Suchergebnisse

This article, based on the archives stored in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia and some recently published documents, investigates the coup attempted by the Soviets on December 1, 1924 in Tallinn and evaluates its consequences within the broad context of international relations. During the research, it was established that an attempt to stage a coup in Estonia had been undertaken both by the Estonian communists and the USSR leadership, which had the highest political body– the Politburo– and the Comintern, a self-crafted tool set up for spreading the communist movement around the world, at its disposal. Thus, the revolution was masterminded by the Soviet authorities, whereas the Estonian communists were mainly responsible for its implementation. The task of the coup leadership was to seize power and hold on to it for some time, long enough to request that the USSR "renders support." Preparations were underway for such support. This is evidenced by military preparations in the northern regions of the USSR and the territory near the Estonian border as well as by the deployment of Soviet ships in the vicinity of Tallinn and the activities of the Soviet embassy located in the capital. The attempted coup turned into a putsch due to the maximum conspiracy of their organizers. The conspiracy was brought about by the then-public awareness that the revolutionary events in Germany in 1923 had been instigated by the Soviets. The attempted coup in Estonia failed due to the extraordinary defensive operations put up by the Estonian authorities and power structures as well as due to the failure to involve the workers and the other strata of society in the coup. Latvia, Estonia's only ally, was the first country to stand by Estonia's side after the country withstood the attempted coup. The lessons were learnt not only by these two countries but by Lithuania as well. They began taking adequate measures to stifle communist activities. Neither France nor England or any other Western state made plans to deploy their fleets to the Baltic Sea to support the Estonians or at least show, in a demonstrative way, their support in such a trying time. They also failed to hold any diplomatic démarches against the Soviets opposing the export of revolution practiced by the Soviets. Due to diplomatic pressure imposed by the USSR, Estonia could not publicly and officially name the actual organizers of the putsch. As a result, only the local communists were indiscriminately accused. Such forced tactics, if only indirectly, had at least partially been influencing the area of historical research as well. However, the sudden and unequivocal liquidation of the putsch in Tallinn could have prompted the USSR to no longer expand its revolutionary export to the West, and the "abstinence" of such kind had lasted until the Second World War. The war itself and the previous collusion with Adolf Hitler made it possible for Stalin to cherish even greater ambitions to renew the spread of communism in other countries. ; Straipsnyje, tiriant komunistinį 1924m. gruodžio 1d. pučą, aiškinamasi, kokį vaidmenį jį organizuojant suvaidino Estijos komunistai ir kokį faktiškai aukščiausioji SSRS valdžia– politbiuras ir nuo jo priklausomas Kominternas, kaip į šį pučą reagavo gretimos Baltijos šalys, kaip jis paveikė šių šalių tarptautinę padėtį, jų santykius su Sovietais bei Vakarų valstybėmis. Estams pučą operatyviai likvidavus, pasaulinės revoliucijos eksportas Vakarų kryptimi iš esmės sustojo, sustojo ligi pat Antrojo pasaulinio karo pradžios. Siekiama nustatyti, kaipgi estams tada pavyko ir apginti savąjį valstybingumą, ir sustiprinti gretimų šalių saugumą, taip pat kaip pučas vertintas diplomatijoje bei viešajame diskurse.

Aunque la movilidad geográfica siempre ha caracterizado la historia del ser humano, en las últimas décadas la migración internacional ha ido ocupando creciente relevancia en la agenda política como fenómeno de gran complejidad y dificultad de gestión.Es ampliamente creído que las y los migrantes deciden trasladarse para mejorar sus condiciones y calidad de vida, pero ¿lo consiguen de verdad?Comprender en qué medida el resultado de la migración refleja objetivos y expectativas iniciales, podría beneficiar tanto a las personas migrantes como a los políticos que se ocupan de gestionar el fenómeno y que en un futuro podrían necesitar atraer a los migrantes para restablecer las brechas demográficas de varios países europeos.Este artículo recoge y examina de manera crítica las principales teorías explicativas presentes en literatura sobre el bienestar y en particular el bienestar subjetivo de los migrantes. A continuación, detalla algunas debilidades en las metodologías actualmente utilizadas, que recolectan informaciones sintéticas y parciales para un tema tan complejo y multivariado como el bienestar post-migratorio y, por último, realiza una propuesta metodológica concreta.El propósito final de este artículo es demostrar la importancia de la perspectiva narrativa y el análisis tematico para estudiar en profundidad la influencia de la experiencia migratoria en el desarrollo humano, en el conjunto de las capacidades y en la satisfacción con la vida (en términos de realización personal percibida y logro de objetivos individuales) de los y las migrantes. A nivel social y político, esto permitiría profundizar en la comprensión de las dimensiones que componen el bienestar de las personas a lo largo de su vida y tras una experiencia migratoria; a nivel académico, esto permitiría mejorar la gama de preguntas planteadas en las encuestas sociodemograficas.Se proporcionan recomendaciones para investigaciones futuras. Although in the history of mankind there has always been geographical mobility, in the last decades international migration is becoming increasingly relevant in the political agenda as a phenomenon of great complexity and difficulty to manage.It is common and widely believed that migrants decide to move to improve their conditions and perceived quality of life, but is this always the case?Understanding how the outcome of migration reflects initial goals and expectations could benefit both migrants and policymakers dealing with the phenomenon, who may need to attract migrants in the future in order to re-establish demographic gaps in European countries.This article collects and critically examines the main explanatory theories present in the literature on the well-being and in particular the subjective well-being of migrants. It then details some weaknesses in the methodologies currently used, which collect synthetic and partial information for a subject as complex and multivariate as post migratory welfare. It finally makes a concrete methodological proposal.The final purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance of the narrative perspective and the thematic analysis in order to study in depth the influence of the migratory experience on human development, the set of capacities and the satisfaction with life (in terms of perceived personal fulfillment and achievement of individual goals) of the migrants. At a social and political level, this would allow for a deeper understanding of the dimensions that compose people's well-being throughout their lives and after a migratory experience; at an academic level, this would allow to improve the range of questions posed in the sociodemographic surveys.Recommendations for future research are provided.

