellenistic State was a colonial State. However, Armenia has never been colonized by Greeks and Macedonians. Armenia cannot be reckoned either in the Hellenistic States, or in the Hellenized States. Although the Armenian role in the relationship with the Hellenistic world we could characterized as quite significant. We can only speak about that after the Artashat Peace Treaty (in 66 BC) Armenia was involved in the sphere of the Roman political influence. But being closely linked with the Western world, Armenia has not been romanized. The reason for this is that the process of Romanization in the East was very poorly expressed. During the Hellenistic era Armenia felt the strongest impact of the Iranian (Parthian) culture. However, the adoption of Christianity put an end to the process of Iranization of Armenia. In the second part of the article the history of Armenia since the Artashat Peace Treaty in 66 BC and until the adoption of Christianity by Armenia in 301 AD is discussed.The article is devoted to the first studies of electricity. The role of M.V. Lomonosov in the creation of the national science of electricity is shown.

In the environmental field, water management provides examples of the move towards participative democracy. Indeed, French water policy promotes participative river basin management settings. Such settings place different forms of knowledge in contact with each other, and raise the issue of assembling this plurality within the decision-making process.How to combine scientific, lay and diverse cultural forms of knowledge? "Hybrid fora" (Callon, Lascoumes and Barthes 2001) are political settings which tackle this issue, using the principle of symmetry. Following this pragmatic stance, this communication paper studies how "participants" assemble different forms of knowledge, specifically focusing on plural cognitive forms; from the most personal to the public. How do people cope with their attachments to the environment while participating in "governance" practices? How do they cope with the necessity of making people and things equivalent and general? This paper focuses on these tensions, relying on Thévenot's framework of "regime of engagement" (Thévenot 2000). This author analyses people's shifts between different "pragmatic regimes of engagement" ("familiarity", "regular planned action" and "justification") and moral treatments of their attachments to the world. He examines the "familiarity regime of engagement" which is wrecked in public arenas. The Lentilla and the Llech are two Mediterranean rivers in the south of France where the predominance of agricultural water uses is being challenged by environmental issues and the development of recreational water uses. A new approach to sharing water is needed. The existing political modalities of management are of the community type and lean on interpersonal arrangements. Based on strong social links, they have proved efficient. But today they are encountering difficulties as they are required to make room for new people with particular concerns regarding water. As a consequence, some of these people ("neorurals" and the French water agency) are requesting public debates and the development of formal settings (management plans, rules and regulations, contracts, standards…) in order to guarantee the integration of their "good" including satisfying interests or moral principles and protecting personal ties. This paper focuses on participants' "engagement" and the Assembling of knowledge forms in the Lentilla and Llech participative water management settings. Interviews, observations of meetings, as well as an experimental game, are used. This game aims to make people experience shifting between pragmatic regimes: from familiar engagement to public formats as well as between various water management "orders of worth" (Boltanski and Thévenot 2006) in order to make "compromises". The game is assumed to be suitable for simulating the composition of heterogeneous pieces of knowledge and for supporting participative management. The paper presents the case study, the game, its theoretical background and the first results of its experimentation.

