Suchergebnisse

In this article, I consider the documentary in a changing media environment. I argue that the emergence of interactive documentaries in the digital era has transcended the paradigm of representation of reality and created a new one: interaction with it. First, I analyze the emergence of the interactive documentary as well as the literature on this topic. Then I turn to the concept of recursive public tounderstand its potential for establishing multi-directional relations between users and filmmakers who have common interests. More specifically, I look at documentaries made and socialized in conflict contexts wherein political dimensions become significant. Finally, I reflect on the audiovisual medium as a research methodology itself and not just a tool for disseminating knowledge. ; En este artículo reflexiono sobre el proceso de repensar el documental en un entorno mediático cambiante. Argumento que la emergencia de los documentales interactivos en la era digital ha trascendido el paradigma de la representación de la realidad y ha creado uno nuevo: interactuar con ella. Para mostrarlo, establezcoun diálogo con cuatro ejemplos latinoamericanos de documental interactivo. En primer lugar, analizo las condiciones de surgimiento del documental interactivo, así como los conceptos y nociones que se han estudiado en la literatura sobre este tema. Posteriormente, recurro al concepto de públicos recursivos para comprender el potencial de construcción de relaciones multidireccionales entre usuarios y realizadores con intereses en común, más específicamente, en el caso de documentales realizados y socializados en contextos de conflicto, donde la dimensión política se vuelve significativa. Finalmente, reflexiono acerca de cómo el medio audiovisual puede ser una metodología de investigación en sí y no solo una herramienta de difusión del conocimiento. ; Neste artigo, reflito sobre o processo de repensar o documentário num ambiente midiático em transformação. Argumento que a emergência dos documentários interativos na era digital transcende o paradigma da representação da realidade e cria um novo: interagir com ela. Para mostrá-lo, estabeleço um diálogo com quatro exemplos latino-americanos de documentário interativo. Em primeiro lugar, analiso as condições de surgimento do documentário interativo bem como os conceitos e noções que se têm estudado na literatura sobre esse tema. Logo, recorro ao conceito de públicos recursivos para compreender o potencial de construção de relações multidirecionais entre usuários e realizadores com interesses em comum, mais especificamente, no caso de documentários realizados e socializados em contextos de conflito, em que a dimensão política se torna significativa. Finalmente, reflito em como o meio audiovisual pode ser uma metodologia de pesquisa em si e não somente uma ferramenta de divulgação do conhecimento.

Diego León de Villafañe (1741-1830) was the only non-secularized Jesuit who returned to the lands of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata after the decrees of Godoy of 1797 and 1798. After his return he settled in the city of Tucumán where he was born; from there he stablished -throughout the thirty years between his return from exile and his death- numerous relations with members of the political, economic and religious elites of the region. However, this figure has been mostly negleted by the argentinian historiography. The objective of this work is to present a brief manuscript work -one of the few that remain of its authorship- written by Diego León de Villafañe preserved in the Archivo General de la Nación of Argentina on the problematic of the translation of the Bible to the "vulgar" languages. In his work Villafañe criticizes the appearance of numerous translations of the Christian holy book into Castilian. We will try to insert this work not only within the general theological context of anti-Jansenistic thought in Europe, but also within the religious debates that took place in the Rio de la Plata between the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century. ; Diego León de Villafañe (1741-1830) fue el único jesuita -no secularizado- que regresó a las tierras del Virreinato del Rio de la Plata luego de los decretos de Godoy de 1797 y 1798. Luego de su regreso se estableció en la ciudad de Tucumán de donde era originario; desde allí se relacionó a lo largo de los treinta años que se dieron entre su vuelta del exilio y su muerte con numerosos miembros de las élites políticas, económicas y religiosas de la región. Sin embargo, esta figura ha sido poco estudiada -en comparación con otros jesuitas de la provincia del Paraguay- por la historiografía argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una breve obra manuscrita -una de las pocas que se conservan de su autoría- escrita por Diego León de Villafañe que se conserva en el Archivo General de la Nación de Argentina sobre la problemática de la traducción de la Biblia a las lenguas "vulgares". En la misma, Villafañe critica la aparición de numerosas traducciones del libro sagrado cristiano al castellano. Buscaremos insertar este trabajo no solo dentro del contexto general teológico del antijansenismo europeo, sino también dentro de los debates religiosos que se dieron en el Rio de la Plata entre finales del siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX.