Màster Oficial en Disseny Urbà: Art, Ciutat, Societat. Facultat de Belles Arts de la UB, curs: 2016-2017, Tutor: Antoni Remesar Betlloch ; [spa] A partir de la instauración de los ayuntamientos democráticos, en Barcelona se comenzaron a realizar importantes intervenciones urbanísticas bajo la política de hacer ciudad. Se priorizó en la rehabilitación y creación del espacio público, la dotación de equipamientos y política de viviendas. La movilidad del Espacio Público y la accesibilidad cobró relevante importancia buscando ganar espacio público para los peatones en la trama urbana consolidada y espacio del cual los automóviles se habían apropiado. En calles tan estrechas como las del Barrio Gótico, se tomaron medidas de inserción del peatón, regulación del uso por parte de vehículos motorizados y la eliminación de aparcamiento en las vías, además de la pacificación del tránsito y la implantación de la plataforma única. La escala humana de la ciudad se ha perdido con los años, diseñándose y adaptándose para los vehículos e invadiendo el espacio público de los viandantes. Es por eso que de acuerdo a diversos tratados internacionales, se ha buscado devolverle la ciudad al peatón y a los vehículos no motorizados para mejorar la movilidad principalmente en los cascos antiguos y con ello ganar calidad de vida, reduciendo el uso del automóvil privado y optando por el transporte público para cubrir grandes distancias. La peatonalización en el casco antiguo reúne unas características muy particulares donde se conjugan edificios históricos, políticos, residenciales y comerciales en una trama muy particular, donde a través de su intervención se ha vuelo un espacio vivible mostrando una buena convivencia entre el espacio y los edificios. El presente trabajo hace un análisis del territorio a partir de la intervención del espacio y toma como ejemplos calles que sirven como ejes peatonales en casco antiguo de Ciutat Vella. ; [eng] Since the establishment of democratic government, Barcelona began to develop important urban interventions under the policy of making the city. It was prioritized in the rehabilitation and creation of the public space, equipment endowment and housing policy. The movility of the Public Space and accesibility gained significant importance in order to gain public space for pedestrians in the consolidated urban plot and space taken by automobiles. In thestreets as narrow as the Gothic Quarter, measures were taken to insert the pedestrian, to regulate the use of motor vehicles and the elimination of parking in the streets, in addition to traffic pacification and the implementation of the single platform. The human scale of the city has been lost over the years, designing and adapting it for vehicles and invading the public space of the pedestrians. According to various international agreements, has sought to return the city to pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles to improve mobility mainly in old historic city centers and thereby gain quality of life, reducing the use of private cars and opting by Public transport to cover great distances. The pedestrianization in the old town has very particular characteristics where historical, political, residential and commercial buildings are combined in a very particular plot, where through its intervention a living space has been shown developing in a good coexistence between space and buildings. The present work makes an analysis of the territory from the intervention of space and takes as examples that serve as pedestrian axes in the old town of Ciutat Vella.

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) ; La migration féminine a connu un développement important au Maroc, surtout depuis la fin des années 1970 et plus particulièrement depuis les années 1990. Mais, malgré ce développement, l'intérêt académique porté à ce type de migration, et surtout aux aspects juridiques de cette migration, ne s'est manifesté que très récemment. Les femmes migrantes ne forment pas un groupe homogène. Elles sont de plusieurs types et ont des statuts juridiques divers : les émigrées et les immigrées, les nationales et les binationales, les régulières et les irrégulières, les migrantes volontaires et involontaires, les temporaires et les permanentes, les mineures et les adultes etc. Les droits de chacune d'elles dépendent de son statut juridique et aussi social : la condition socio juridique des Marocaines résidant à l'étranger n'est pas similaire à celles des femmes immigrées au Maroc. Mais, la protection juridique de toutes ces femmes connaît des limites et des lacunes. La plupart des migrantes rencontrent des situations complexes où s'imbriquent oppression subie en tant que femmes et celle subie en tant qu'étrangères. La migration a un impact sur les femmes qui font le déplacement et sur leurs droits mais aussi sur la condition socio juridique de certaines autres femmes qui ne migrent pas. C'est le cas des femmes qui restent dans le pays après le départ des hommes, les left behind, d'après la terminologie anglaise. La présente étude est une étude socio juridique qui essaie de confronter les textes à la pratique. Elle analyse tout d'abord la condition socio juridique des Marocaines résidant à l'étranger, puis ensuite celle des femmes immigrées au Maroc et enfin l'impact de la migration sur les femmes et sur leurs droits. L'étude concerne toutes les femmes migrantes et tous les droits. Toutes les femmes migrantes, qu'elles soient émigrées ou immigrées, migrantes volontaires ou involontaires, en situation régulières ou irrégulières, etc. Tous les droits : les droits dans le pays d'origine et dans le pays d'accueil ; les droits civils et politiques ; les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels ; le droit de la migration en général et le droit des réfugiés en particulier. / Female Migration has grown in Morocco since the late 1970s and especially since the 1990s. However, despite this evolution, it is only recently that scholars have started researching here and particularly the legal aspects of female migration. Migrant women are not a homogeneous group. There are different kinds with different legal statuses : emigrants and immigrants, citizens of one country and citizens of two or more countries, regular and irregular, forced and voluntary, temporary and permanent, minors and adults etc. The rights of each kind of migrant woman depend on her legal and social status. The socio-legal condition of Moroccan women residing abroad is not the same as that of immigrant women living in Morocco. But, not all these migrant women enjoy their complete rights. Most migrant women face oppression as women and as foreign nationals. Migration has an impact on women who move and on their rights, but also on the socio-legal condition of some women who do not move. This is the case, for instance, of some Moroccan women who stay behind after their men have left. This paper deals with the rights of migrant women and the practice of these rights. It analyses, first, the socio-legal condition of Moroccan women residing abroad, then, second, that of the immigrant women living in Morocco and, finally the impact of migration on women and on their rights.