El acogimiento en familia extensa es la medida de protección del menor que mejor permite preservar los vínculos familiares y mantener la identidad étnica y cultural. Por ello, en España es el recurso de protección priorizado por la legislación y que se ha incrementado en mayor medida en los últimos años. El acogimiento en familia extensa, junto al acogimiento en familia ajena, a partir de 1998 supera en número al acogimiento residencial. Pero por otra parte, todos los estudios señalan que la familia extensa es un recurso frágil. Los resultados resaltan que las familias acogedoras extensas son generalmente abuelos, pensionistas con bajos ingresos, que han cuidado de los menores casi desde su nacimiento, y que éstos últimos suelen presentar problemas de adaptación y bajo rendimiento escolar. La investigación que se llevó a cabo fue realizada con menores acogidos en familia extensa en la ciudad de Valencia. Nuestro objetivo era analizar las necesidades a todos los niveles de estas familias y menores. Los resultados del Test de la Familia realizado a los menores de 8 años muestra las dificultades que tienen estos niños para asumir la realidad del acogimiento, y por tanto la necesidad de dotar de recursos psicosociales a estas familias. ; Fostering care within extended families is a measure that allows the minor to preserve his family connections and his feeling of belonging to a particular ethnic culture and identity. This is the reason why it is the main option of social protection taken into account by the legislation in Spain and is also the reason why its implementation has risen in the past years. Fostering care within extended families, together with foster care within other families, has, since 1998 exceeded in number the amount residential care cases. On the other hand, certain studies point out that extended families represent a weak resource. The results of those researches claim that these families are mainly represented by grandparents, pensioners with low retirement pensions who have taken care of the minors almost since these were born and under whose care, the minors tend to show problems of adaptation and low school performance. The research was carried out with minors within extended families in the city of Valencia. Our aim was to analyze the results and the needs of both the family and the minors. The result of the Family drawing tests done to children who were less than 8 years old proves the difficulties these kids have to accept the reality of foster care. This also demonstrates the undeniable need there is to provide these families with psychosocial resources.

Die doppelte und dreifache Diskriminierung der Frauen kommt insbesondere bei der Migration zum Vorschein und wirkt sich sowohl im sozialen als auch im rechtlichen System negativ auf ihre Lebenssituation aus. Es handelt sich um Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechtes, der Ethnie, der Religion und wird auch in der letzten Zeit am Arbeitsmarkt ausgetragen. Daher werden in dieser Masterarbeit die frauenspezifischen Fluchtgründe und ihre Auswirkungen auf die rechtliche und soziale Lebenssituation der Migrantinnen im Raum Graz analysiert. Der Schwerpunkt wurde auf die frauenspezifischen Fluchtgründe wie Genitalverstümmelung, Zwangsheirat und Frauenhandel gelegt, da hier am deutlichsten gezeigt werden kann, dass rechtliche Aspekte im praktischen Leben der Fluchtmigrantinnen sehr oft nicht anwendbar sind. Damit die Kluft zwischen den rechtlichen Aspekten und dem praktischen Leben gezeigt werden kann, wurden die wichtigsten Rechtsquellen im Asylrecht aus der Genderperspektive heraus analysiert und daran anschließend frauenspezifische Fluchtgründe untersucht. Die rechtlichen Unstimmigkeiten im EU-Asylrecht können am besten an Beispielen der frauenspezifischen Fluchtgründe wie Genitalverstümmelung, Zwangsheirat und Frauenhandel veranschaulicht werden.Darüber hinaus werden die Begrifflichkeiten erklärt sowie die bestehenden Rechtsquellen kritisch untersucht, die die frauenspezifischen Fluchtgründe als solche nicht deutlich wahrnehmen und definieren. Ein wichtiger Aspekt stellen soziale und rechtliche Auswirkungen der Fluchtmigration im Raum Graz dar, die in dieser Masterarbeit unter die Lupe genommen werden. Schließlich werden die Thesen mit einigen Fallbeispielen bekräftigt, die aus meiner Arbeit bei der Caritas am Projekt ?Gewalt im Namen der Ehre? herangeholt werden und darauf hinweisen, dass Frauen, die zwangsverheiratet sind oder Gewalt in der Familie erfahren, weiterhin struktureller Unterdrückung ausgesetzt sind. ; The double and triple discrimination against women is especially coming to light during migration, as it affects their life situation negatively both in the social and legal system. This issue of gender, race and religious discrimination