В контексте изучения традиционного образа жизни сельского населения Якутии в ХХ веке актуальным является исследование хозяйственного уклада коренных народов края. В статье рассматриваются вопросы развития оленеводства коренного сельского населения колымского региона Якутии. Показано, что политические и экономические трансформации ХХ века дважды кардинально изменили жизнь коренного сельского населения Якутии. Уделяется внимание периоду окончательного формирования советской аграрной системы путем политики массовой коллективизации хозяйств (1930-е гг.) и периоду трансформации экономической системы в первое десятилетие постсоветского времени (1990-е гг.). Изучение архивных документов дает возможность показать предварительные результаты развития оленеводства как одного из основных традиционных отраслей Севера в условиях, как политики обобществления хозяйств, так и их индивидуализации в постсоветский период. Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта № 15-11-14003 при финансовой поддержке Российского государственного научного фонда (РГНФ). Новизна исследования видится в том, на основе введения в научный оборот неопубликованных источников и анализа статистических данных обращено внимание на оленеводство как на исконное занятие коренных народов в системе отраслевого развития аграрного сектора. Предпринята попытка обзорного сравнения аграрной политики по отношению к традиционному хозяйству коренных народов региона в противоположные исторические периоды экономического развития российского общества. ; In the context of studying the traditional lifestyle of the rural population of Yakutia in the ХХ century, the study of the economic structure of indigenous peoples of the region is relevant. The article discusses the development of reindeer herding of the indigenous rural population of the Kolyma region of Yakutia. It is shown that the political and economic transformations of the XX century radically changed the lives of the indigenous rural population of Yakutia twice. Attention is paid to the period of the final formation of the Soviet agricultural system through a policy of mass collectivization of farms (1930s) and the period of transformation of economic system in the first decade of post-Soviet period (1990s). A study of archive documents gives the opportunity to show preliminary results of the development of reindeer herding as one of the major traditional industries of the North in terms of the policy of socialization of farms and their individualization in the post-Soviet period. The article was prepared within the project No. 15-11-14003 with financial support from Russian State Scientific Foundation (RSSF). The novelty of the research is based on the fact that based on the introduction into scientific circulation of unpublished sources and analysis of statistical data the attention is paid to reindeer herding as the native occupation of indigenous peoples in the system of sectoral development of the agricultural sector. Attempt is made of review comparison of agricultural policy in relation to the traditional economy of indigenous peoples of the region in the opposite historical periods of economic development of the Russian society.

Language classes are made up of individuals involved in social and cultural layouts. Their identity is expressed and built in teaching learning sessions : this study questions the place occupied by gender into this paradigm. Gender is a concept which allows one to think sexuation, organization of gender categories and the effects of social gendered relations. This concept meets language textbooks for allophone adults : textbooks are conjonction points between the sociocultural context of targeted language and the participants of teaching-learning ; it conveys representations. How is the textbooks' discourse a result of gender politics, thus creating binary sex categories (men/women, masculine/feminine) and organizing these categories in a hierarchy (men>women, masculine>feminine)?An ensemble of quantified and qualitative analysis highlights gender in three FFL textbooks published in France (2012-2013) through characters performance and metalinguistic strategies. Interviews with authors and publishing houses show commercial, cultural and political parameters that are taken into account to determine a gender model.This study's conclusion aims at promoting didactical practices to build a non-sexist, non-cissexist and non-heterosexist teaching.This thesis tends to integrate gender concepts into didactics of languages and FFL, to enhance sociodidactics and think teaching-learnin~from a power's dynamics and idealogical tensions' point of view. ; La classe de langue se compose d'individu·e·s pris·es dans des dispositifs sociaux et culturels. Leur identité s'exprime et se construit dans l'enseignement-apprentissage : ce travail interroge la place du sexe dans ce paradigme. Le genre est un concept permettant de penser la sexuation, l'organisation des catégories sexuées, et les effets des rapports sociaux de sexe. Il croise dans cette recherche les manuels de langue pour adultes allophones : points de rencontre entre le contexte socioculturel de la langue-cible et les acteur·trice·s de la classe, les manuels véhiculent un ensemble de représentations. En quoi le discours du manuel répond-il à une politique de genre, créant des catégories de sexe binaires (hommes/femmes, masculin/féminin) et hiérarchisées (hommes/masculin>femmes/féminin) ? Un ensemble d'analyses qualitatives et quantifiées fait apparaitre !e genre dans trois manuels de FLE édités en France (2012-2013}, à travers la mise en scène des personnages et les choix métalinguistiques. Des entretiens menés auprès de leurs concepteur·trice·s, auteur·e·s et maisons d'édition, éc!airent les facteurs commerciaux, culturels, politiques, qui conditionnent le modèle posé pour le genre.Les conclusions de ce travail amènent à penser un ensemble de pratiques didactiques pour construire un enseignement non-sexiste, non -cissexiste, non-hétérosexiste. La thèse a pour objectif d'intégrer le concept de genre en didactique des langues et du FLE, pour enrichir !a sociodidactique et penser l'enseignement-apprentissage du point de vue des dynamiques de pouvoir et des tensions idéologiques qui le traversent.