ÖZBu tez, Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası'nın (AGSP), Avrupa güvenlik bütünleşmesine Avrupa Birliği'nin uluslararası aktörlüğü ve güvenilirliğini arttırmak suretiyle yaptığı katkıları analiz etmektedir. Tezin ana argümanı, AGSP'nin Avrupa bütünleşmesinin son safhası olarak değerlendirilebileceği, ancak, AB'nin ve üye ülkelerin (özellikle üç büyük Avrupa gücü olan Birleşik Krallık, Fransa ve Almanya'nın) bunu başarmak için yapmaları gereken daha çok şey olduğudur. AGSP'nin gelecekteki rolünü değerlendirmek için, üye devletlerin Avrupa güvenliğindeki rolüyle birlikte değişen güvenlik algılamaları ve Avrupa güvenlik ve savunma bütünleşmesinin tarihi gelişimi birinci bölümde incelenmektedir. Soğuk Savaş dinamikleri ve AB'nin ortaklaşa hareket etmekteki yetersizliği daha bağımsız bir Avrupa güvenlik ve savunma oluşumuna yönelik engeller olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İkinci bölüm, güvenliğin Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönüşümünü ve güvenlik ve savunma alanında üye devletler arasında AB düzeyindeki işbirliğini irdelemektedir. Ayrıca, Sovyet tehdidinin elimine edilmesinin, Avrupa'nın yeni güvenlik ajanı olarak, AB'ye dünya siyasetindeki rolünü arttırmaya yönelik bir fırsat sağladığını göstermekle beraber, yetersiz askeri imkanların, NATO çatısı altında Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Kimliğinin geliştirilmesiyle birlikte, Birliğin NATO ve ABD varlıklarına olan bağımlılığını arttırdığını savunmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, üye ülkelerin Avrupa savunma bütünleşmesine katkıları irdelenirken, 1998 tarihli St. Malo Zirvesi ve sonrasında AB'nin daha bütünleşmiş bir AGSP yaratmaya yönelik ümit verici çabalarına rağmen, başlıca üye devletlerin kesişen ve çatışan çıkarlarının AGSP'nin Birlik içindeki yetersiz rolünü ve gelişimini büyük oranda belirlediği tartışılmaktadır. Sınırlı askeri imkanlara ve ülke çıkarları bağlamında üye devletlerin çekincelerine bağlı olarak AGSP'nin görece zayıf performansının hala devam ettiğine işaret edildikten sonra, oldukça büyük ekonomik güce sahip bir Avrupa'nın dünya siyasetinde ağırlığını arttırmak için daha etkin bir güvenlik ve savunma politikasına ihtiyaç duyduğunun altı çizilmektedir.ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the contribution that the ESDP brings to European security integration through increasing the EU's international actorness and credibility. Its major argument is that the ESDP can be regarded as the last phase of European security integration, nevertheless, the EU and its member states (especially the three major European powers; the UK, France and Germany) need to do more for achieving this. Changing security perceptions and historical evolution of European security and defence integration, as well as the Member States' role in European security, are explored in the first chapter, to assess the potential role of the ESDP. Cold War dynamics and the EU's inability to act unanimously are defined as barriers to the development of a more autonomous European security and defence formation. The second chapter scrutinizes the post-Cold War transformation of security and the cooperation between the Member States in the fields of security and defence at the EU level. It further reveals that although the elimination of Soviet threat gave opportunity to the EU to increase its role in world politics as a new security agent in Europe, lack of military capabilities increased the Union's dependency on NATO and the US assets along with the development of the ESDI within NATO framework. In the third chapter, in analysing the role of major Member States' contribution to European defence integration, it is argued that despite the EU's encouraging efforts to create a more concrete ESDP after the St. Malo Summit of 1998, the intersection and competition of major Member States' interests largely define the insufficient role and development of the ESDP. After indicating that the relatively weak performance of the ESDP still continues due to limited military capabilities and the Member States' reservations regarding their national interests, it is underlined that a Europe with significant economic power also needs an effective security and defence policy to increase its weight in world politics.