encounters the labor market lately. The theme of this master thesis therefore is to analyze the female-specific flight reasons and its impact on the legal and social situation of migrants in the area of Graz. The main focus lies on the women-specific reasons for flight, such as genital mutilation, forced marriages and trafficking of women, because the above mentioned practices tend to most evidently demonstrate the inapplicability of the legal aspects in the practical life of forced migrants. The most significant sources of law regarding the right of asylum from a gender perspective are analyzed in order to manifest a wide gulf between the legal and practical aspects of life. The juridical inconsistencies in EU asylum law and policy are best represented by the examples of women-specific flight reasons, such as genital mutilation, forced marriages and trafficking of women. This master thesis sets out an important aspect of social and legal implications of forced migration in the Graz area. In addition, the social obstacles and the problems of living life in exile, such as the socio-cultural and political integration into the existing society and the labor market, are shown from a gender perspective. Finally, these findings are confirmed through case studies, and they do reaffirm the experiences and knowledge that I did gain from my practical work for Caritas on a project called ?Gewalt im Namen der Ehre/Violence in the Name of Honor?. These experiences point out that women forced into marriage and/or subjected to violence in the family, are further exposed to continued structural oppression. ; vorgelegt von Emina Saric ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)217150

Предметом истории педагогики следует считать не просто возникающую, функционирующую и развивающуюся во времени и пространстве педагогическую реальность, а педагогическую реальность в системе порождающих ее и порождаемых ею контекстов общественной жизни, материальной и духовной, экономической, социальной, политической и культурной. При этом сама педагогическая деятельность (и, соответственно, порождаемая ею педагогическая реальность) оказывается результатом и способом осмысления и разрешения противоречия между потребностями общества, его институтов, групп, отдельных людей в человеке, обладающим определенным набором качеств и свойств и невозможностью обеспечить их сколько-нибудь гарантированное развитие средствами спонтанной (стихийной, неуправляемой) социализации. Такое понимание предмета истории педагогики предполагает, что ее объектом является вся та исторически развивающаяся сфера (сферы) общественной жизни, которая определяет контекст исторически развивающейся педагогической деятельности и педагогической реальности, а также весь жизненный уклад людей, соединяющий в себе всю совокупность, процесс их социализации и область их ментальной фиксации, осмысления и конструирования. Особенностью соотношения предмета и объекта истории педагогики (в их предложенной выше интерпретации) является то обстоятельство, что в историко-педагогических исследованиях граница между конкретным предметом изучения и соотносимой с ним объектной область оказывается часто весьма нечеткой, размытой, неопределенной. ; The subject-matter of the history of pedagogy should be understood not as just emerging, functioning and evolving in time and space pedagogical reality, but a pedagogical reality in the system of generated by it and generating it contexts of social life, that is material and spiritual, economic, social, political and cultural reality. This being the case, pedagogical activity itself (and, accordingly, pedagogical reality generated by it) turns out to be the result and the means of understanding and solving contradictions between the needs of society, its institutions, groups and certain people experienced by an individual who has a specific set of qualities and character traits and faces the impossibility to secure their more or less guaranteed development by means of spontaneous (natural, unmanageable) socialization. This understanding of the subject-matter of the history of pedagogy implies that its object of study is the historically evolving sphere (spheres) of social life, which determines (determine) the context of historically evolving pedagogical activity and pedagogical reality, and, also, people's whole way of life, combining the aggregate process of their mental fixation, understanding and building up the picture of life. The specificity of the correlation of the subject-matter and the object of study of the history of pedagogy (in the interpretation given above) lies in the fact that in historico-pedagogical studies the border-line between the concrete subjectmatter and the object of study related to it is very often very vague and not strictly defined).