Актуальность изучения проблемы нефтяного фактора в политике Советского государства обусловлена исключительным значением нефти в стратегии государства на протяжении всего советского периода. Изучение данного явления в имеющихся исследованиях представлено разобщенными историческими периодами, что не позволяет видеть преемственность государственной политики в отношении нефти, сходность выполнявшихся с ее помощью государственных задач. Цель данного исследования – проанализировать приоритетные подходы государства к нефти, ее меняющуюся роль в выполнении решаемых государством задач. Среди поставленных автором задач – выявить главные причины, влиявшие на стратегические подходы к нефти. Делается вывод, что нефтяной фактор в политике советского государства занимал особо значимое место, нефть выступала преимущественно экспортным энергоресурсом и средством достижения геополитических целей. Изменения государственных подходов к проблемам нефти определялись чаще всего внешнеполитическими обстоятельствами. ; The relevance of studying the problem of the oil factor in the policy of the Soviet state is due to the exceptional value of oil strategy of the state during the Soviet period. The study of this phenomenon is presented by the fragmented historical periods, that does not allow to see the continuity of the state policy in relation to oil, the similarity was performed with the help of state tasks. The purpose of this study is to analyze the priorities of the state approaches to oil and its changing role in the implementation, the state solved problems. Among the objectives set by the author is identification of the main factors influencing the strategic approaches to oil. The author comes to the conclusion that the oil factor in the policy of the Soviet state held an especially significant place, the oil was mainly the export of energy resource and the means to achieve geopolitical goals. The main provisions of the state policy, formulated in terms of electrification with respect to oil, remained virtually unchanged during the entire Soviet period. The evidence of this is the prevalence of export of oil products before 1958, and crude oil since 1958. There was also noted the period of reducing the proportion of oilexport in the total exports of the USSR: the decline was seen in the period from 1929 to 1934, and continued until the end of the reign of I. V. Stalin. The highest value of oil exports in the state strategy was in the 1920s. and since the end of the 1950s. In the second half of the XX century oil was in the center of economic competition between the two political systems. Throughout the Soviet period, oil is an important tool for solving problems of strategic importance both within the country and outside it. Changes in approaches to the problems of oil were determined mostly by the foreign policy factors.

La crisis de régimen a la que estamos asistiendo obliga a recordar sus orígenes en la Transición política y en el posterior proceso de integración en Europa y en la eurozona. En ese marco se analiza la evolución de las relaciones entre la ciudadanía y las distintas instituciones del régimen para adentrarse en los efectos generados por la crisis sistémica global y europea a partir de 2008, así como en la relevancia del ciclo de protestas abierto con el acontecimiento del 15 de mayo de 2011. La crisis del Estado autonómico y la cuestión catalana también son tenidas en cuenta. Se concluye constatando un vaciamiento creciente del Estado social, democrático y de derecho y, con él, del régimen y del proyecto europeo para apuntar finalmente algunas hipótesis sobre las alternativas en términos de refundación o ruptura que parecen desplegarse en la actualidad. ; La crisi de règim a què estem assistint obliga a recordar els seus orígens en la transició política i en el posterior procés d'integració a Europa i a l'eurozona. En aquest marc s'analitza l'evolució de les relacions entre la ciutadania i les distintes institucions del règim per a endinsar-se en els efectes generats per la crisi sistèmica global i europea a partir de 2008, així com en la rellevància del cicle de protestes obert amb l'esdeveniment del 15 de maig de 2011. La crisi de l'Estat autonòmic i la qüestió catalana també són tingudes en compte. Es conclou constatant un buidament creixent de l'Estat social, democràtic i de dret i, amb aquest, del règim i del projecte europeu per a apuntar finalment algunes hipòtesis sobre les alternatives en termes de refundació o ruptura que pareixen desplegar-se en l'actualitat. ; The regime crisis we are currently witnessing obliges us to recall its origins in the political transition and the subsequent process of integration in Europe and the eurozone. In this context we analyse the evolution of relations between citizens and the various institutions of the regime to explore the effects of the global and European systemic crisis that began in 2008, and the relevance of the cycle of protests initiated with the events of 15 May, 2011. The crisis of the autonomous State and the Catalan question are also considered. The paper concludes by noting an increasing depletion of the social, democratic and legal State, and with that, of the regime and the European project, and finally puts forward some hypotheses on alternatives in terms of refounding or break-up that appear to be spreading today.