La resistencia a los antibióticos es un problema de salud internacional que atañe a los gobiernos, lo que los obliga a tomar medidas sanitarias, evaluar costos en la producción y distribución de medicamentos y alertar sobre la necesidad de implementar campañas informativas para la erradicación de los vectores que producen las enfermedades infecciosas. La disminución progresiva en la efectividad de los antibióticos de elección enfatiza la necesidad de producir nuevas drogas y formas farmacéuticas1. Los péptidos antimicrobianos han sido aislados de especies de todos los reinos y son clasificados de acuerdo a su estructura de motivos aminoacídicos. Algunos péptidos antimicrobianos constituyen el producto de largos períodos de co-evolución de organismos superiores con microorganismos y son considerados como la primera línea de defensa inmunológica. Los péptidos antimicrobianos presentan un amplio espectro de interacciones con las membranas biológicas de los microorganismos con el fin de lisar las células. En general, son secuencias aminoacídicas cortas de entre 12 y 100 unidades y usualmente catiónicos, con una carga positiva neta (entre +2 y +9), anfipáticos y se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en la naturaleza. En el año 2004 fue descripta una base de datos "The Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) (aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php)" y posteriormente su segunda versión (APD2), que permitió a los usuarios buscar las familias peptídicas; por ejemplo, bacteriocinas, ciclótidos y defensinas; así como también encontrar el origen del péptido: peces, batracios y aves, péptidos modificados post-traduccionalmente (amidación, oxidación, lipidación, glicosilación de D-amino ácidos, etc.), además de identificar los blancos de unión de los péptidos: membranas, proteínas, ADN/ARN, lipopolisacáridos o azúcares2. Finalmente, la base de datos contiene información para la predicción de péptidos y el diseño de los mismos y provee de conexiones para acceder a las otras bases de datos. ; Antibiotic resistance is a main problem of international health that concerns the governments to work on sanitary regulation, evaluate costs in the production and distribution of medicines and develop information campaigns in order to eradicate the vectors that produce infectious diseases. The progressive overuse of antibiotics generates microbial resistance and reinforce the need to produce new drugs and pharmaceutical forms1. Anti-microbial peptides have been isolated from species of all kingdoms and are classified according to the structure of their aminoacidic motifs. Some antimicrobial peptides constitute the product of several periods of co-evolution of superior organisms with microorganisms and are considered as the first line of immunological defense. Anti-microbial peptides showed a wide spectrum of interactions with the cell membranes of microorganisms in order to produce cellular lysis. In general, they are short amino acid sequences of 12 to 100 units and usually cationic, with a net positive charge (between +2 and +9) and amphipathic. They are widely distributed in nature. In 2004, it was described "The Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) (aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php)" and its second version (APD2), allowed to search for peptidic families such as bacteriocins, ciclotides and defensins; peptide sources including post-translational modified peptides such as lipidation, glycosylation of D-amino acids and; peptide targets such as membranes, proteins, ADN/ARN, lipopolysaccharides or sugars2. Finally, the database contains information for the prediction and design of peptides and provides links to other databases. ; Fil: Sánchez, Mercedes Leonor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentina

¿Cuánto y cómo el sistema educativo argentino ha asumido su compromiso internacional de enseñar los derechos humanos? ¿Qué distancias y distorsiones ha habido entre las prescripciones curriculares y las prácticas pedagógicas de las escuelas? Este artículo considera algunos matices condicionantes de la enseñanza de los derechos humanos en Argentina. Para ello desarrolla un somero recorrido genealógico por el proceso de inserción curricular de los derechos humanos como contenido específico, controvertido y polifacético de la educación primaria y secundaria, en relación con los debates políticos de cada momento, a lo largo de casi siete décadas, desde 1949 hasta la actualidad. En función de aproximarse al currículo real de las escuelas, el texto incluye algunos testimonios de docentes de diferentes regiones, que expresan sus enfoques y dudas en relación con este contenido y los criterios para su enseñanza. Finalmente, al autor reseña algunos riesgos y tensiones en las modalidades de inserción curricular y las políticas públicas desarrolladas en los últimos años para incluir el abordaje de los derechos humanos en el sistema educativo formal de la Argentina. ; How and how much has the Argentine education system assumed its international commitment to teach human rights? What distances and distortions have there been between curricular requirements and pedagogical practices of schools? This article considers some conditioning nuances of human rights teaching in Argentina. For this, it develops a brief genealogical journey through the process of curricular integration of human rights as specific, controversial and multi-faceted content of the elementary and secondary education, in relation with the political debate of each moment, over the course of nearly seven decades, from 1949 to the present. In order to analyze the actual curriculum of schools, the article includes some testimonies of teachers from different regions. They share their approaches and doubts in relation with this content and the criteria for its teaching. Finally, the author reviews some risks and tensions in curricular integration modalities and public policies developed in recent years so as to include the human rights approach in the formal education system in Argentina. ; Quando e como o sistema educacional argentino tomou o seu compromisso internacional de educação em direitos humanos? Quais distâncias e distorções têm estado entre as prescrições curriculares e práticas pedagógicas de escolas? Este artigo considera alguns nuances que condicionam a educação dos direitos humanos na Argentina. Desenvolve-se um caminho genealógico do processo de inclusão curricular dos direitos humanos como um conteúdo do ensino primário e secundário específico, controverso e com muitas facetas, relativos aos debates políticos de cada momento, ao longo de quase sete décadas, desde 1949 até o presente. Com a ideia de aproximar-se do currículo real das escolas, o texto inclui alguns testemunhos de professores de diferentes regiões, expressando as suas abordagens e dúvidas relacionadas com este conteúdo e os critérios para seu ensino. Finalmente, o autor descreve alguns riscos e tensões nas modalidades de integração curricular e políticas públicas desenvolvidas nos últimos anos para incluir a abordagem dos direitos humanos no sistema de ensino formal da Argentina. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The article discusses the impact of the external macro environment for the formation marketing commodity policy agricultural enterprises. On the analyzed both external macro for any agricultural enterprise can open new opportunities and create new threats. Since, then the macro is uncontrolled enterprise should be guided well in it, it track changes and react quickly to them. If any changes which may create for the agricultural enterprises more favorable conditions for the production or marketing, it must make definite adjustments in the strategy of its activities, in order to make the most of these conditions. External power macro and carry a threat to the company, whereas one should take measures to prevent and reduce the negative impact on them. The problem and the necessary conditions of the commercial policy of agricultural enterprises. The basic problems of development of commercial policy for businesses and current conditions. Soundly the necessity of forming marketing commodity policy agricultural enterprises, taking into account the needs and behavior of consumers, promote agricultural products on the market. The main link macro environment that to some extent affect are: economic, natural and environmental, information, scientific, technical, political, legal, socio-cultural and international environment. ; В статье рассмотрено влияние внешней макросреды на формирование маркетинговой товарной политики сельскохозяйственных предприятий. Проанализировано, как внешняя макросреда для любого сельскохозяйственного предприятия может открывать новые возможности или создавать новые угрозы. Поскольк, макросреда является неконтролируемой, то предприятие должно хорошо ориентироваться в ней, отслеживать изменения и быстро реагировать на них. Если какие-либо изменения могут создать для сельскохозяйственного предприятия благоприятные условия для производства или сбыта продукции, оно должно внести определенные коррективы в стратегию своей деятельности для того, чтобы максимально использовать эти условия. Внешние силы макросреды несут в себе и угрозы для предприятия, тогда нужно принимать меры, чтобы предотвратить и уменьшить их негативное влияние. Рассмотрены задачи и необходимые условия формирования товарной политики сельскохозяйственных предприятий. Проанализированы основные проблемы разработки товарной политики для предприятий в современных условиях. Главными звеньями макросреды, которые в той или иной степени влияют на предприятия, являются: экономическая, естественно-экологическая, информационная, научно-техническая, политико-правовая, социально-культурная и международная среды. ; У статті розглянуто вплив зовнішнього макросередовища на формування маркетингової товарної політики сільськогосподарських підприємств. Проаналізовано, як зовнішнє макросередовище для будь-якого сільськогосподарського підприємства може відкривати нові можливості або створювати нові загрози. Оскільки макросередовище є неконтрольованим, то підприємство мусить добре орієнтуватися в ньому, відстежувати його зміни та швидко реагувати на них. Якщо будь-якi зміни можуть створити для сільськогосподарського підприємства сприятливіші умови для виробництва або збуту продукції, воно повинно внести певні корективи в стратегію своєї діяльності для того, щоб максимально використати ці умови. Зовнішні сили макросередовища несуть у собі й загрози для підприємства, тоді потрібно вживати заходів, щоб їх запобігти i зменшити їх негативний вплив. Розглянуто завдання і необхідні умови формування товарної політики сільськогосподарських підприємств. Проаналізовано основні проблеми розробки товарної політики для підприємств у сучасних умовах. Основними ланками макросередовища, що тією чи іншою мірою впливають на підприємства, є: економічне, природно-екологічне, інформаційне, науково-технічне, політико-правове, соціально-культурне і міжнародне середовище.

How and how much has the Argentine education system assumed its international commitment to teach human rights? What distances and distortions have there been between curricular requirements and pedagogical practices of schools? This article considers some conditioning nuances of human rights teaching in Argentina. For this, it develops a brief genealogical journey through the process of curricular integration of human rights as specific, controversial and multi-faceted content of the elementary and secondary education, in relation with the political debate of each moment, over the course of nearly seven decades, from 1949 to the present. In order to analyze the actual curriculum of schools, the article includes some testimonies of teachers from different regions. They share their approaches and doubts in relation with this content and the criteria for its teaching. Finally, the author reviews some risks and tensions in curricular integration modalities and public policies developed in recent years so as to include the human rights approach in the formal education system in Argentina. ; ¿Cuánto y cómo el sistema educativo argentino ha asumido su compromiso internacional de enseñar los derechos humanos? ¿Qué distancias y distorsiones ha habido entre las prescripciones curriculares y las prácticas pedagógicas de las escuelas? Este artículo considera algunos matices condicionantes de la enseñanza de los derechos humanos en Argentina. Para ello desarrolla un somero recorrido genealógico por el proceso de inserción curricular de los derechos humanos como contenido específico, controvertido y polifacético de la educación primaria y secundaria, en relación con los debates políticos de cada momento, a lo largo de casi siete décadas, desde 1949 hasta la actualidad. En función de aproximarse al currículo real de las escuelas, el texto incluye algunos testimonios de docentes de diferentes regiones, que expresan sus enfoques y dudas en relación con este contenido y los criterios para su enseñanza. Finalmente, al autor reseña algunos riesgos y tensiones en las modalidades de inserción curricular y las políticas públicas desarrolladas en los últimos años para incluir el abordaje de los derechos humanos en el sistema educativo formal de la Argentina. ; Quando e como o sistema educacional argentino tomou o seu compromisso internacional de educação em direitos humanos? Quais distâncias e distorções têm estado entre as prescrições curriculares e práticas pedagógicas de escolas? Este artigo considera alguns nuances que condicionam a educação dos direitos humanos na Argentina. Desenvolve-se um caminho genealógico do processo de inclusão curricular dos direitos humanos como um conteúdo do ensino primário e secundário específico, controverso e com muitas facetas, relativos aos debates políticos de cada momento, ao longo de quase sete décadas, desde 1949 até o presente. Com a ideia de aproximar-se do currículo real das escolas, o texto inclui alguns testemunhos de professores de diferentes regiões, expressando as suas abordagens e dúvidas relacionadas com este conteúdo e os critérios para seu ensino. Finalmente, o autor descreve alguns riscos e tensões nas modalidades de integração curricular e políticas públicas desenvolvidas nos últimos anos para incluir a abordagem dos direitos humanos no sistema de ensino formal da Argentina.