Practices of housing among people with intellectual disabilities: community-based supported housing services Over the course of the late XX th century the so-called "social model" (which views disability as the result of social barriers that prevent people with disabilities from participating into the society) arose. This model opposed the previously dominant "medical model" (in which disability is considered as an individual pathology) that had until then underpinned much of service provision for people with disabilities all around the world. Latterly the development of holistic models brought about a global understanding of disability, taking into consideration all dimensions. The development of international legislation on the rights of people with disabili- ties during the 1970s also accounts for this shift in paradigm from the medical to the social model of disability. Among those, the adoption by the UN General Assembly of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in 1993, presented disability rights as an equal opportunity issue rather than a special needs issue. For South East European countries at various stages of an EU association or accession process, a key legal instrument is the Council of Europe Recommendation No. R (92) 6 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on a Coherent Policy for People with Disabilities. In terms of the financial perspective of these services, the results are shown in many reports for institutional care and community-based services. In all of them is noted there is no evidence, that model of community-based services is rather expensive than care in the institutions. Other studies, note the opposite meaning. Experience shows that simply closing institutions is not, in itself, enough to en- sure the social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities. In order to achieve real inclusion, an efficient network of quality community-based services must be established, and service standards and monitoring systems must be developed. Quality community-based services work according to the following principles: - Every person is an individual and should receive support in accordance with his/her individual needs. - Every person with disabilities has the right to live in the community. - People with disabilities should be included in regular housing and employment environments and the social and cultural activities in the local community. - The size of community-based housing programs should be family scale.The development of social relationships between people with disabilities and other members of the community should be promoted. - People with intellectual disabilities should have real opportunities to partici- pate in society and to develop skills necessary for living as independently as possible. - Including people with disabilities and their families in the creation, monitoring and evaluation of the community-based support services is essential.

Статья носит постановочный характер, в ней обозначены направления исследования рынка труда в рамках экономической теории и экономической социологии; анализируются трудовая мобильность, трудовая миграция, безопасные условия труда с позиций междисциплинарного синтеза. Выделяются направления научных исследований рынка труда и трудовой деятельности, необходимость формирования новых методологических подходов в экономической науке. ; Work, professional work are the most important components of life that reveal to the person the enormous revenue opportunities and realize their potential. Work is also one of the fundamental values of economic culture, which is manifested through the relationship of person and society to work. The labour market, in particular, acts as the original criterion of social change in society. Massive changes in the labour market indicate social changes, their positive or negative direction. The labour market is a category of not only economic, but also social order. Labour market research in this regard is carried out by a number of sciences (Economics, Labour Economy, Sociology, Sociology of Work, Sociology of Labour Market). However, the basis of theoretical research in the science of work and labour market is laid by Economics. To analyze the economic behaviour of actors in the labour market there are four basic principles: 1) the principle of self-interest; 2) the principle of utility; 3) the principle of cost minimization; 4) the principle of maximizing profits. Recognition of ''the principle of economic individualism'' as obsolete, excluding individual characteristics of the person, group and society from the economic analysis, results in the appeal to the social sciences, in particular to the methodology of economic sociology in the study of economic behaviour of actors in the labour market. Economic sociology presents a socialized person, able to develop and implement new social roles; economic relations between people and organizations do not exist in the abstract model of an idealized market, but work through the social network, the social structure. Interdisciplinary analysis and synthesis allows to identify and summarize the specific features of the functioning of the Russian labour market and its segments; to produce adequate directions of state regulation of the labour market and the social and labour relations, including policies on income, employment, job creation, creating a safe labour environment; to predict the trends of the labour market, its potential problems, and develop preventive measures. It should be noted that the irrational behaviour of the Russians, the importance of social relations and links, cultural diversity, multi-ethnicity in our country, authority based on the social relations make the interdisciplinary studies in the economy, employment in particular, topical. Economics must also undergo changes and be adequate to new economic, social and political circumstances, and investigate the formation of the person (human behaviour) in life and work in the new global environment.