В статье рассматривается специфика правопонимания в русской культуре в контексте цивилизационной идентичности России. В качестве методологической основы исследования соотношения правового и морального сознания использованы социокультурный подход и теория символического капитала, утверждающие определяющую роль духовных факторов для формирования социальной идентичности. Правовая культура представлена как система «практических схем», объективирующих правопонимание и позволяющих субъектам ориентироваться в правовой действительности, организовывать и оценивать свои действия и действия окружающих. Показана зависимость типа правопонимания от ключевых культурных концептов и их содержания. В контексте связи между спецификой цивилизационной идентичности России и ее политико-правовыми моделями проанализирована альтернативность оценок российской и западной правовых систем. Рассмотрена связь правопонимания с моделями семантики деонтически возможных миров Я. Хинтикки и Р. Монтегю. Показано, что сложившиеся в культуре логические традиции, наряду с историческими условиями и нормами, выступают основанием, определяющим господствующий в культуре тип правопонимания. ; The article is dedicated to investigating the specificity of legal consciousness in the Russian culture in the context of Russia's civilizational identity. Besides, the article presents the civilizational identity's integrative character, which includes other types of macroindentity, which are the national, social, religious and legal ones. The methodological basis of studying the legal and moral consciousness and its connection to Russia's civilizational characteristics includes the socio-cultural approach and P. Bourdieu's symbolic capital theory, which state the defining role of mental factors in forming various types of the macroidentity. In terms of P. Bourdieu's double determination theory and the concept of habitus, the legal culture is represented as a system of "practical schemes" objectifying the legal consciousness and enabling the subjects to orient in the legal reality, to arrange and assess their actions and actions of people around. The article illustrates a legal consciousness type's dependence on the key cultural concepts, such as "justice", "truth", "law" and their content. The alternativeness of the Russian and Western legal systems' assessments is analyzed in the context of civilizational identity specificity of Russia and its link to the political-legal patterns. The research also covers the link between the legal consciousness to the semantic models of the deontically possible worlds, introduced by J. Hintikka and R. Montague. In addition to it, the article shows the connection between the models and their relation to the notion of "law". The author has traced the "law" and "right" notions' transformation into cultural constants and determined the roles of social memory and memorial social practice in this process. The author has also viewed the structure of the "law" concept as key for a certain legal consciousness type. Finally, the author has concluded that the logical traditions, present in the culture, serve as the basis for determining the prevailing legal consciousness type along with the historical conditions and norms.