Este proyecto de grado se encuentra estructurado en cinco partes, distribuidas así: el primer capítulo, correspondiente al marco teórico, en el cual se destaca el papel de las políticas públicas para la infancia y la adolescencia en la agenda global y la perspectiva de su importante papel en el desarrollo sostenible. El segundo capítulo, se ocupa de presentar el marco normativo internacional y nacional que se ha desarrollo en torno a la infancia y adolescencia. Posteriormente, se describe la metodología empleada y el marco de referencia que se utilizó para el diseño de la política pública. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta el diagnóstico situacional de la primera infancia, la infancia y la adolescencia en el Municipio la Esperanza y el Plan de Gestión de la política pública. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones, recomendaciones y lecciones aprendidas en el proceso de investigación adelantada en el Taller de Grado de la Maestría de Políticas Públicas y Desarrollo de la UNAB ; INTRODUCCIÓN 1 POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS, INFANCIA, ADOLESCENCIA Y DESARROLLO 6 Desarrollo sostenible 6 Políticas públicas 10 LA INFANCIA Y LA ADOLESCENCIA EN LA NORMATIVIDAD NACIONAL E INTERNACIONAL 16 Marco Normativo Internacional 16 Marco Normativo y jurisprudencial nacional 20 ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS 27 POLÍTICA PÚBLICA PARA LA INFANCIA Y LA ADOLESCENCIA DEL MUNICIPIO LA ESPERANZA. 35 Generalidades del municipio 35 Población y distribución por rangos de edad 36 Población por rangos de edad distribuida por sexo 37 Diagnóstico situacional de los derechos de existencia 38 Agua y saneamiento básico 39 Vivienda y hogares 40 Salud 41 Indicadores de Calidad de vida municipal 50 Diagnóstico situacional de los derechos de desarrollo 51 Educación 51 Recreación, cultura y deporte 53 Diagnóstico situacional de los derechos de ciudadanía 54 Diagnóstico situacional de los derechos de protección 55 La Esperanza Soñada por los niños y jóvenes 61 Plan de Gestión de la Política Pública para la primera Infancia, la Infancia y la Adolescencia del Municipio La Esperanza - Norte de Santander. 62 Plan Estratégico 62 Eje No 2. Derechos de Desarrollo 64 Eje 3. Derechos de Ciudadanía. 68 Eje No 4. Derechos de Protección. 70 Seguimiento y evaluación 73 CONCLUSIONES, RECOMENDACIONES Y LECCIONES APRENDIDAS 76 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 80 ; Maestría ; This degree project is structured in five parts, distributed as follows: the first chapter, corresponding to the theoretical framework, which highlights the role of public policies for childhood and adolescence in the global agenda and the perspective of its important role in sustainable development. The second chapter deals with presenting the international and national regulatory framework that has developed around childhood and adolescence. Subsequently, the methodology used and the frame of reference used for the design of public policy are described. In the fourth chapter, the situational diagnosis of early childhood, childhood and adolescence in the Municipality of La Esperanza and the Public Policy Management Plan are presented. Finally, the conclusions, recommendations and lessons learned in the research process advanced in the Degree Workshop of the Master of Public Policies and Development of the UNAB are presented.

International audience ; In Old Men in Love (2007), a book he has himself described as his last novel (but by no means his last book) Alasdair Gray relies heavily on intertextuality and self-reference in order to create a self-pastiche that is also consistent with an update of his political project, a project which dates back to his earliest writings, and which is provided with a theoretical framework in Why Scots Should Rule Scotland (1992). The new novel manages to combine the ontological disturbances and other postmodern tricks that have made his works famous with his unchanged humanist vision and project. The numerous narratives, rewrites and hence mouthpieces it creates, as well as the novel's pact of reading based on rewriting allow Gray to concentrate on how admittedly stable historical categories can be challenged by contemporary events and writing. In a book that insists on the organic nature of all creation with its extended metaphor of writing as landscape / as body, Gray indicates what role and what responsibility literature has in the depiction of, as well as the creation of a particular world picture, reminding the reader with the help of his protagonist John Tunnock that his "field is historical sociology". His re-historicised world, which places literature firmly at the core of his societal and historical reflection, focuses on the cardinal issues of justice and democracy, two issues which Gray has always integrated into his artistic project. ; Résumé en Français:Avec Old Men in Love (2007) que l'auteur a décrit comme son dernier roman (mais non son dernier livre), Alasdair Gray propose un projet ambitieusement intertextuel et sui-référentiel afin de créer un pastiche de son œuvre qui soit également une mise à jour de sa réflexion politique, laquelle remonte à ses premiers écrits et notamment à son pamphlet de 1992 Why Scots Should Rule Scotland. Ce nouveau roman parvient à mêler brouillages ontologiques et autres procédés postmodernes qui ont rendu célèbre leur auteur avec un projet et une vision humanistes qui eux aussi perdurent. Les nombreuses narrations, récritures et par conséquent les nombreux porte-parole que crée ce roman, ainsi que le pacte de lecture fondé sur la réécriture, permettent à Gray de se pencher sur le sujet de la stabilité bien fragile de l'Histoire lorsque cette dernière se voit confrontée aux événements contemporains. Dans ce roman postulant l'organicité de la création à travers la métaphore de l'écriture comme paysage et comme corps à la fois, Gray souligne le rôle et les devoirs de la littérature lorsqu'elle dépeint mais aussi crée le monde contemporain, rappelant au lecteur par le biais de son protagoniste John Tunnock que son « champ d'étude est la sociologie de l'histoire ». L'univers re-historicisé qu'il propose et dans lequel il n'omet pas la littérature comme agent de réflexion, se concentre sur les questions de justice et de démocratie, lesquelles se sont toujours situées au cœur de son projet artistique.

