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x, 204 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Libro Electrónico ; Eric von Hippel has written a genuinely important book on innovation. Combining a wealth of case studies and data with a clear and systematically developed theoretical framework, Democratizing Innovation turns much of how we think about innovation economics on its head. Von Hippel has provided us with a fascinating book that will challenge innovation theorists and businesses alike. Yochai Benkler, Professor of Law, Yale Law School. ; Innovation is rapidly becoming democratised. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users - both individuals and firms - often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging user-centred innovation system. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all. The trend toward democratised innovation can be seen in software and information products - most notably in the free and open-source software movement - but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses--the custom semiconductor industry is one example - that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R & D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratised user-centred innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license. ; Contents Acknowledgements 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Development of Products by Lead Users 3 Why Many Users Want Custom Products 4 Users' Innovate-or-Buy Decisions 5 Users' Low-Cost Innovation Niches 6 Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations 7 Innovation Communities 8 Adapting Policy to User Innovation 9 Democratizing Innovation 10 Application: Searching for Lead User Innovations 11 Application: Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom Design 12 Linking User Innovation to Other Phenomena and Fields Notes Bibliography Index

В статье автор раскрывает роль общественных объединений русских и русскоязычных граждан Крыма в процессе консолидации регионального сообщества на протяжении украинского периода его истории. Раскрываются малоизученные аспекты деятельности организаций по репрезентации интересов русских в условиях ярко выраженной полиэтничности крымского региона. Основное внимание уделяется специфике, характеру и анализу причин консолидации самой многочисленной этнической группы на полуострове вокруг общественных объединений, а также их стратегии и тактике в данном процессе. ; The author of the article reveals the role of the social associations of the Russian and Russian-speaking citizens of the Crimea in the process of the consolidation of the regional community during Ukrainian period of its history. The insufficiently explored aspects of the activity of the organizations representing the interests of the Russians in the conditions of the strongly marked political ethnicity of Crimean region are revealed. Special attention is focused on the specificity, character and analysis of the reasons of the consolidation of the most numerous ethnic group on the peninsula around social associations, and also their strategy and tactic in this process.

El artículo trata sobre la formación de una fracción de la elite dirigente porteña en el paso del siglo XIX al XX. La carrera de derecho siempre estuvo ligada al poder y a la formación de la clase dirigente porteña. A través de los discursos de colación de grados de los doctores en jurisprudencia se busca indagar en los aspectos que los propios actores rescataban de su formación académica y su función social. Esta mirada tiene como objetivo destacar el rol de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires como canal de acceso privilegiado a la clase dirigente. Al tiempo se intenta observar como la preparación brindada en sus aulas no buscaba necesariamente la formación para el desempeño de la profesión de abogados sino que estaba orientada a la formación de dirigentes políticos. ; The article discusses the formation of a fraction of the ruling elite of Buenos Aires at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century. The law degree was always linked to power and the formation of the ruling class in Buenos Aires. By the reading of Colacion de Grados speeches of Phd degrees in jurisprudence the objective would be to investigate aspects of the actors themselves rescuing their academic and social function. This view is meant to highlight the role of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires as a privileged access channel to the ruling class. At the same time the attempt it´s to observe how the preparation given in the classroom training was not looking necessarily for the performance of the legal profession but was oriented to the formation of political leaders. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Cultural responses to most illnesses differ; dementia is no exception. These responses, together with a society's attitudes toward its elderly population, affect the frequency of dementia-related diagnoses and the nature of treatment. Bringing together essays by nineteen respected scholars, this unique volume approaches the subject from a variety of angles, exploring the historical, psychological, and philosophical implications of dementia. Based on solid ethnographic fieldwork, the essays employ a cross-cultural perspective and focus on questions of age, mind, voice, self, loss, temporality, memory, and affect. Taken together, the essays make four important and interrelated contributions to our understanding of the mental status of the elderly. First, cross-cultural data show the extent to which the aging process, while biologically influenced, is also very much culturally constructed. Second, detailed ethnographic reports raise questions about the behavioral criteria used by health care professionals and laymen for defining the elderly as demented. Third, case studies show how a diagnosis affects a patient's treatment in both clinical and familial settings.; Finally, the collection highlights the gap that separates current biological understandings of aging from its cultural meanings. As Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia continue to command an ever-increasing amount of attention in medicine and psychology, this book will be essential reading for anthropologists, social scientists, and health care professionals.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 An Integrated Approach for Assessing Environmental Damage and (Inter)Generational Debt in the Definition of Territorial Transformation Policies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The (Inter)Generational Environmental Debt -- 3 Regenerating the Urban Systems and the Concept of Limit -- 4 Regenerating the Environment and the Territory: The Concept of Resilience -- 5 Assessing the Complexity of Environmental Issues with a Multi-Criteria Approach -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 The Evaluation of Structural-Physical Projects in Urban Distressed Areas -- Abstract -- 1 Premise -- 2 Main Features of Urban Distressed Areas -- 3 Urban Transformation Projects in Urban Distressed Areas -- 4 The Evaluation of Physical Transformation Projects in Urban Distressed Areas -- References -- Human Ecology: Values and Paradigms -- 3 Values and Paradigms for a Human Ecology -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The New Value Theory and the Neuralgic, Nodal and Strategic Point of the Laudato Si' Encyclical Letter -- 3 The Three Surpluses and the "Trans-Information" Process: Integral Ecology and the Human City -- 4 Science of Value and Valuation: Ontological Vision and the Operational Paradigm -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 "Moral" Purposes and Material "Knowledge" in the Encyclical "Laudato sí" -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 European Culture and Christianity -- 3 Cultural and Religious Isomorphism -- 4 The Encyclical "A Quo Primum" by Pope Benedict XIV: The Town as an Indicator -- 5 The Encyclical "Spe salvi" by Pope Benedict XVI: Faith/Hope and the Undeniable Datum -- 6 The Encyclical "Laudato sí" by Pope Francis -- 6.1 Uncertainty of the Datum, Conjectures and Refutations -- 6.2 Sobriety: Social Mythology -- 6.3 Ideological Indicators Versus Effective Indicators -- 7 Conclusions -- References.