Целью данной работы является изучение культа св. Суннивы, первой норвежской святой, единственной женщины в пантеоне норвежских святых и покровительницы Западной Норвегии. В статье рассмотрена взаимосвязь культа св. Суннивы с каменной церковной архитектурой конца XI первой половины XIV в. Западной Норвегии. Автор исследует влияние английской, немецкой и ломбардской архитектурных школ на норвежское зодчество. ; St. Sunniva is the first Norwegian saint, the only female in the Norwegian Church and the patron of Western Norway. The main purpose of the paper is the research of the cult of St. Sunniva and her relation with the cult stone architecture of Western Norway XI-XIV centuries. To begin with the author studies the history of Sunniva's legend and she gives the main information about her life and future fate of her remains. She pays attention to the social and political context in which the cult has developed. It is important for understanding causes of the development of this cult in Western Norway. Then the author moves on to one of the important issue of this article concerning the relationship of the cult of St. Sunniva with stone church architecture from the end of XI to the first half of XIV century of Western Norway. The article traces back the history of construction of four stone cultic buildings. Three of them are monastic churches of Benedictine Order, such as, St. Alban, Nonneseter and Munkeliv. Also she analysis Christ church in Bergen which, according to the author, built by English masons who accessory to the erection of the above mentioned monument. These churches were linked with the cult of St. Sunniva and Benedictine Order which was one of the most influence church organizations in Norway at that time. The author investigates the influences of the English, German and Lombard architectural schools on the Norwegian architecture. Note that new construction technology, methods of erection of stone churches, some forms and design were introduced by English masons who appeared with the first missionaries in the 11th century. The paper discusses the relationship between Lund and Bergen and defines the significance of Rhine-Lombard style in the Norwegian architecture. Summarize the history of the cult of St. Sunniva connected with the activities of the English monks. Compositional techniques, interior design and decorative elements of stone churches of Western Norway show the link with architecture of Benedictine Order which was based on Anglo-Norman samples. In addition, the decorative elements of the Norwegian churches of the 12-13 centuries refer us to the architecture of Lombardy and Rhine. Since the mid-12th century Cathedral of Christ in Bergen became a sample for the parish and monastic churches of Western Norway. This leads to the development of certain architectural regularities.

Статья посвящена истории шариата в условиях христианской политической власти. Речь идет об особенностях бытования мусульманского права и религиозных обычаев мусульман в эпоху Реконкисты на Пиренейском полуострове (Арагонская Корона XIV в.). Автор ставит вопросы о трансформации права в новых для него политических и социальных обстоятельствах, об адаптивных способностях мусульманского права в средние века, о степени деформации правовой системы и культуры сарацин под давлением христианских властей и повседневным влиянием христианского общества. История шариата вписана в контекст правового пространства христианского королевства. Автор основывает изучение мусульманского права на источниках по происхождению христианских, что требует специальной методики и придает дополнительную оптику исследованию. Автор раскрывает характерные черты мусульманского права, подчинившегося христианскому политическому порядку: высокие адаптивные способности, охранительность, сосредоточенность на внутриобщинных задачах, усиление частного и персонального права. Арагонский материал свидетельствует о том, что на протяжении XIV в. мусульманское право сарацин сохраняло аутентичность во внутренних делах, что было основой идентичности всего сообщества мусульман. Трансформация права, неизбежная в новых условиях, коснулась прежде всего той сферы, где право побежденных пересекалось с правом победителей: судебные дела смешанного типа, управление общинами, уголовные дела. Тем не менее, мусульманское право в рамках христианского королевства существовало в многомерном правовом пространстве и вынуждено было признавать источником права королевское право. Статья носит сугубо теоретический и обобщающий характер. ; The article discusses the history of the Sharia under Christian domination. It is focused on the practice of Islamic law and religious customs of Muslims at the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista period (the Crown of Aragon in the 14th century). The author looks into the transformation of Islamic law in new political and social environment, the adaptive abilities of the Sharia in the Middle Ages, the level of deformation of the legal system and culture experiences by the Saracens under Christian authorities and through the influence of the Christian society. The author bases her study on Christian sources, and this requires a new method and adds aspects to the research. Characteristic features of Islamic law under Christian domination are demonstrated: high adaptability, preservation of tradition, a focus on inter-communal aims, strengthening of private and personal law. The Aragonese materiel shows that throughout the 14th century, the Sharia of the Saracens preserved its authenticity in relation to internal affairs of the Muslims, and this was the foundation for the identity of the community of the Muslims. Transformation of law, inevitable in new circumstances, happened first in the sphere where the law of the conquered touched upon the law of the conquerors: the cases of mixed type, communal administration, and criminal cases. Nevertheless, Islamic law of a Christian Kingdom existed in a multi-layered legal space and had to recognize Crown law as a source of law. The article is of theoretical and generalizing character.

В статье рассматриваются основные властные концепты России в IX-XVII вв.: симфония светской и духовной властей как основа функционирования социального организма; сотрудничество демократических, аристократических и монархических элементов в управлении как реализация принципа «глас народа глас Бога». Делается вывод о приверженности России идее общехристианской пирамиды власти во главе с Иисусом Христом, представленной на каждой ступени носителями светских и духовных чинов. Авторы опровергают тезис, что общество разделяется на субъект и объект властно-управленческих отношений, т.к. даже низовые группы в социальной иерархии играли активную роль в органах самоуправления начиная с вечевых сходов и продолжая губными и земскими избами. ; The authors of the article prove that Russia was inherent in European, but not Asian power organization from the very beginning. The forming of Russian state dates back to feudalism, when the religious value system laid in the basement of valuation of state and power. The church law based on the Rome law played a very important role in all the Christian states. The study on secular and sacred power as of two heads of a united social body dominated in Western Europe; and it was penetrating and settling in Russia in the 10-15th centuries. The Christian scheme of state administration headed by Jesus Christ dominated in Russia. In the 16-17th centuries Moscow positioned itself as a new center of worldwide Orthodoxy. In the Russian version of the state administration scheme, a Russian tsar took the place of a Byzantium patriarch and had the same position as an Emperor of Holy Roman Empire; ecumenical patriarchs including a Russian one had the level equal to a Pope's one. The idea of «render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's» was preserved in Russia in forming of national model of absolutism in the second half of the 18th century. It grew to the primacy of the secular power during the reign of Peter the Great. The principle of cooperation of three forms of state administration (democratic, aristocratic, monarchial), described by Polibius and Cicero became an element of the political setup of the Christian states. Russia did not deify monarch with god, and followed the principle «vox populi vox dei». The collegiality in making decisions was inherited by zemsky sobor (Assembly of Land) from Church one. zemsky sobors after veche (popular assembly) were the forms of people's representatives. The tsar and patriarch institutes were local bodies of self-governing (zemsky and gubny izba) that showed a great viability in development of national model of absolutism than central estate representatives. Forerunners of Peter the Great's throne insisted on a strict system in the elections to local institutions and succeeded in their relations with voevodes (governors of a province in ancient Russia) and central executive and court institutions (prikaz).

This thesis focuses on the role that cities occupy in films, on the urban traits they project, and on the geopolitical values of such representations to the governing State. Films not only provide structure for our imaginations, they also play a part in the perception of 'realness': how we perceive the real world in our daily lives, establishing a connection between our knowledge and our beliefs. As such, they construct the framework in which we view the world and also influence our representations and perceptions. As such, they become political tools, used as mass influencers by the State.Focusing on the analysis of how Hong Kong is represented in films and also on the impact these representations have on Chinese soft power, this thesis examines the metropolis of Hong Kong and its relationship with China, but also questions the People's Republic of China's newly placed importance on the idea of soft power, as well as the way its territories are represented in films. Taking into account Western approaches of cinematographic representations of Hong Kong, especially those originating from Hollywood, but also representations originating from Hong Kong, this thesis questions the way in which the West appropriates the notion of 'otherness'. In summary, not only the spatial and symbolic relationship between here and there is examined, but also between them and us. ; Cette thèse s'intéresse à la place de la ville dans les films, aux qualités de l'urbain mises en avant par le cinéma, et à la portée géopolitique des représentations de la ville pour l'État qui l'abrite et qu'elle incarne. Les films structurent notre imaginaire, mais également notre réel, c'est à dire notre rapport à la réalité, notre lecture du monde au quotidien. Ils font le lien entre nos connaissances et nos croyances. En somme, ils construisent notre regard et orientent nos représentations. C'est à ce titre qu'ils deviennent des outils politiques et participent aux stratégies d'influence étatiques.En focalisant l'analyse sur la représentation ciné-géographique de Hong Kong et sur son impact pour le soft power chinois, ce travail de recherches interroge la métropole hongkongaise et son rapport à la Chine, mais également l'importance nouvelle que la République Populaire accorde au soft power, ainsi que la place que tiennent le cinéma et les représentations cinématographiques de son territoire, dans sa politique d'influence. En prenant en compte les représentations cinématographiques de la métropole hongkongaise produites par Hollywood, cette thèse questionne enfin la manière dont l'Occident se saisit d'un territoire de l' « ailleurs ». À ce titre, elle interroge non seulement la relation spatiale et symbolique entre ici et autre part, mais aussi entre nous et autrui.