In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated Nicaraguan agriculture. Approximately 5,000 people died and 61,376 families living in the central northern and southeastern areas of the country were affected. Seed sources were decimated as fertile topsoil was washed away and erosion and sedimentation severely damaged the ecosystem. In order to satisfy the high demand for seed in emergency situations, both aide organizations and farmers, lacking technical seed knowledge, resorted to purchasing grain of doubtful quality. This lack of consideration for seed quality control has a negative impact on the farmers. Nicaraguan government agencies together with the Seed Improvement Project (PROMESA-USAID) carried out a seed production program in the humid mountainous areas during the Apante season. Seed producers were organized into regional associations to enable them to deal with emergency seed supply and production situations as well as promote the introduction of new varieties. Through this program, 654 seed producers were able to produce a total of 9,750 quintals of 'apta' grade seed with an average yield of 1.3 t/ha (20 quintals per 7,000 m2). In cooperation with the Nicaraguan Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, agricultural aide packages containing seed, fertilizer and $30 in cash were distributed to 8,970 families. The agricultural aide packages, whose objective was to help the farmers achieve good harvests in the 1999 Primera crop cycle, comprise an essential strategy to eliminate dependency on distribution of food supplies. ; En octubre de 1999, la agricultura nicaragüense fue afectada por los efectos del huracán Mitch. 5,000 personas perdieron la vida y 61,376 familias fueron afectadas, en los departamentos de la zona nor-central y suroeste de Nicaragua. Organismos gubernamentales y El Proyecto de Mejoramiento de Semillas, PROMESA-USAID se plantearon el objetivo de producir semilla durante la siembra de apante comprendida del mes de noviembre a marzo en las zonas de alta humedad. Se realizaron acciones con la organización de productores de semilla, en asociaciones regionales de cara a enfrentar situaciones de emergencia en el abastecimiento, producción de semilla y promoción de nuevas variedades. Bajo este plan se pudieron obtener un total de 9.750 quintales de semilla, categoría apta, con la participación de 654 productores, el rendimiento promedio obtenido fue de 1,3 t/ha (20 qq /7.000 m2). Se estableció un programa de cooperación con la Cruz Roja Nicaragüense y la Federación Internacional de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja y la Media Luna Roja. Se logró dar cobertura a 8.970 familias con el paquete de ayuda agrícola, consistiendo en semilla, fertilizante y $30.00 US en efectivo. El paquete de apoyo agrícola es una estrategia esencial para salir de la dependencia sobre distribuciones alimentarias, y su meta fue ayudar a los agricultores para lograr buenas cosechas en la siembra de primera de 1999. El abastecimiento de semilla recurriendo a la compra de grano, cuya calidad es dudosa por la falta de conocimientos técnicos sobre semilla, conlleva a perjudicar a los agricultores.

In today's world, the decision-making process of urban development in the context of its economic development is implemented by governments, local authorities, international organizations or private bodies, as well as officials, based on a wealth of information, analytical data and scientific assumptions. According to the author, the main challenge in planning and making adjustments to existing documents, such as a city development plan, is the lack of a holistic picture and general theoretical models that could be used by the above institutions and officials in practice. Undoubtedly, in this scientific work we are only making the first step towards building such a model. That is why it is advisable to start by analyzing existing data and accepted models in order to have a clear picture of the situation and to take further steps towards the creation of a common urbanization model, taking into account environmental, industrial and other contemporary challenges, without repeating the mistakes of existing models and systems, and focus on the practical implementation of such a model and direction for the future.The problem of inconsistency of the existing norms and regulations in Ukraine, concerning the rational and effective land use and planning in the long term, is noted. The author places an emphasis why economics in the context of urbanization needs a new look. The author studies as a city planning case, the of the city of Kyiv, as such that it is possible to develop and develop a new approach that will solve the existing problems of urbanization and positively influence the development of the economy of the city and the region.Urbanization is an important factor in the development of the economy of the city and the state, which to some extent does not directly dictate the path of development of the micro- and macroeconomics of the regions. Under this condition's globalization can play a significant role in influencing them. The issues of suburban areas development, industrialization, post-industrialization, environmental problems, and issues of the continued existence and development of agricultural regions bordering urban centers (urban agglomerations) cannot be excluded.Keywords: urbanization, economics, modern city problems, land management, zoning, spatial planning, strategic planning ; Анотація: У сучасному світі процес прийняття рішень про розбудову міста в контексті його економічного розвитку реалізується урядами країн, місцевими органами влади, міжнародними організаціями чи приватними установами, а також посадовими особами, на основі великої кількості інформації, аналітичних даних та наукових припущень. На думку автора, основним викликом при плануванні та внесенні коректив до існуючих документів, наприклад, таких як план розвитку міста, є відсутність цілісної картини та загальних теоретичних моделей, які можна було б використати вищезазначеними інституціями та посадовими особами на практиці. Безперечно, у цій науковій праці ми робимо лише перший крок на шляху до побудови такої моделі. Саме тому, доцільно почати з аналізу існуючих даних і прийнятих моделей, щоб мати чітке уявлення про стан речей та розробити подальші кроки на шляху до створення загальної моделі урбанізації, з врахуванням екологічних, індустріальних та інших сучасних викликів, не повторюючи помилок існуючих моделей та систем, а сфокусуватися на практичному впровадженні такої моделі і напрямку дослідження в майбутньому. Відзначено проблему невідповідності існуючих норм і регламентів в Україні, тих що стосуються раціонального та ефективного землекористування і планування у довгостроковій перспективі. Автор обґрунтовує, чому саме економіка в контексті урбанізації потребує нового погляду. Наводить, як приклад, планування міста Києва, як таке що можна розвивати та розробити новий підхід, який дозволить вирішити існуючі проблеми урбанізації і позитивно вплинути на розвиток економіки міста та регіону. Урбанізація - це важливий фактор розвитку економіки міста та держави у цілому, котрий певною мірою не напряму диктує шлях розвитку мікро- та макроекономіки регіонів, що в умовах глобалізації може відігравати значну роль. Не можна виключати з поля зору і питання розвитку приміських зон, індустріалізацію, пост-індустріалізацію, екологічні проблеми та питання подальшого існування та розвитку сільськогосподарських регіонів, які межують з урбаністичним центрами (міськими агломераціями).Ключові слова: урбанізація, економіка, сучасні проблеми міст, управління земельними ресурсами, зонування, просторове планування, стратегічне планування.

