Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the microfinance involvement of women's household decision making.The cross sectional data for this study is collected by using questionnaires.Using random sampling, 744 households are selected from female clients of Khushhali Bank and National Rural Support Program in Bahawalpur Division, Pakistan. We used the multinomial Logit and multinomial Probit model.The results show the woman's borrowers are more empower than women no borrowers.The coefficient of the loan size increases woman's household making empowerment. This paper is intended to be a valuable contribution in term of socio- economic and political arena.

Reporting on foreigners in magazines and newspapers of the Federal
Republic.

Topics: 1. Formal aspects: magazine or newspaper name; date of
publication; number of the article taken from the edition; number of
first page; placement on page; extent; series part; category;
information on title or headline; authorship; article genre; layout and
presentation; language level of article; attitude of author to topic.

2. Topic and content aspect: sources of information of the article;
manner of presentation; spatial reference; time reference; foreigner
group; group articulating itself in the article; main topic of the
article; reports about foreigner crime, criminal offenses, culprits,
crime victims and causes of crime; contents of sensationalism articles
as well as reports on discrimination against foreigners, political
inflitration and political dangers from foreigners; foreigners and
women; foreigners and health problems; topics of good-will reports;
integration as a topic; foreigners as vehicle of culture; topics of
non-fiction articles; causes and motives of migration; contents of
reports about country of origin; statistical information; reports about
political interest and political participation of foreigners; reports
about social problems of foreigners; information about family
questions; information about foreign children and young people; housing
problems; support measures reported on and support organizations;
reports about accidents, accident frequency and causes of accidents;
rights of foreigners; information about the attitude of the German
population to foreigners; job market reports and reports aout the
economic situation; assessment and evaluation of national economy and
business management aspects of foreigner employment; occupational
trainers and qualification; statement about adaptation to industrial
work and frequency of change of job; foreigners as competition for
German workers; demands of the author raised in the article;
characteristics attributed to foreigners in the article.

Also encoded was: assessment of the ease of encoding by the coder.

THE EUROPEAN UNION'S COMMITTEE OF PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES HAS EVOLVED A DISTINCT STYLE OF DECISION MAKING. THE MAIN FEATURES INCLUDE: DIFFUSE RECIPROCITY, THICK TRUST, A CONSENSUS-REFLEX, AND A CULTURE OF COMPROMISE. THESE FEATURES SUGGEST A NEED TO REFINE THEORIES OF EU DECISION MAKING TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE SOCIALITY AND NORMATIVE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH INTERESTS ARE DEFINED AND DEFENDED. A ROBUST LEVEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE RIVALRY ALSO EXISTS AMONG EU PREPARATORY COMMITTEES OPERATING WITHIN THE COUNCIL'S INFRASTRUCTURE, WHICH CAN HAVE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES FOR THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THE RIVALRY IS ESPECIALLY PRONOUNCED OVER THE COMPETENCIES FOR PILLARS TWO (COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY) AND THREE (JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS).

How do young adults decide to become parents or to remain childless? Is this an individual choice, a couple's decision or are there other social influences involved, such as social networks? Using a mixed-methods design, Sylvia Keim combines problem-centred interviews and network data collected among young adults in western Germany. The author shows that personal relations strongly influence the perceptions, attitudes, and plans individuals express concerning parenthood. She identifies basic mechanisms and channels of social influence as well as relevant network structures.

PurposeAlthough there is general agreement that employee participation in decision-making (PDM) has individual and organizational benefits, an important question remains about the possibility that it may also have certain individual and organizational costs as well. This article presents an "episodic process model" that accounts for both the bright and possible dark sides of participation. The model explains how PDM might boost employee hope and self-efficacy, which in turn may lead to two distinct work outcomes–job satisfaction and behavior.Design/methodology/approachIn order to test the model, data (n = 269) were collected from bank employees in two waves. A variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to analyze the data.FindingsResults from variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) show that employee PDM indeed exerts a positive impact on positive psychological resource capacities: hope, self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Hope, in turn, has a positive influence on job satisfaction and a negative influence on job-search behavior. Bias-corrected bootstrapping analysis demonstrated that the relationship between employee PDM and job satisfaction is mediated by hope.Originality/valueInsights for practitioners in a developing economy and possible areas of future research are highlighted.

__Abstract__ Privatisation poses challenges to the manner in which public values, such as accessibility, affordability, reliability, safety and sustainability, can be secured. In liberal societies the state, legitimised through democratic elections (input legitimacy) and the rule of law upheld by courts (output legitimacy), was traditionally regarded as the entity responsible for securing such values – although these values were perceived rather thinly. During the second half of the 20th century, with the role of the state expanding and public values conceived more thickly, the perception emerged that democratic elections and courts upholding the rule of law were not sufficient for legitimising the exercise of public power by states and that concerned members of the public should play a direct role in securing public values. As a result, public participation in the national context – here defined as consisting of the following elements: transparency (including access to information), public participation in decision-making, and access to courts or court-like institutions – emerged as a tool for securing public values, as well as checking, and thereby legitimising (input legitimacy), the exercise of public power by the state.

Many real‐world planning and decision problems are far too uncertain, too variable, and too complicated to support realistic mathematical models. Nonetheless, we explain the usefulness, in these situations, of qualitative insights from mathematical decision theory. We demonstrate the integration of info‐gap robustness in decision problems in which surprise and ignorance are predominant and where personal and collective psychological factors are critical. We present practical guidelines for employing adaptable‐choice strategies as a proxy for robustness against uncertainty. These guidelines include being prepared for more surprises than we intuitively expect, retaining sufficiently many options to avoid premature closure and conflicts among preferences, and prioritizing outcomes that are steerable, whose consequences are observable, and that do not entail sunk costs, resource depletion, or high transition costs. We illustrate these concepts and guidelines with the example of the medical management of the 2003 SARS outbreak in Vietnam.

The effects of various decision‐making team sizes in a complex business game were studied. Firm size was associated with nonlinear performance results and decision curves resulting in differential learning outcomes, learning sources, attrition rates, and decisionmaking behaviors. A three‐member format produced the highest learning levels while two‐member firms experienced only marginally significant knowledge increases. Single‐member firms experienced the most bankruptcies and dropouts. A contingency view of gaming effectiveness is suggested.

Political culture as a concept for empirical political analysis has been so promiscuously employed within the political sciences as to render it meaningless. In an effort to locate some basic structural principles that will reorient political culture studies in a more constructive direction, six case studies from a classic compendium in the field are analyzed in comparative perspective. The resulting models of the several political cultures can be integrated with formal political decision-making models to provide the foundation for a formal theory of cultural rationality.

AbstractManagerial decisions involving complex tradeoffs were examined using a scenariobased survey instrument, developed from the Kinston's work on ethical choice. Respondents indicated the extent to which each of seven ethical considerations would effect their decisions. Four considerations were end‐oriented (teleo‐logical): rationalist, experientialist, systemicist, transcendentalist, and three means‐oriented (deontological): conventionalist, individualist, and legitimist The data suggest that three strong bi‐polar factors with opposing teleological with deontological considerations underlie ethical decision styles. Extensions from the research are also discussed.