Diego León de Villafañe (1741-1830) was the only non-secularized Jesuit who returned to the lands of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata after the decrees of Godoy of 1797 and 1798. After his return he settled in the city of Tucumán where he was born; from there he stablished -throughout the thirty years between his return from exile and his death- numerous relations with members of the political, economic and religious elites of the region. However, this figure has been mostly negleted by the argentinian historiography. The objective of this work is to present a brief manuscript work -one of the few that remain of its authorship- written by Diego León de Villafañe preserved in the Archivo General de la Nación of Argentina on the problematic of the translation of the Bible to the "vulgar" languages. In his work Villafañe criticizes the appearance of numerous translations of the Christian holy book into Castilian. We will try to insert this work not only within the general theological context of anti-Jansenistic thought in Europe, but also within the religious debates that took place in the Rio de la Plata between the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century. ; Diego León de Villafañe (1741-1830) fue el único jesuita -no secularizado- que regresó a las tierras del Virreinato del Rio de la Plata luego de los decretos de Godoy de 1797 y 1798. Luego de su regreso se estableció en la ciudad de Tucumán de donde era originario; desde allí se relacionó a lo largo de los treinta años que se dieron entre su vuelta del exilio y su muerte con numerosos miembros de las élites políticas, económicas y religiosas de la región. Sin embargo, esta figura ha sido poco estudiada -en comparación con otros jesuitas de la provincia del Paraguay- por la historiografía argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una breve obra manuscrita -una de las pocas que se conservan de su autoría- escrita por Diego León de Villafañe que se conserva en el Archivo General de la Nación de Argentina sobre la problemática de la traducción de la Biblia a las lenguas "vulgares". En la misma, Villafañe critica la aparición de numerosas traducciones del libro sagrado cristiano al castellano. Buscaremos insertar este trabajo no solo dentro del contexto general teológico del antijansenismo europeo, sino también dentro de los debates religiosos que se dieron en el Rio de la Plata entre finales del siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX.

В статье исследуется, как развивалась система образования КНР в период реформ последней четверти XX в. Показаны основные направления образовательной политики КПК после проведения третьего пленума ЦК КПК XI созыва 1978 г. Раскрыты характер и содержание образовательных реформ, осуществлявшихся руководством КПК в период с XII съезда КПК 1982 г. по 1990-е гг. Изучены основные законы КНР, касающиеся образования, принятые в исследуемый период: «Закон об обязательном образовании», «Закон об образовании», «Закон о высшем образовании». Особое внимание уделено описанию политического курса КПК, направленного на распространение обязательного (девятилетнего) образования на всей территории Китая. Показаны как достижения руководства КПК в области получения обязательного образования учащимися благодаря действию «Закона об обязательном образовании», так и существующие проблемы в распространении базового образования в экономически отсталых районах. Оценивается, как руководство КНР пересмотрело курс и задачи политики в области высшего образования. Акцентировано внимание на том, что правительство Китая переосмыслило роль и место образования в китайском обществе, в результате чего образование стало рассматриваться как ключевой фактор экономического роста. Проанализированы результаты и дана оценка реформ среднего, профессионального и высшего образования в КНР в контексте экономической модернизации страны и перехода к рыночным отношениям. ; The article examines the development of the educational system of the People's Republic of China during the reforms of the last quarter of the twentieth century. The main directions of educational policy of the People's Republic of China after the third session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China of the XI congress in 1978 are shown. The character and the scope of the educational reforms carried out by the leadership of the Communist Party of China during the XII Congress in 1982 until the 1990s are presented. The main education laws of the People's Republic of China adopted in this period are studied: "Compulsory education law", "Education law", "Higher education law". Special attention is paid to the description of the political course of the Communist Party of China which is aimed at the growth of compulsory education (of nine years) everywhere in China. The achievements of the leaders of the Communist Party of China in compulsory education due to the "Education law" as well as existent problems in the growth of basic education in economically backward areas are presented. It is evaluated how the leaders of the People's Republic of China reconsidered the policy and goals in higher education. It is emphasized that the government of China reviewed the role of education in the Chinese society; as a result, education became a key factor of economic growth. The results are analysed, and the evaluation of reforms of secondary, professional, and higher education in the People's Republic of China in terms of economic modernization of the country and transition to market relations is given.

For centuries the circulation of texts of national literatures has been ruled by power institutions linked to the political and cultural elites. The academy, the school and publishers have established a canon, i.e., a selection of readings that every reader should know. In the world context, the canon also reflects power relations: literatures from hegemonic countries and languages have enjoyed far greater diffusion and influence than subaltern literatures. In the current context of Internet the traditional dynamic of literary texts circulation is changing thanks to the progressive empowerment of creators and readers. In our article we will demonstrate how new home-made creations, practices and attitudes that link poetry and digital technology are leading to a new circulation of literary heritage and the emergence of new genres that make up promising scenarios based on greater freedom, cultural wealth and equity. ; Durante siglos la circulación de textos de las literaturas nacionales ha sido gobernada por unas instituciones de poder vinculadas a las élites políticas y culturales. La academia, la institución escolar y los editores han establecido un canon, es decir, una selección de lecturas que todo lector debía conocer. En el orden mundial, el canon también obedece a unas relaciones de poder: las literaturas pertenecientes a países y a lenguas hegemónicas han gozado de una difusión e influencia mucho mayor que las literaturas subalternas. En el actual contexto de Internet las dinámicas tradicionales de circulación de los textos literarios están cambiando gracias al progresivo empoderamiento de creadores y lectores. En nuestro artículo vamos a demostrar cómo nuevas creaciones domésticas, prácticas y actitudes que vinculan poesía y tecnología digital están propiciando una nueva circulación del patrimonio literario y la eclosión de nuevos géneros que configuran unos prometedores escenarios basados en una mayor libertad, riqueza cultural y equidad. ; Durant segles, la circulació de textos de les literatures nacionals ha estat governada per institucions de poder vinculades a les elits polítiques i culturals. L'acadèmia, l'institució escolar i els editors han establert un cànon, és a dir, una selecció de lectures que tot lector havia de conèixer. En l'ordre mundial, el cànon també obeeix a unes relacions de poder: les literatures pertanyents a països i llengües hegemòniques han gaudit d'una difusió i influència molt més gran que les literatures subalternes. En el context actual d'Internet, les dinàmiques tradicionals de circulació dels textos literaris estan canviant gràcies al progressiu empoderament de creadors i lectors. En el nostre article anem a demostrar com noves creacions domèstiques, pràctiques i actituds que vinculen la poesia i la tecnologia digital estan propiciant una nova circulació del patrimoni literari i la eclosió de nous gèneres que configuren uns prometedors escenaris basats en una major llibertat, cultura i equitat.

The student resistance to the authority is a history that cannot be separated from the long journey of each country. Student involvement in the process of changes for their nation in every movement of history cannot be denied. Students as intellectual get a job to be responsible for the social and economic situation of the political nation. History has many notes that the changes in social systems, economics, and politics in many countries are the outcome of the intellectuals that was pioneered by the students. Role of students in Indonesia is not a stranger within each change. The achievement of the independence of Indonesia cannot be separated from the role of students who at the time as one of the component of who participated inside. Various resistances of students against the college policy has always colored the dynamics of college life, this is what later became the base of growing various movement organizations in Yogyakarta, even in the progress up to now only UIN, which still survive dialectical process of the student movement. That is the background theme of this research. The research was done at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. This study uses Michel Foucault's theory of power relations and knowledge, as well as his theory of resistances JC scott. The method used is a descriptive of qualitative, while the techniques of data collection be done in several ways, namely direct observation (direct observation), participation (direct participation), interview (interview), and document analysis. Techniques of data analysis is started by studying all of the data acquired, reducing the data by creating an abstraction, coding (categorizing data), reconstruction (rearrangements), and fially to do the interpretation ofthe obtained data. The results of this study indicate that the resistances of students at UIN Sunan Kalijaga formed the background by two factors, objective and subjective factors. Objectively factor is the situation of national education that has capitalised and also has affected to the dynamics life in the UIN Sunan Kalijaga. More subjective factors refers to the awareness of students about the role of their social position as a student, as the agents of change and agents of control. A blend of value awareness with objective facts that are inconsistent with expectation later gave birth to resistance. Resistance becomes the biological child of a student combination awareness of the objective situation in education. Meanwhile, a form of resistance has performed by students existing two kinds, in an organized and individually. The organized forms such as: long march action, rector occupation, free speech, as well as publishing leaflts. Whereas resistance is performed by an individual for example: through the articles sent to mass media, mass media both in the form of a daily newspaper and news media students in the internal UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.