"Designed to help midlevel and senior managers in organizations dedicated to public purposes, this book provides trained self-awareness to deploy values to guide decisions and build the culture of their organizations. The book explores how all managing involves leading and identifies the levels of ethical responsibility for managerial leaders. Highlighting the fundamental role that ethics plays in organizational life, J. Patrick Dobel uses insights from cognitive and social psychology to discuss how to anticipate and address threats to integrity and value informed decision making. Building on traditional ethical theory and modern research, the book begins with the fundamental assumption that individuals possess responsibility when they act for ethical purposes and results in taking a position within a public or nonprofit organization. This assumption of responsibility recognizes the inherent discretion in all positions and claims that effective ethical management requires self-awareness, self-mastery, integrity and a working frame of ones values and character. The book pays special attention to the challenges of integrating diverse people and perspectives in public organizations as well as attending to the slipp. to integrity in organizational life and how managers and leaders can foresee and address ethical slippage and corruption. The book provides checklists and decision frameworks that individuals can adopt and deploy to guide decisions. Public Leadership Ethics: A Management Approach will help create strong value informed cultures supported by communication, transparency, incentives and strong management cadres to achieve high quality service and integrity based actions. It will be of special interest to managerial leaders in public service and teaching in public administration and policy programs or executive training."--Provided by publisher.

Contents: 1. Unravelling the nexus between entrepreneurship, neighbourhoods and communities - Introduction / Reinout Kleinhans, Darja Reuschke, Maarten van Ham, Colin Mason and Stephen Syrett -- Part I - Neighbourhoods as economic places and enterprise cultures -- 2. Entrepreneurship and deprived urban areas: Understanding activity and the hidden enterprise culture / Nick Williams and Colin Williams -- 3. Dynamics in local inter-firm cooperation in Dutch residential neighbourhoods / Marianne de Beer and Veronique Schutjens -- 4. Solopreneurs and the rise of co-working in the Netherlands / Erik Stam and Vareska van de Vrande -- 5. A typology of localized spaces of collaborative innovation / Ignasi Capdevila -- 6. Women in charge: social capital of female entrepreneurs in the neighbourhood and beyond / Beate Volker -- 7. Gendered networks and spatial arrangements of informal entrepreneurial activities in a Detroit neighbourhood / Jenny Lendrum and Sarah Swider -- Part II Community enterprise, civic economy and neighbourhood regeneration -- 8. Conceptual foundations: community-based enterprise and community development / Ana María Peredo and James J. Chrisman -- 9. On economic democracy in community development / Evan Casper-Futterman and James DeFilippis -- 10. The potential of community entrepreneurship for neighbourhood revitalization in the United Kingdom and the United States / David Varady, Reinout Kleinhans and Maarten van Ham -- 11. The contribution of community enterprise to British urban regeneration in a period of state retrenchment / Nick Bailey -- 12. Co-production or counter-production? The struggle of Dutch community enterprises with local institutions / Reinout Kleinhans -- 13. Citizenship as enterprise. The transformation of Amsterdam community centres into community enterprises / Emiel Rijshouwer and Justus Uitermark -- Part III Conclusions -- 14. Understanding entrepreneurship in residential neighbourhoods and communities of place / Darja Reuschke, Reinout Kleinhans, Maarten van Ham, Colin Mason and Stephen Syrett -- Index

In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems are hardly functioning or have a very low coverage, resulting in large scale water pollution and the use of very poor quality water for crop irrigation especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can create significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on 'making wastewater an asset'.

In Spain the legal age to buy alcohol is 18 years. However, official surveys show that minors perceive alcohol availability to be easy. This paper describes the impacts of a community-based intervention to increase vendors' compliance with age limits regarding alcohol sales in supermarkets. The aim of this study was to explore the association between implementation of a multicomponent intervention to reduce adolescents' alcohol use and sale of alcohol to minors in the city of Palma (Spain). Twenty trained adolescents (14-17 years old) conducted 138 alcohol test purchases in nine supermarket chains in August 2018 (baseline; n = 73) prior to the intervention, and again in January 2020 (follow-up; n = 65). Analysis was conducted according to three levels of intervention implemented across the supermarkets: (i) personnel from the supermarkets' Human Resources or Corporate Social Responsibility teams received alcohol service training as trainers (i.e., community mobilization); (ii) managers and vendors training by the capacitated trainers; and (iii) no training of managers or vendors (i.e., control group). In the supermarkets that completed the Training of Trainers and the vendors' training program, average sales decreased significantly from 76.9% in 2018 to 45.5% in 2020, asking for the age of the shopper significantly increased from 3.8% to 45.4%, and asking for proof of age significantly increased from 15.4% to 72.7%. Additionally, a statistically significant increase was observed in the visibility of prohibition to sell alcohol to minors' signs, from 61.5% to 100%. No statistically significant differences were found for the Training of Trainers intervention alone nor in the control group. In conclusion, community mobilization combined with staff training is associated with significant increases in supermarket vendors' compliance with alcohol legislation in Spain.

In 'Region A', like in many other regions and countries, diabetes is a prevalent condition affecting one in twenty people. Type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing in 'Region A', and currently accounts for about 87% of the cases in total. Diabetes has been recognized as an exemplar long term condition, both in terms of the growing number of people with type 2 diabetes, and in terms of the serious and expensive complications it can bring to the sufferers. Maintaining and improving the quality of diabetes services, according to the 'Region A's government, against the backdrop of increase in patient numbers and the increased pressure on the health and care services is one of the key challenges. Those involved in diabetes care include the individual, the carer, broader social groups, and public services at multiple levels. However, as with many condition groups, flow of information and decision making is often disjointed with poor communications between these players. The digital health and care innovation centre organised a multidisciplinary and inter-sectoral ecosystem event to explore the potential opportunities for better management of diabetes with a person centred approach. This event resulted in a call for innovation into digital solutions for managing diabetes. Seven project proposals were accepted by the Innovation Centre for further development. These seven projects offered partial solutions for the management of diabetes. As a result of the analysis of these projects, a comprehensive conceptual framework for connected health and care for the management of diabetes, has been developed. This conceptual framework has the potential to be applied to any other chronic care condition or multi conditions.

"Ìt is clear that we need to do more to help children who have been victims of crime. This book will enable people to do exactly that- ... get started with some tried and tested advice and techniques to help young victims.'---Sara Payne, Victims' Champion" "How do you spot the signs that a young person who has been affected by crime or bullying? What is the impact of crime and how can you best aid the young person's recovery?" "Are You Okay? deals with the issues that many adults may face when trying to help a young person in their care in the aftermath of a crime. It provides detailed information on the different types of crime from assault and hate crime to cyberbullying and sexual abuse, and explores how they may affect the young person in different ways. The author also addresses difficult issues such as dealing with fears of retaliation, confidentality, whether a crime should be reported, the grey area between crime and bullying and how best to assess the young person's needs." "This accessible guide will be essential reading for anyone working with children and young people aged 8+, including social workers, youth workers, teachers, police, education welfare officers and victim support and witness service workers."--Jacket

One of the earliest Indian treatises on the science and art of sex and love, this third century classic also describes social customs in early India. Based on the Indian attitude that love is an ecstatic experience and that sexual happiness depends on knowledge

This article aims to investigate the role and effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the daily lives of the Afghan and Pathan children and youth working on the streets. In this ethnographic research, 30 girls and boys, aged 12 to 16, were involved in the data generation. Three NGOs were selected in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. In this research, children and youth discussed that one of the NGOs is meeting the needs of education and other two NGOs are putting their efforts but to a limited extent. This investigation also revealed that none of the studied NGOs have focused on the work based learning and skills development, however contributing to a very limited scope. The studied group has valued the NGOs' consideration of respect and dignity aspects in their operations. It is concluded that NGOs need to plan comprehensively to play an effective role to improve the daily lives of their target groups such as children and youth working on the streets.