Colombia has oceanic waters, catchment areas, like lakes, cienagas and swamps, water flows, like rivers, gorges and streams, small rivers and groundwater. The oceanic waters are the Caribbean Sea-1600 km and the Pacific Ocean-1300 km that comprise the north and west continental territory, respectively. Actually the Region of Darién, geographically bounded by the Carribean Sea to the north is becoming to be focused by studies due to use conflicts and disputes about water and a forest reserve on its territories. Considering its location, strategic at northwestern Colombia, frontier region with Central America, several dynamics are imposed. One of them is the implantation of a road system entitled Connecting Road of the Americas. This fact means the construction of an infra-structure that will cross a special zone formed by swamps and jungle known as The Darién Gap. Evidences of such interests are revealed by projects like the constructions of Turbo's Port in the Atlantic Ocean, Department of Antioquia and Tribugá's Port in the Pacific Ocean, Department of Choco, the mountain road and the coastal conection Colombia-Venezuela attending to the main intentions of the central region of the department (Metropolitan Area of Aburrá Valley-AMVA). Human settlements form a productive system, based on small and medium familiar agriculture's production, corresponding to the western portion and piedmont of Abibe's mountain at its antioquian portion, alluvial plan that forms the rivers on this area, the littoral zone that delimits the Carribean Sea, the Darién and Baudó Mountains and the gulf that receives, among other waters, the ones from Atrato and León, as well as the exodus process constitutes a forced exit resulting from actions of several armed groups. It can be identified intense historical, cultural, political and environmental relations, specially the last one associated with strategic ecosystems that are fundamental for the hydric regulation of the region, as well as food safety of the local inhabitants. Results from two researches (UPB, 2007 y 2010) reveals this quick transformation in the spatial re-configuration, demographical and economical indicators and the exacerbated fight for resources, damaging the extractive vocation in the Region. Path to commerce of illegalities (drugs, guns) and to implementation of the agroindustrial project for biofuel production, cooperation program that involves Venezuela, Brazil and Colombia. Appropriation modes allow the existence of strategies since global interests revealing a development logic that privileges the conception of an artificialized nature. Since the smallest portion of rural areas, specific modes of resources exploration are linked to imposed interests of transnational corporations. Disparate consequences are going deeper evidenced by social, technical and nature transformations, envisioning risks for the habitability's condition

Colombia has oceanic waters, catchment areas, like lakes, cienagas and swamps, water flows, like rivers, gorges and streams, small rivers and groundwater. The oceanic waters are the Caribbean Sea-1600 km and the Pacific Ocean-1300 km that comprise the north and west continental territory, respectively. Actually the Region of Darién, geographically bounded by the Carribean Sea to the north is becoming to be focused by studies due to use conflicts and disputes about water and a forest reserve on its territories. Considering its location, strategic at northwestern Colombia, frontier region with Central America, several dynamics are imposed. One of them is the implantation of a road system entitled Connecting Road of the Americas. This fact means the construction of an infra-structure that will cross a special zone formed by swamps and jungle known as The Darién Gap. Evidences of such interests are revealed by projects like the constructions of Turbo's Port in the Atlantic Ocean, Department of Antioquia and Tribugá's Port in the Pacific Ocean, Department of Choco, the mountain road and the coastal conection Colombia-Venezuela attending to the main intentions of the central region of the department (Metropolitan Area of Aburrá Valley-AMVA). Human settlements form a productive system, based on small and medium familiar agriculture's production, corresponding to the western portion and piedmont of Abibe's mountain at its antioquian portion, alluvial plan that forms the rivers on this area, the littoral zone that delimits the Carribean Sea, the Darién and Baudó Mountains and the gulf that receives, among other waters, the ones from Atrato and León, as well as the exodus process constitutes a forced exit resulting from actions of several armed groups. It can be identified intense historical, cultural, political and environmental relations, specially the last one associated with strategic ecosystems that are fundamental for the hydric regulation of the region, as well as food safety of the local inhabitants. Results from two researches (UPB, 2007 y 2010) reveals this quick transformation in the spatial re-configuration, demographical and economical indicators and the exacerbated fight for resources, damaging the extractive vocation in the Region. Path to commerce of illegalities (drugs, guns) and to implementation of the agroindustrial project for biofuel production, cooperation program that involves Venezuela, Brazil and Colombia. Appropriation modes allow the existence of strategies since global interests revealing a development logic that privileges the conception of an artificialized nature. Since the smallest portion of rural areas, specific modes of resources exploration are linked to imposed interests of transnational corporations. Disparate consequences are going deeper evidenced by social, technical and nature transformations, envisioning risks for the habitability's condition

The camp of the war refugees of Kempten has been chosen not accidentally as quite a big number of Lithuanians was gathered in that camp. When analyzing the period of DP, there was a lack of studies particularly about this camp where Lithuanian refugees lived. When presenting the life of the whole camp period, historians' works did not include the description the life of Kempten camp in more details. It was limited only to general descriptions. The Lithuanian nation is one of the those who have their history of emigration. Lithuanians became a nation of emigration at the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Even before World War I thousands of families of Lithuania left their country when looking for a better life abroad. Most of them headed for America, the country of new possibilities and dreams. With the end of World War II and the approach of the second soviet occupation thousands of inhabitants of Lithuania retreated to the West together with the German troops. It was a political emigration. A lot of educated people retreated to the West: famous politicians, artists, scientists, also the ones who held high positions. After the war most of Lithuanians gathered in DP camps in Germany where they were fostered by international organization UNRRA and later by IRO which supported war refugees, provided them with accommodation and took care of their further emigration. Most of Lithuanian refugees emigrated to USA (appr. 30 thous.) and the rest part left for Australia, Canada and the states of South America. Though during the first post war years a lot of people expected Lithuania to be liberated very quickly but after 1948 such a possibility did not seem to come true. Lithuanians of Kempten were a group of people who found themselves in Germany at the end of World War II. This group of people should not be considered only as a war refugees waiting for the time to return to their motherland .The range of their activity was much wider. There was a chapel for believers. Cultural and entertaining activities were also alive: refugees had a choir, a dance group. The sports activity was also active as even several sport clubs were known. Moreover, Lithuanians had a kindergarten, a primary school, a gymnasium. Educational institutions followed the programmes and traditions of Lithuanian schools and the laws of independent Lithuania. Pre-school aged children were prepared for the primary school in the kindergartens. Furthermore, different courses were established for the adults' education and for professional teaching. Lithuanians had also girls and boys' scout mobs. The Kempten Lithuanians published newspapers, magazines and books. Some societies issued their publications. The Kempten scouts issued their publications as well.

Utah history is rich in stories shaped by and steeped in the culture of Mormon settlers. These pioneers left a goldmine of ambivalence for writers to wrestle with, and many Utah writers have done just that. Mormon pioneers help to, in Paula Gunn Allen's words, "people the modern American myth of the West" (Writing the Southwest xix). Their heritage has inspired many writers, and the works of these writers help to enrich late American literature. Mormons were the first Americans to colonize the Indian Territory that, decades later, would be named Utah after the Ute Indians who occupied part of the land. By the time Brigham Young died in 1877, more than 350 colonies had been established ranging from as far north as present day Alberta, Canada, to as far south as modern northern Mexico. Many Utah writers have been unable to avoid coming to terms with this early group of Mormon settlers that have had—and continue to have—an enormous influence on the spiritual, social, psychological, political, and geographical aspects of the state. Whether the writer is a newcomer, a Mormon (by culture or creed or both), or an anti-Mormon, many of these writers who are sensitive to their surroundings eventually grapple with the interesting and sometimes perplexing heritage left by Mormon pioneers. Often the writing of many Utahans reflects an attitude of ambivalence toward the Mormon pioneer heritage. These writers both praise and lambaste, painting early and modern Mormons as heroes and/or villains, or a little of both. Ambivalence, in general, is an important theme in Southwestern literature. In a lecture, Dr. Mark Busby, Director of Southwest Studies at Texas State University-San Marcos, noted that ambivalence, among other themes such as primitivism, racism, and sexism, is a major theme in Southwestern literature. It involves perceiving a double or conflicting value in a specific entity, such as an arid landscape that on the one hand provides solitude and on the other threatens existence. Utah writers often approach the subject of Mormon pioneers and their legacy with this double-sided view, which enriches and adds to the diversity of Southwestern literature, and, indeed, American literature as a whole. I will draw on examples from several of these writers, including Edward Abbey, Wallace Stegner, Terry Tempest Williams, May Swenson, John Sterling Harris, and, finally, Ken Brewer. This list represents a range of writers, including fiction writers and poets, newcomers, anti-Mormons, believers, and cultural Mormons, all of whom write about Mormon pioneers and their modern descendants with a measure of ambivalence.

Continuano a mietere successi i due architetti siciliani Giovanni Lucentini e Marcello Calà, dei quali ci siamo occupati su queste stesse pagine la scorsa primavera a proposito del progetto già in fase di cantiere per il parco della memoria di Pizzolungo. Dopo avere vinto il concorso a gennaio, il progetto (al quale hanno partecipatio anche i consulenti Lucia Gitto, paesaggista, e Marcello Ziino, architetto) si è aggiudicato un World Architecture Community Award ad aprile ed è stato selezionato, il 23 luglio scorso, dopo una partecipazione ad un bando internazionale dal sito www.bezalel-architecture.com sito ufficiale del dipartimento di architettura (accademia) di Gerusalemme Bezalel considerato la più importante istituzione universitaria culturale israeliana. Il bando di Bezalel prevedeva la selezione di progetti che avevano come tema il reale in Architettura. L'idea dei promotori è «che oggi esista un Architettura del Reale come già da loro studiato ed analizzato nell'arte Ebraica e che tale architettura abbia ormai una portata globale. L'architettura del reale, " secondo il loro giudizio" , per la capacità di cogliere i cambiamenti repentini politici e sociali nel mondo oggi permette di dare risposte immediate e qualificanti alle necessità che si stanno andando a determinare con i cambiamenti dei sistemi mondiali». «Oggi - secondo quanto rilevato in un articolo del gruppo Lg=mC sul numero trimestrale della rivista www.bezalelarchitecture.org sito ufficiale dell'accademia (Università) Bezalel di Gerusalemme - il progetto è una finestra sul mare con un giardino di piante spontanee e l'ombra di un vecchio albero di ulivo. Il giardino è delimitato da un muro di pietra con gabbioni in metallo contenenti terreno che definiscono la frontiera con un piano inclinato che da chi viene dal mare è visto come un fronte che si estende tra la terra e il mare, che guarda il cielo e che riprende la sagoma spigolosa delle montagne». Marcello Calà è nato a San Cataldo (Cl) il 23 giugno del 1979. Le vicende della sua adolescenza ruotano tutte intorno alla musica che coltiva con passione frequentando il Conservatorio di musica in chitarra classica e si dedica anche alla fotografia. Si è laureato a Palermo dove si laurea con lode nel 2007 con una tesi sull'architettura per la musica. Giovanni Lucentini è nato a Castelvetrano (Tp) il 7 giugno del 1967. E' approdato agli studi universitari in architettura laureandosi a Palermo nel 1997. Nel 2004 ha vinto il concorso internazionale del Waterfront di Palermo, progetto dove fondamentali sono state le scelte progettuali anche di natura socio-economiche e di pianificazione urbana che risulteranno vincenti e che gli valgono un incarico di consulenza e una partecipazione alla biennale sezione Palermo-Porto.

The camp of the war refugees of Kempten has been chosen not accidentally as quite a big number of Lithuanians was gathered in that camp. When analyzing the period of DP, there was a lack of studies particularly about this camp where Lithuanian refugees lived. When presenting the life of the whole camp period, historians' works did not include the description the life of Kempten camp in more details. It was limited only to general descriptions. The Lithuanian nation is one of the those who have their history of emigration. Lithuanians became a nation of emigration at the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Even before World War I thousands of families of Lithuania left their country when looking for a better life abroad. Most of them headed for America, the country of new possibilities and dreams. With the end of World War II and the approach of the second soviet occupation thousands of inhabitants of Lithuania retreated to the West together with the German troops. It was a political emigration. A lot of educated people retreated to the West: famous politicians, artists, scientists, also the ones who held high positions. After the war most of Lithuanians gathered in DP camps in Germany where they were fostered by international organization UNRRA and later by IRO which supported war refugees, provided them with accommodation and took care of their further emigration. Most of Lithuanian refugees emigrated to USA (appr. 30 thous.) and the rest part left for Australia, Canada and the states of South America. Though during the first post war years a lot of people expected Lithuania to be liberated very quickly but after 1948 such a possibility did not seem to come true. Lithuanians of Kempten were a group of people who found themselves in Germany at the end of World War II. This group of people should not be considered only as a war refugees waiting for the time to return to their motherland .The range of their activity was much wider. There was a chapel for believers. Cultural and entertaining activities were also alive: refugees had a choir, a dance group. The sports activity was also active as even several sport clubs were known. Moreover, Lithuanians had a kindergarten, a primary school, a gymnasium. Educational institutions followed the programmes and traditions of Lithuanian schools and the laws of independent Lithuania. Pre-school aged children were prepared for the primary school in the kindergartens. Furthermore, different courses were established for the adults' education and for professional teaching. Lithuanians had also girls and boys' scout mobs. The Kempten Lithuanians published newspapers, magazines and books. Some societies issued their publications. The Kempten scouts issued their publications as well.

The camp of the war refugees of Kempten has been chosen not accidentally as quite a big number of Lithuanians was gathered in that camp. When analyzing the period of DP, there was a lack of studies particularly about this camp where Lithuanian refugees lived. When presenting the life of the whole camp period, historians' works did not include the description the life of Kempten camp in more details. It was limited only to general descriptions. The Lithuanian nation is one of the those who have their history of emigration. Lithuanians became a nation of emigration at the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Even before World War I thousands of families of Lithuania left their country when looking for a better life abroad. Most of them headed for America, the country of new possibilities and dreams. With the end of World War II and the approach of the second soviet occupation thousands of inhabitants of Lithuania retreated to the West together with the German troops. It was a political emigration. A lot of educated people retreated to the West: famous politicians, artists, scientists, also the ones who held high positions. After the war most of Lithuanians gathered in DP camps in Germany where they were fostered by international organization UNRRA and later by IRO which supported war refugees, provided them with accommodation and took care of their further emigration. Most of Lithuanian refugees emigrated to USA (appr. 30 thous.) and the rest part left for Australia, Canada and the states of South America. Though during the first post war years a lot of people expected Lithuania to be liberated very quickly but after 1948 such a possibility did not seem to come true. Lithuanians of Kempten were a group of people who found themselves in Germany at the end of World War II. This group of people should not be considered only as a war refugees waiting for the time to return to their motherland .The range of their activity was much wider. There was a chapel for believers. Cultural and entertaining activities were also alive: refugees had a choir, a dance group. The sports activity was also active as even several sport clubs were known. Moreover, Lithuanians had a kindergarten, a primary school, a gymnasium. Educational institutions followed the programmes and traditions of Lithuanian schools and the laws of independent Lithuania. Pre-school aged children were prepared for the primary school in the kindergartens. Furthermore, different courses were established for the adults' education and for professional teaching. Lithuanians had also girls and boys' scout mobs. The Kempten Lithuanians published newspapers, magazines and books. Some societies issued their publications. The Kempten scouts issued their publications as well.