The last Sochi Economic Forum emphasized that the Russian business failed to have a full realization of the fact that the world has changed. It became more Asian. The number of those who attended the block revolved around economic sanctions against Russia, manifold exceeded the audient of the Asian block, and lectures met this fact with raised eyebrows. After all, development of Russian business, in general, had an emigration nature: originally any business person went to the USA or in Europe as a tourist, looked about, launched a company and, simultaneously, got a residence permit, set up any simple operations, made new connections, relocated children for permanent residence and education, and, eventually, mean to live peaceful and secure old age at the place of "registration" of the company. As regards Asia, the situation is much trickier. The Russian business and political elite are not ready to relocate for permanent residence in China, Malaysia, Singapore or Korea. Nor yet they are ready to send their children to get education there, and, certainly, not regard Asia as a place for spending peaceful and secure old age. The radical swing in Russian policy and the whole Eurasian Community to Asia is very severe blow to Russian elite which resulted in absolute disorientation of the trend. One should not pull funds in Asia but will have to work in tough competitive environment, occasionally analogues to the sweating system. It is obvious that the domestic elite were not ready for such thrust of efforts and means. Meanwhile, in our opinion, the turn to Asia can result in change of business elite in Russia as while "the old elite" will feel concern about closing off the North Atlantic loopholes, "the new elite" which are competitive on the Asian markets, can gain a lead. The science does not stand still as well. For example, the Russian Academic Journal which a long time ago obtained an international status and has been put in the world scientific databases, now is issuing in Chinese as well … Who else in contemporary Russia but for advanced subject-oriented research centers is thinking about publishing research papers of Russian scientists in Chinese? And "GAZelle-Business" for a long time is engaging employees with knowledge of Asian languages. It is not worth to be frightened of Asia, it is more stable than meets the eye, and the world investment funds, at least in the short term, should preclude stirring the plot, containing changes by all means. If we analyze negotiations between representatives of investment funds allied to the Rothschild, effected in Hong Kong, and the conclusions that the regime of Kim Jong-un should be supported by all means, if otherwise both Koreas will make a junction, in which event the South Korea will have to rebuild the destroyed and hunger bitten North Korea, and this will result in deprecation of American investments, it should be obvious that at present it is difficult to find no more comfortable haven for rapid growth of capital than Asia … However issuing houses and political leaders of America can take a different view of the problem. In the soonest possible time, when supporters of Tibet independence will suddenly announce their need for independence, and students from Hong Kong, in the same words as their colleagues from the Ukrainian Maidan will broadcast in CNN about their commitment to democracy and changes, the world community will be able to see a hard-line response of the USA to China. The first attempts to come to the protest action just with umbrellas, resulted in unusual hysteria in worldwide mass media that in China "the Umbrella Revolution" started. However China, as well as other Asian Tigers, will withstand, but their relations with America will be harmed, not least because ceremonies marking the 65 anniversary of formation of the People's Republic of China have been setup and it's more than likely that this to an even greater degree will deposit Asia in Russia's arm. It's time to make use of mistakes made by somebody else.

Las provincias de Buenos Aires, La Pampa y Río Negro modificaron sus leyes de patrimonio luego del retorno de la democracia siguiendo una tendencia común en todo el país. No obstante, estas normas no se adecuan a la legislación nacional, ya que fueron dictadas con anterioridad a la Ley Nacional 25.743 y, en el caso de Buenos Aires, su norma es anterior a la reforma de las constituciones nacional y provincial. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es efectuar un estudio comparativo de la legislación patrimonial en estas tres provincias, en relación con la normativa nacional y las nuevas perspectivas aplicables a la protección del patrimonio cultural a nivel internacional. Más allá de las significativas diferencias entre las normas bajo estudio, se observa que subyace en ellas una visión cientificista y tradicional del patrimonio, ya que hace abstracción de su contexto social y cultural. La adopción de una visión integral y holística del patrimonio -que contemple al paisaje como unidad de protección-, la inclusión de nuevos grupos de interés en su gestión y del público, como destinatario y partícipe de su preservación, se proponen como estrategias para superar las debilidades mencionadas. ; The provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa and Río Negro have changed their heritage laws after the return of democracy, following a common trend across the country. However, these rules do not conform to national legislation because they were enacted before National Law 25.743 and, in the case of Buenos Aires province, the provincial law was passed prior to the reform of the National and Provincial Constitutions. In this context, the aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative study of the heritage laws in these three provinces in relation to the new national legislation and to the new perspectives applied to the protection of cultural heritage at an international level. Beyond the significant differences between the laws under study, they share a scientific and traditional view of heritage, irrespective of its social and cultural context. The adoption of a comprehensive and holistic view of heritage that includes the landscape as a unit of protection, and the inclusion of new stakeholders in their management and the public, as the recipient and participant in its preservation, are proposed as strategies to overcome the above mentioned weaknesses. ; Fil: Endere, Maria Luz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Mariano, Carolina Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Conforti, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Mariano, Carolina Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina