Suchergebnisse

Analysis of Social Networks on Multiculturalism: Youtube Reaction Videos Abstract Multiculturalism is one of the most important concepts brought about by the disappearance of borders in the geographical and cultural areas, the acceleration of mobility and information flow in the international arena, and especially in the 20th century. The concept of multiculturalism, which has the ideals of preventing racism and discrimination, increasing tolerance and sensitivity towards differences and providing intercultural interaction, has been moved to a different dimension at the point where today's world has come. Multiculturalism serves cultural processes by gaining meaning in internet environments as a field that allows cultural construction processes to take place. The study aims to contribute to the definition of the concept of multiculturalism at the level of state policies as well as its definition in the digital field. In this direction, it is aimed to reveal the contribution of multiculturalism with examples via YouTube, one of the most used social networks worldwide. On YouTube, the channel containing the reactions of a user of different cultures by watching Turkish music videos and examples from this channel were analyzed using content analysis method. Structured Abstract: The most common interpretation of globalization is the idea that the world has become more homogeneous and standardized through a technological, commercial and cultural synchronization spreading from the West, and that globalization is connected with modernity. Globalization, which is frequently discussed today, is a comprehensive concept that is based on geographical discoveries and extends to the state it has taken under the influence of today's technological developments. In today's world, globalization has turned into a way of life and has become the normal of our daily lives. Globalization in general; the disappearance of national borders, allowing the free movement of goods, services and cultures around the world. Robertson says that globalization is centered around two main orientations. While the first refers to economic interdependence, the other refers to the globalization of institutions, communities and practices (2013: 136). Globalization includes several dimensions. The cultural dimension is among the most important of these. The cultural dimension of globalization can be considered within the scope of transportation, communication and communication as a result of its economic basis. The fact that different parts of the world are in contact with economic purposes has allowed different cultures to get to know each other, and cultures that include small groups to be noticed. Intercultural interaction has reached a high level with digital communication channels. The cultural dimension of globalization has led to the emergence of various concepts. Multiculturalism is one of these concepts. Multiculturalism, as a system of thought, defines the fair promotion of different cultures in the public sphere and the peaceful coexistence of different cultural communities within the same political organization (Dotycheva, 2009:12). In the digital age we live in, every field has a multicultural structure. The fact that communication tools enable universal communication has led to the emergence of social networks. The borderless structure of social networks directly serves multiculturalism. Youtube, chosen as the subject of analysis of the study, is a social network that is visited and content is produced by millions of people around the world. Cultural content is also produced on YouTube, where all kinds of videos can be shared. It allows a culture to introduce itself and spread it from various aspects. It does this effectively with the power of visuality. By accessing the content on this network from all over the world, it is possible to watch videos, obtain information, give feedback and contribute to the expansion of the content by producing. YouTube's "Kingdom of Luke" channel, chosen as the field of study, shows its experiences about different cultures by watching music clips from different countries. While creating content, it does a preliminary research about the video to watch instead of just watching. Considering the five videos selected as a sample, 60% of the videos explain the content and give information about the song. It gives information about the song genre in 40% of the videos. Explains the musical genres that have their own characteristics as "anthem" and "folk song" and indicates their characteristics. The channel owner gives information about the singers in 100% of the videos. Explain what kind of music the singers make, their life, their place and importance in Turkish music. In this way, he gets information about the culture he is foreign to through the artists. It gives historical information on 60% of the pieces. The channel owner makes inferences about culture in 60% of the videos he examines. All of these videos are pieces with historical content. He states that as a result of his viewing experience, he was influenced by pieces with historical content and shared a sense of victory and struggle. This shows that even though it is experienced by different societies, all world rights can develop common feelings in situations such as war, destruction and victory. There are Turkish and English comments in all of the videos and in the comments under the video. This shows that besides being watched by users from Turkey, it is watched by different cultures or that users use the universal language English to appeal to all cultures. Thanks to the video content, a content producer from a different culture gained knowledge as a result of his researches and impressions about the culture he is foreign to; It has made them accessible to millions of people by publishing them on the most used video sharing site all over the world. Many people had the opportunity to access this video, and those who watched the content had the opportunity to have information about Turkish culture. These contents, which contribute to the multicultural structure in the digital field, contribute to the empathy of different cultures with each other and to develop positive thoughts about culture; It emphasizes love and respect by preventing racism and discrimination. Keywords: Social Sciences, Social Networks, Globalization, Multiculturalism, YouTube

It is common ground that in the EU the role of adjudication has always been, and continues to be, more important than in the Member States as the degree of political consensus is much more limited at European level. Therefore, issues which could be decided politically in the Member States had to be solved legally in the European context. At the same time, the authority and legitimacy of European court decisions is more fragile than that of national ones - not only as the EU crucially depends on the collaboration of national administrations and courts for the effective implementation and enforcement of its legal system, but also because the legitimacy of the EU itself as a political entity is more fragile than that of European Nation States, most of which are firmly rooted in democratic traditions and enjoy a considerable degree of political stability. These weaknesses notwithstanding, legal integration in the EC has been a long success story reconstructed by Joseph Weiler and others. Judicial activism led to important progress of the integration process not only in the foundationary period, but also in the years of political stagnation after the 1967 crisis and after the relance of the integration process following the Single Market project 1985. This kind of activism primarily relates to the constitutional foundations of the EC: the structural constitution (i.e. the relationship of European and national law including the famous doctrines of direct effect, supremacy, state li-ability), the substantive constitution (mainly composed of the basic market freedoms, competition law, and the protection of human rights) and the institutional constitution (setting forth the competencies and the rules of interaction of the various European institutions). In these fields, the ECJ has successfully developed the treaties into a full and mostly coherent constitutional system. On the whole, these developments have met the acceptance of Member States and enjoy a sufficient degree of legitimacy. This is probably so because they are primarily related to the initial project of market integration through the abolition of national restrictions and the establishment of a system of undistorted competition - on which there was an initial consensus of all Member States and which has in most cases led to economic benefits for a majority of them. In the case of human rights protection, this only replicated a more or less com-mon standard reflecting common historical and cultural heritage and achievements. Yet, in other areas - specifically in areas covered by European secondary legislation, which the ECJ is bound to administer so to speak as an ordinary court - European adjudication has proven to be far less successful. This is particularly true for the field of European private law which is a relative new-comer to legal harmonisation policy. European private law is characterised by selective European acts limited in scope which aim in most cases at consumer protection and which have to co-exist with a more or less coherent and encom-passing body of national law ("islands and archipelagos in an ocean"). In this constellation, numerous problems exist: First, one finds problems of access and effectiveness of justice, as the most frequent preliminary reference procedure usually lasts more than 2 years and only provides interpretations of European law, without resolving the case - which frequently leads to a "ping-pong" game between European and national courts to the detriment of the parties which has lasted in some cases more than 10 years. Moreover, we are con-fronted with quality problems, as it becomes ever more apparent that the ECJ judges cannot deal convincingly, without a meaningful degree of specialisation, with all legal matters ranging from constitutional to company and tax law. More generally, the usual methodological style of the ECJ, a combination between legal formalism and effect utile-oriented interpretation, is not suited to private law, whose essential task is to balance opposed interests among the parties in a just way. This is particularly so as the overall effects of the combined application of European and national law - which alone determines the outcome of a case - is almost never considered by the ECJ which limits itself to the interpretation of European law only. But there are more structural problems related to the specific characteristics of the field. Due to the fragmentation of European sources, decisions on European acts in private law often concern their scope of applicability and do not lead, unlike in national law, to an ever more precise and coherent systematisation of the field. Specifically, the ECJ is not well suited to decide on dispositive law issues, which typically do not reflect public policy matters, but consists of a balancing of party interests. This requires significant knowledge of the social and economic context of specific types of transactions - knowledge which the ECJ frequently lacks. Taken together, these problems render the effectiveness and legitimacy of European adjudication in private law thin in many instances. A way out from this dilemma is not easy to design in general terms. How-ever, basic provisos may still be formulated: The ECJ should handle private law with caution and more often resort to judicial self restraint. It should be aware of the fact that it is not the suitable court to do the fine-tuning in private law systems and to deliver private law justice (mostly commutative and only exceptionally distributive justice). Correspondingly, it should limit itself to implementing basic European principles such as market freedoms and human rights, and to instigating and monitoring learning and rationalisation processes in national law (a "procedural" function). Moreover, it should systematically reflect the consequences of its decisions resulting from the combined application of European and national law. In short, one might say that it is by behaving like a constitutional court for private law that the ECJ might replicate its constitutional law success story there.

IntroductionRapidly-growing enterprises (RGEs) can play a crucial role in emerging economies with lasting impact on their economic growth. This type of enterprises must manage the change to remain both competitive and flexible in order to survive. Similarly, the emerging economies are characterized by rapid structural change in their socio-economic institutions and traditional practices for gaining competitiveness to face the competitive pressures of the increasing globalized economy. In general, SMEs have the requisite flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances, to become a vehicle for enhancing competitiveness by upgrading their capabilities in a country, and thus become major contributors to economic growth. The added feature of RGEs is that they grow faster and achieve higher growth while facing more constrained resources than their SME counterparts. We posit that emerging economies face similar barriers and challenges and RGEs can provide valuable lessons for more effective management. Change in emerging economies is inevitable and will manifest itself at the firm, industry and institutional levels. Regardless of the original source, the instability resulting from rapid change need to be managed with a view to long term growth. For a firm to succeed in a dynamic emerging market, the lessons from other firms managing in dynamic emerging industries can be highly instructive. Emerging industries are characterized by a rapid change in terms of the definition of industry, member firms' production function, relation with buyers, suppliers and competitors. This dynamism is in part due to evolutionary changes in technology, knowledge and also is an inevitable outcome of specialization, which allows for faster growth; but results in higher interdependence of firms internationally. Emerging economies will inevitably compete with the members of those new industries; and therefore it may be efficient to learn from the players that are creating and shaping the new competitive structure. RGEs contribute to enhancing technical progress by increasing the rate of invention and innovation, and the speed with which new technology is disseminated and adopted by other firms. Globalization has forced countries to interlink their economies (Armijo, 2008), increasing their interdependence and thus forcing them to react to, and respond to change, accordingly (Hoekman and Porto, 2010). Therefore, emerging economies are facing similar situations to those of RGEs: a changing reality resulting from technological advances and shifts in macroeconomic policies due to internal and external factors such as the dynamics of WTO, Trading Blocs, among others. Given the present need of emerging markets to raise their competitive levels, RGEs are highly-suitable models from which to learn how to cope with and take advantage of the new emerging environments. In this paper we describe RGEs ´characteristics in order to learn about the crucial tasks of managing the complexity of rapid change due to the emergence change. We also explore how the emerging economies can bridge, and even close, the gap with the industrialized economies and whether or not the rapidly-growing enterprises may play an important role. The Characteristics of the Emerging Economies Emerging economies are a group of countries that play an increasingly important role in the global economy. The term "emerging economies" was originally coined by the IFC to describe a fairly narrow list of middle-to-higher income economies as a subset of developing countries. According to Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, and Wright (2000), "emerging economies" are those newly industrializing countries that have adopted market-based policies. Khanna and Palepu (1997: 42) suggest that in defining emerging economies, "the most important criterion is how well an economy helps buyers and sellers come together." They point out that the lack of proper institutions—relative to developed countries—make emerging markets more inefficient and incomplete, whereby information problems, misguided regulation, and inefficient judicial systems hamper communication between buyers and sellers. Bureaucratic judiciary systems, for example, make registration processes lengthier and costlier than in developed economies with a negative impact on transparency and providing fertile ground for favoritism and corruption. Labor markets are frequently highly regulated imposing additional costs on SMEs making them less flexible than otherwise (see Table 1). Table 1: FIRM-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS IN EMERGING ECONOMIES Output marketInput marketLow competitiveness Limited international experienceLiberalization policiesGlobalization Asymmetric access to information & to technologyLimited access to local and international capital marketsPoor dissemination of information related to international marketsLabor marketManagerial constrainsOwnership structureLack of managerial expertiseLack of consulting servicesLack of administrative structureSocial ties between senior managersFamily-owned business Sources: Adopted from Hoskisson et al. (2000), Khanna and Palepu (1997) and Mody (2004)The institutional aspects of the emerging economies Mody (2004) proposes another definition that emphasizes a) a high degree of volatility due to the transitional nature of their economic, political, social, and demographic conditions, b) the inherent trade-offs between flexibility in policy commitments, and c) the transition from transaction-specific to institutional commitments. The idea of a transition from transaction-specific to institutional commitments is appealing in view of the fact that such institutions must also subsume the socio-cultural dimension of the problem. According to North (2005), economic performance depends on institutional heritage, economic rules and, how those rules are devised and enforced, and the specific institutional constraints of each market. In order to reduce rent-seeking, free-riding and morally hazardous behaviors, it is desirable to evolve from a transaction-specifics situation to a rule-based situation, whereby the agents involved in the situation are not relevant to, or cannot influence, the due-process. Having strong and clearly-defined institutions that enhance the performance of firms is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition to guaranty economic growth. Clague (1996) finds that the characteristics and stability of political regimes have an impact on economic institutions. Similarly, Mauro (1995) argues that bureaucratic and institutional efficiencies are positively correlated with political stability and that poor countries tend to have cumbersome bureaucracy and inefficient institutions. Not only the rules need to be adequate for the circumstances, but also they must be enforced. As North (1990: 107) points out, institutions "are the underlying determinant of the long-run performance of economies". The greater the transparency in terms of information and access to efficient judiciary systems the lowers transaction cost of engaging in productive activities. Artificial national asymmetries and deficiencies, for example, limited governmental support and/or biases in favor of large companies that lobby the government, creates barriers for smaller firms to access to key resources, hence, hindering their competitiveness Characteristics of Rapidly-Growing Enterprises Delmar, Davidson, and Gartner, (2003), Ala-Mutka and Etemad (2006), Fischer and Reuber (2003), Birch, Haggerty, and Parsons (1993) and Keen and Etemad (2011 and 2012) have identified a very interesting group of companies called Gazelles or, in this paper, RGEs. These companies are characterized as smaller firms experiencing explosive growth for a sustained period of time. There are not industry-specific and are found in many industries, ranging from shoes manufacturing, construction to knowledge-intensive and pharmaceutical development. Their main common characteristic is fast growth in revenues, number of employees and revenue per employee. Naturally, this rapid growth in employment and revenues are the consequents of their expansion and further penetration in local and international markets. Most of them internationalize rapidly as well by climbing over international entry barriers effectively. These aspects should be of particular interest to developing economies because of their impact at least in three ways: i) Primary and direct impact. Not only do they generate employment and incremental income but they also increase the total production of goods and service, as well as wealth, in a much shorter period of time than other enterprises. ii) Secondary impact by providing a model to learn from and emulate their action -- the spill-over effects of their success to the rest of the economy would further contributing to the well-being of their region and possibly beyond, otherwise absent (i.e., when normally growing firms are inspired, learn from and emulate local RGEs) iii) Benchmarks for best practices and world-class competitiveness. By aiming to succeed in international markets from the very beginning, these companies need to set their strategic horizons very high adopting the best managerial practices and strategies to achieve the competitive that would enable them to compete internationally at the outset. They tend to select partners, whether suppliers or buyers, that share the same working philosophy and follow similar strategies to complement them. They function collaboratively and interdependently mainly as members of networks as opposed to operating independently. RGEs are in many cases the fundamental core of potential industrial clusters that radiate their momentum to the rest of the economy. They may or may not be a part of a regional industrial cluster; but they actively manage a smaller cluster of their own value net: i.e., an efficient network of buyers and suppliers involved in the both the supply and value chains that collectively generate higher value than their counterparts. This paper will return to the topic or RGEs in the next section. It will present and briefly analyze RGEs in order to examine their main patterns of strategic operations and rapid growth for adoption by the emerging economies to speed-out the transformation of their economic growth and developments. Discussion This discussion builds on the arguments presented earlier and explores the possibility of emerging economies learning from, and emulating, RGES in the developed economies to shorten the time and the path of transformation. In so doing, five broad influential topics will assist in examining different aspect of this examination, as follows. The Need for Re-evaluation and Re-configuration of Advantages In changing environments, property-based assets lose their potency relatively faster than elsewhere. As Miller and Shamsie (1996: 522) observe ¨most competitors will be aware of the value of a rival's property-based resources, and they may even have the knowledge to duplicate these resources¨. However, the knowledge-based resources, more likely to have a higher potentials for generating competitive advantages and growth. Furthermore, the firm has more effective control over the creation and deployment of knowledge–based assets than those of property-based assets. As mentioned earlier, in dynamic environments, firms are forced to gain productivity and meet world-class standards to keep pace with others. A key suggestion of this paper, based on the experience of RGEs, is that without learning and knowledge acquisition to give rise to knowledge-based assets, capabilities and competitiveness, the probability of closing the technological gap and reducing the income inequality will simply not be feasible. Technological gap can be viewed primarily as knowledge gap combined with the lack of process know-how to exploit the technology in a timely manner. Income inequality is in part due to comparatively inefficient of firm operation characterized by their growth rates. In to the case of property-based resources, where competitor may develop the knowledge of how to replicate such resources and thus reduce the competitors' advantage, the traditional barriers (such as legal constraint or historical endowments) did not allow firms to acquire those resources easily. As discussed earlier, those barriers are eroding rapidly. In contrast, knowledge-based resources cannot be easily imitated by firms that do not already posses the requisite know-how. It would be difficult, costly or risky to replicate and time may not favour imitators. As Miller and Shamsie (1996: 522) argue, "knowledge-based resources allow organizations to succeed, not by market control or precluding competition, but by giving firms the skills to adapt their products to market needs and to deal with competitive challenges". Firms in emerging economies will have to learn how to adapt and to respond to international market needs relatively fast to reduce the risk of falling further behind. The relatively static characteristics of the closed-economies, firms were not forced to possess the requisite capabilities to deal with complex situations. Aspiring firms will have to develop collaborative skills to develop and share knowledge to devise new routines and processes to deal with increasing more complex situations. Therefore, the transitional period can be characterized by an ongoing process of unlearning the old routines and the learning the new ones, mainly from more progressive firms such RGEs in order to cope with the new requirements of increasingly more sophisticated demand conditions and tougher competition. The Need for Change in Managers Mindset and the Firm's Out Look. On the one hand, there is a need to understand the implications of the changes in order to develop potentially different courses of action available and how they affect the industry and business practices. On the other hand, according to Weick (1995), the strategic decisions of managers depend on their cognitive structures and how they make sense of the environment. Enterprises need to understand any pending or intended change in a way that "makes sense" to them, fits into some of their interpretative scheme or system of meaning (Bartunek, 1984; Ranson, Hinings, and Greenwood, 1980). When firms face a different environment, such as new international competition, new suppliers and customers, there is a need for a thorough revision because previous symbols, values, and historical attributes may no longer be relevant to the organization that faces the new reality. It is likely that there will be irreconcilable inconsistencies between key labels used in the organization and the key concepts needed for comprehending and dealing with the new reality. The awareness of alternative actions is the key to proper action "in regard to the changes occurring in the data of the markets" (Mises, 1949: 255). Past actions, thinking and experiences that were concretized in norms, standards procedures, and job specifications of the near past need to be revised and in some cases unlearned because they do not reflect the emerging reality anymore. In the entrepreneurial literature, the entrepreneur is the person who has the ability to make the transition possible, to develop new ideas and to set the strategic directions. Firms need to be alert (Kirzner, 1973) to the signal from the markets. The alertness of managers to take advantage of new opportunities and to meet changing market conditions through discovery may be considerably reduced if firms do not change their dominant logic (Prahalad and Bettis, 1986) in order to develop novel strategies. Firms that conducted business for years in a closed economy without much pressure to innovate and to reduce costs, face insurmountable pressures to reinvent themselves. They cannot remain indifferent because their customers will be more demanding, their supply sources will be evolving as well as the competition becoming less forgiving. (continuará en la próxima edición de Letras Internacionales)*Dr. Christian Keen, Coordinador Académico de Finanzas FACS, Universidad ORT Uruguay

Romina Boccia


The House and Senate both have budget committees. And yet, neither chamber has released a budget this year. Against this backdrop, it's refreshing to see the Republican Study Committee (RSC) continue its nearly 30‐​year tradition of producing an alternative conservative budget proposal. Titled "Protecting America's Economic Security," the RSC under chairman Kevin Hern (R‑OK) and Budget and Spending Task Force chairman Ben Cline (R‑VA) proposes to balance the federal budget, cut taxes, slash red tape, and boost work.
The growth in the federal debt is directly tied to increases in spending for entitlement programs and interest on the debt. Major entitlement programs, namely federal health care and Social Security, combined with interest on the debt will be responsible for 82 percent of projected spending growth over the next 10 years. Congress will also be confronted with two major deadlines within the 10‐​year budget window, the period Congress considers when developing budget proposals. Both Social Security's and Medicare's trust funds, accounting mechanisms that authorize Treasury to borrow funds to pay benefits that exceed incoming payroll tax revenues, are projected to be depleted before the end of this decade.
Here's how the RSC budget proposes to address the main drivers of federal spending and debt growth:
Modest Social Security Reforms. The RSC budget emphasizes that Social Security reform will require bipartisan support and highlights past examples of Republicans and Democrats working together to prevent indiscriminate benefit cuts while tweaking aspects of what's now the federal government's single largest program. While short on details, the RSC Budget proposes tweaks to the retirement age as well as reducing benefits for the highest income earners. While this detail is not included in the actual budget document, task force chair Rep. Cline has reportedly shared that "the retirement age would be increased at a rate of three months per year—but not for current or near-retirees—starting in 2026, until the retirement age reaches 69 for those turning 62 in 2033."
Medicare Premium Support. In addition to championing smaller tweaks to Medicare to reduce costs, such as site‐​neutrality in payments and ending coverage of bad hospital debt, the RSC proposal would adopt a premium support model, structured to save both taxpayers and beneficiaries money. Premium support relies on market forces and competition to achieve cost savings, which is a more reliable way than the federal government tinkering around the edges of health care policy. Noticeably, this iteration of the RSC budget does not include an increase in the Medicare eligibility age, nor does it mention reducing subsidies for higher‐​earning beneficiaries (though premium support might offer a pathway to different levels of subsidization based on income). Those are disappointing omissions as Medicare eligibility policy should more closely align with Social Security's eligibility policy since both programs target roughly the same population.
Singles out Old‐​age Entitlement Programs from inflation adjustment improvement. The RSC budget acknowledges that there is a more accurate inflation measure available than what most federal spending programs use to adjust benefits. Shifting to this measure also happens to save taxpayers' money by avoiding inflated spending that goes beyond compensating for how inflation affects purchasing power. The RSC proposes to adopt the more accurate chained CPI, except for two of the largest federal government programs: Social Security and Medicare. Chained CPI has already been adopted to adjust policies in the tax code and it's overdue to shift to this measure across federal spending programs. It's unfortunate that the RSC excluded this policy from affecting Social Security and Medicare as there's no good policy reason to do so (albeit obvious political reasons exist).
Expands health care choices for small businesses and their employees. The RSC budget correctly identifies that "the exclusion for employer sponsored insurance (ESI)…is the primary reason why the United States has developed its unique health care system, in which the government has artificially made it cheaper for employers…to lock people in their present jobs and…handle health care negotiations for individuals, instead of increasing wages and giving people increased freedom." The RSC proposes to allow employers of small businesses to provide their employees with a cash contribution toward the purchase of a health care plan of the employees' choice. This proposal should go much further and allow all workers to choose their own health plans, regardless of whether their employer sponsors a particular plan. Individuals should be able to decide how to make the most of their tax‐​advantaged benefit dollars. The proposal would also expand access to health savings accounts (HSAs) and address several regulations driving up the cost of health care.
Block Grants Medicaid and related health care subsidies. The RSC budget proposes five federal block grants for state‐​based health care programs to provide subsidies and care for the diverse populations who are eligible for Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and Affordable Care Act subsidies. The current state‐​federal matching grants design undermines political accountability and cost‐​effective policy choices. Block granting Medicaid and related health care subsidies to ensure the most vulnerable beneficiaries have access to needed care while encouraging efficiencies in care provision makes sense.
A Worthwhile Effort
Even if the RSC budget has a small chance of becoming law, it's very much worthwhile for members of Congress to go through a budgeting exercise with the goal of identifying what it would take to balance the budget over the next decade. This can be particularly educational for members of Congress and constituents who mistakenly believe that cuts to unpopular programs like foreign aid and so‐​called woke spending will suffice to eliminate deficits. Any serious effort at balancing the budget will involve reducing spending on the largest and fastest‐​growing federal programs: Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security. I applaud the Republican Study Committee on their efforts to include the largest spending growth drivers in their budget proposal. This is a good start, and we can't stop there. We still have a long way to go.

El proyecto de investigación Coadjutores: artistas e ideas migrantes en la globalización ibérica pretende estudiar las redes de circulación de los artistas de la Compañía de Jesús durante la Edad Moderna, incluyendo tanto a los sacerdotes como a los menos conocidos miembros legos de la Orden o coadjutores. La recepción de estos artistas (pintores, escultores y grabadores) y de las ideas que con ellos se extendieron a través de la docencia, la tratadística y la cultura visual, revela el alcance y complejidad de los movimientos migratorios que protagonizaron y desborda la mera difusión desde la Europa católica hasta los dominios hispano-portugueses a orillas del Atlántico, el Índico y el Pacífico. Frente a este modelo centro-periferia, tan habitual en la historiografía al uso, el proyecto se propone analizar un amplio número de estudios de caso que permitan evidenciar cómo se llevaron a cabo los procesos de transculturación, negociación y mestizaje que dieron lugar a escuelas artísticas tan relevantes como las establecidas en Cuzco, Quito, Calera de Tango (Chile), Beijing, Macao o Nagasaki. La Compañía de Jesús, en tanto estructura de poder orientada a la influencia global desde su misma fundación, ha sido instrumento de civilización y actor privilegiado en los procesos mundiales de colonización y descolonización. A pesar de su relevancia, el estudio de su legado ha sido principalmente llevado a cabo por investigadores de la Orden o cercanos a ella. Consideramos necesaria una mirada equidistante que se aleje tanto de los condicionantes propios de su Religión como del sentimiento anticlerical que ha teñido gran cantidad de aproximaciones investigadoras a la Compañía. A manera de contraste, nuestro proyecto pone el foco en los individuos más que en la institución, más en las prácticas artísticas que en agendas políticas. Pretendemos compilar, visibilizar y analizar en profundidad a los artistas jesuitas, denotados por su formación multidisciplinar y capacitación profesional. Su origen e identidad nacional; su estatuto socioeconómico; la obra por ellos producida para dentro y fuera de la Compañía, su impacto y recepción, junto con sus viajes y desempeños personales, serán objeto de comparación con otros modelos de artistas-religiosos, profesos en otras órdenes, y con los lugares comunes adscribibles al typus historiográfico del artista santo. Así mismo atenderemos a la labor científica y divulgadora de los colegios y seminarios jesuitas en el campo de la cultura visual. Además de la predicación, la docencia fue la razón primordial de la Orden para enviar a sus miembros a reconocer toda clase de geografías, por muy recónditas o cerradas a la injerencia externa que fueran. Particularmente proclives a la movilidad geográfica, los jesuitas tejieron dinámicas de influencias cruzadas que afectaron tanto a la producción artística como a la cultura material, los ritos o el contacto intelectual entre civilizaciones. El proyecto prevé distintas reuniones científicas internacionales, publicaciones de impacto y un plan de gestión de datos de la investigación en abierto a través de distintas plataformas digitales, se distribuye en estos tres ejes temáticos: 1) Prosopografía y estatuto de los artistas. 2) Enseñanza y tratados. 3) Redes de circulación e hibridación. ; The research project 'Coadjutors: Migrant Ideas and Artists in the Iberian Globalization' aims to study the circulation networks of the artists of the Society of Jesus during the early Modern Age, including both priests and lesser-known lay members of the Order or coadjutors. The reception of these artists (painters, sculptors, and engravers) and of the ideas spread with them through teaching, treatise-writing and visual culture, reveals the scope and complexity of their migratory movements beyond the mere diffusion from Catholic Europe to the Spanish-Portuguese dominions on the shores of the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Faced with this center-periphery model, so common in current historiography, this proposal seeks to analyze a large number of case studies to illustrate how the processes of transculturation, negotiation and crossbreeding that gave rise to artistic schools as relevant as those established in Cusco, Quito, Calera de Tango (Chile), Beijing, Macau or Nagasaki were carried out. The Society of Jesus, as a power structure oriented towards global influence since its very foundation, has been an instrument of civilization and a privileged actor in the world processes of colonization and decolonization. Despite its relevance, the study of their legacy has been mainly carried out by researchers of the Order or close to it. We consider it necessary to have an equidistant look that moves away both from the specific conditions of its Religion and from the anti-clerical sentiment that has colored many research approaches to the Jesuits. By way of contrast, our Project focuses on individuals more than on the institution, more on artistic practices than on political agendas. We intend to compile, make visible and analyze in depth numerous Jesuit artists, denoted by their multidisciplinary training and professional qualification. Their origin and national identity; their socioeconomic status; the oeuvre produced by them for inside and outside the Society, its impact and reception, along with their travels and personal achievements, will be compared with artists who professed in other orders and with the commonplaces ascribable to the historiographical typus of the 'holy artist'. We will also attend to the scientific and dissemination work of Jesuit colleges and seminaries in the field of visual culture. In addition to preaching, teaching was the Orders primary reason to send its members to recognize all kinds of geographies, no matter how remote or closed to external interferences. Particularly prone to geographical mobility, the Jesuits wove dynamics of crossed influences that affected both artistic production and material culture, as well as rituals or the intellectual contact between civilizations. This project, which will include among its activities various seminars and colloquia, high-impact publications, and an open research data management plan through different digital platforms, is divided into the following themes and study sections: 1) Prosopography and the Status of the Artist. 2) Teaching and Treatises. 3) Circulation and Hybridization Networks. ; Programa Estatal de I+D+i modalidad Generación de Conocimiento, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia ; 2021-22

En numerosas instituciones del Estado colombiano se presentan casos de corrupción en su administración, esto se refleja en malas prácticas en la administración de los recursos y en el incumplimiento de las estrategias fijadas por dichas instituciones; para tal fin, se crea el Sistema de Control Interno que procura que todas las actividades, operaciones y actuaciones, así como la administración de la información y los recursos, se realicen de acuerdo con las normas constitucionales y legales vigentes dentro de las políticas. Dicho sistema, contempla las auditorías internas como una estrategia para realizar tanto el seguimiento y evaluación de las actividades, operaciones y actuaciones y que estas se cumplan de acuerdo con la ley; mencionada actividad, es realizada por las oficinas de control interno que toda institución pública debe tener. Es por eso, que la oficina de control interno ejecuta auditorías internas permanentes a la institución a la que pertenece, pero tales auditorias suelen ser ineficientes, debido a la cantidad de normatividad que rige a las instituciones; este fenómeno no es ajeno a los municipios de Colombia. En la presente investigación, se propone una herramienta ofimática (software) para realizar auditorías internas en municipios de sexta categoría; ya que en la actualidad, de acuerdo a los estudios realizados por la Corporación Transparencia por Colombia en el 2019, por encima del 10% de los municipios de esta categoría presentan casos de corrupción por peculado, celebración indebida de contratos, falsedad en documento público y concierto para delinquir; acciones que se pueden evitar, en gran medida, con el cumplimiento de auditorías internas alineadas a las normas y legislación emitida por el Estado colombiano. Una herramienta ofimática (software) puede ayudar a la oficina de control interno a planear y ejecutar mencionadas auditorias alineadas a la normatividad de una manera práctica, sencilla, eficaz y oportuna. El presente estudio se realizó bajo una investigación de tipo cualitativo; partiendo, desde el diagnóstico ejecutado al proceso de auditoría interna de un municipio de sexta categoría típico de Colombia, la articulación de los requisitos comunes de las Normas Técnicas Colombianas con la Legislación colombiana y el diseño de listas de verificación para la ejecución de una auditoría interna, los cuales fueron insumos para el diseño de la herramienta ofimática (software) propuesta; finalmente, se efectúa la validación de la herramienta con cinco jefes de Oficinas de Control Interno de diferentes municipios de sexta categoría en Colombia. La herramienta ofimática se desarrolló en Microsoft Access con el lenguaje de programación VBA (Visual Basic) utilizado para hacer aplicaciones Windows, que se incluye en varias aplicaciones de Microsoft, lo que permite acceder a las funcionalidades de un lenguaje orientado a eventos; estos recursos son de fácil acceso y aplicabilidad en las alcaldías de los municipios de sexta categoría, además de ser compatibles a los sistemas con la que estas cuentan, debido a su uso normal y habitual. Se concluye, entre otros, que realizar procesos de auditorías internas con el apoyo de la herramienta ofimática (software) propuesta conlleva a la obtención de los siguientes beneficios: Integrar información para la toma de decisiones, prevenir ocurrencia de riesgos, favorecer el logro de los objetivos institucionales, aumentar el índice de transparencia, mejorar la planificación y administración de los recursos, reducir el tiempo de operación y esfuerzos, así como los sobrecostos por actividades redundantes, mejorar el control de procesos, favorecer el cumplimiento legal y de otras partes interesadas, facilitar la apropiación (conciencia); en general, propiciar un ambiente favorable para la mejora continua dentro de las alcaldías de los municipios de sexta categoría. Palabras claves: Auditoría Interna, Calidad, Herramienta de Gestión. Modelo Integrado de Planeación y Gestión – MIPG. ; In numerous institutions of the Colombian State there are cases of corruption in their administration, this is reflected in bad practices in the administration of resources and in the non-fulfillment of the strategies established by said institutions; For this purpose, the Internal Control System is created that ensures that all activities, operations and actions, as well as the administration of information and resources, are carried out in accordance with the constitutional and legal regulations in force within the policies. The present study was carried out under qualitative research; Starting from the diagnosis carried out to the internal audit process of a typical sixth category municipality in Colombia, the articulation of the common requirements of the Colombian Technical Standards with the Colombian Legislation and the design of checklists for the execution of an internal audit , which were inputs for the design of the proposed office tool (software); finally, the validation of the tool is carried out with five heads of Internal Control Offices of different municipalities of the sixth category in Colombia. The office automation tool was developed in Microsoft Access with the VBA (Visual Basic) programming language used to make Windows applications, which is included in several Microsoft applications, which allows access to the functionalities of an event-oriented language; These resources are easily accessible and applicable in the municipalities of the sixth category municipalities, in addition to being compatible with the systems they have, due to their normal and habitual use. It is concluded, among others, that conducting internal auditing processes with the support of the proposed office tool (software) leads to obtaining the following benefits: Integrating information for decision-making, preventing the occurrence of risks, favoring the achievement of the institutional objectives, increase the transparency index, improve planning and administration of resources, reduce operating time and efforts, as well as cost overruns due to redundant activities, improve process control, favor legal compliance and that of other interested parties, facilitate appropriation (awareness); in general, to promote a favorable environment for continuous improvement within the mayors of the sixth category municipalities. Keywords: Internal Audit, Quality, Management Tool. Integrated Planning and Management Model - MIPG. ; Magister en Calidad y Gestión Integral ; http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales. Fecha de lectura: 06-05-2020 ; Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 06-11-2021 ; Desde mediados del siglo XX, el número de migrantes realizando trabajo agrícola en los Estados del centro global ha ido aumentando progresivamente hasta convertirse en un fenómeno estructural. Esta creciente presencia ha ido atrayendo la atención de investigadores e investigadoras que, en los últimos decenios principalmente, han tratado de explicar los factores impulsores de estas dinámicas en los diversos contextos donde han tenido lugar. Por lo general, los estudios producidos han sido de carácter sociológico, limitando el marco de análisis a lo local o nacional, tratando de identificar los motivos por los que, en enclaves o Estados concretos, se ha producido dicho fenómeno. Las explicaciones han tendido a ser convergentes. Por un lado, un cada vez mayor número de enclaves agrícolas del centro ha tendido a aplicar el modelo de agricultura industrial que requiere de numerosos trabajadores para el éxito de los procesos productivos. Por el otro lado, el período neoliberal trajo, en sus inicios, un crecimiento económico generalizado en los Estados del centro que ofreció nuevas oportunidades laborales menos arduas y mejor pagadas para los residentes que, por ello, optaron por abandonar gradualmente el sector primario. La combinación de ambos factores hizo que una gran parte del empresariado agrícola se decidiera tanto a contratar trabajadores de la periferia global como a empujar a los gobiernos a diseñar herramientas, tales como los programas de migración temporal, para asegurar su disponibilidad en las campañas. Esta tesis doctoral persigue trascender el marco local o estatocéntrico tratando de ofrecer una perspectiva internacional que identifique las razones macrosistémicas que están al origen de estas movilidades, así como el rol estructural que éstas cumplen dentro del sistema capitalista global. Para ello, se optará por aplicar el marco de la ecología-mundo, una teoría perteneciente a la tradición de los estudios Estructuralistas en Relaciones Internacionales cuya explicación de cómo el capitalismo global moviliza a las naturalezas humanas y extra-humanas para garantizar el avance de los procesos de acumulación, aporta una serie de herramientas conceptuales idóneas para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos. Siguiendo esta teoría, se explicará que la extracción de plusvalía del trabajo migrante permite una función sistémica esencial: mantener la producción de comida barata en el centro. A través de esta tesis doctoral se teorizará sobre este aspecto, comprobando y dimensionando el fenómeno global de las migraciones periféricas hacia la agricultura del centro, así como identificando los mecanismos que han articulado tanto los Estados como el resto de agentes involucrados en estos procesos para garantizar la disponibilidad de esta mano de obra dentro de las cadenas globales. Aunque estos elementos serán tratados desde una perspectiva macroestructural, también se resaltará la centralidad que ocupa la capacidad de agencia desplegada por los migrantes en dichos procesos pues es un factor indispensable para entender la configuración final de los diversos escenarios descritos ; Since the middle of the 20th century, the number of migrants engaged in agricultural work in the core states has progressively increased to the point where it has become a structural phenomenon. This growing presence has been attracting the attention of researchers who, in recent decades mainly, have tried to explain the driving factors of these dynamics in the various contexts where they have taken place. In general, the studies conducted have been of a sociological nature, limiting the framework of analysis to the local or national level, trying to identify the reasons why this phenomenon has occurred in specific enclaves or States. The explanations offered by scholars have tended to be similar. On the one hand, an increasing number of agricultural enclaves in the core countries have tended to apply the model of industrial agriculture that requires numerous workers for the success of production processes. On the other hand, the neoliberal period brought in its beginnings a generalized economic growth in the core states, which offered new, less arduous and better paid labour opportunities for the residents who, for that reason, chose to gradually abandon the primary sector. The combination of both factors led to a large number of agricultural employers to decide to hire workers from the global periphery as well as push governments to design tools, such as temporary migration programs, to ensure their availability in the countryside. This doctoral thesis seeks to transcend the local or state-centric framework by trying to offer an international perspective that identifies the macrosystemic reasons that are at the origin of these mobilities, as well as the structural role that these play within the global capitalist system. In order to do so, the world-ecology framework will be used as the main theoretical framework in this study; this is a theory belonging to the structuralist tradition in International Relations whose explanation of how global capitalism mobilises human and extra-human natures to guarantee the advance of the processes of accumulation, provides a series of suitable conceptual tools to achieve the proposed objectives. Following this theory, a detailed discussion will be developed to explain how the extraction of surplus-value from migrant labour allows an essential systemic function, that is keeping the production of cheap food in the core countries. Through this doctoral thesis, this aspect will be theorized, by verifying and measuring the global phenomenon of peripheral migrations towards the agriculture of the core states, as well as identifying the mechanisms articulated by states and non-states international actors involved in these processes to guarantee the availability of this labour force within the global chains. Although these elements will be treated from a macro-structural perspective, the centrality of the agency capacity deployed by migrants in these processes will also be highlighted, as it is an indispensable factor for understanding the final configuration of the various scenarios described

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento territorial na América Latina e Caribe - IPPRI ; Esta pesquisa busca vincular os temas de migração, território e educação popular, a fim de entender algumas das transformações sócio-territoriais geradas pelo aumento da migração haitiana em Santiago, Chile. Para isso, é analisada a práxis pedagógica desenvolvida no curso de espanhol-crioulo para as pessoas do Haiti como parte de seus processos de territorialização educacional. Que foi ensinado durante os anos de 2017 e 2018 pela Escola Pública Comunitária do Distrito Franklin, uma organização político-pedagógica localizada no setor popular onde as comunas de Santiago e San Joaquin fazem fronteira. Para a consecução deste objetivo, o projeto político-pedagógico da Escola Pública Comunitária será descrito em termos de territorialização, caracterizando-se as ações e áreas do curso de espanhol-crioulo, para finalmente projetar possíveis caminhos para dar continuidade ao trabalho realizado pela Escola. comunidades migrantes em termos de descolonização, interculturalidade crítica e educação popular. A metodologia utilizada foi a Pesquisa Participativa-Ação, para permitir o desenvolvimento de uma proposta de pesquisa que assuma um compromisso ético-político e militante, além de colocar as próprias comunidades e seus conhecimentos no centro. A importância desta pesquisa reside na necessidade de socializar as experiências educacionais que estão fora da educação neoliberal chilena, bem como de explicar os problemas enfrentados pelas comunidades de migrantes no Chile e, especificamente, pelos haitianos, que vivem múltiplos dificuldades e violência, principalmente devido à falta de gestão da língua espanhola e às formas de racismo e xenofobia vivenciadas pela sociedade civil e pelo Estado. Nesse cenário, as respostas que emergem das organizações sociais e comunitárias em termos de educação popular, interculturalidade crítica e solidariedade de classes e povos, são essenciais para a existência de espaços de resistência e esperança diante da atual crise do capitalismo e do modelo neoliberal em Chile e nos diferentes territórios de Nossa América. ; La presente investigación busca vincular las temáticas de migración, territorio y educación popular con la finalidad de comprender algunas de las transformaciones socioterritoriales que se generan a partir del aumento de la migración haitiana en Santiago de Chile. Para ello, se analiza la praxis pedagógica desarrollada en el curso de español-creol para personas de Haití como parte de sus procesos de territorialización educativa. El cual fue impartido durante los años 2017 y 2018 por la Escuela Pública Comunitaria del Barrio Franklin, organización político-pedagógica ubicada en un sector popular donde colindan las comunas de Santiago y San Joaquín. Para el cumplimiento de tal objetivo, se describirá el proyecto político-pedagógico de la Escuela Pública Comunitaria en clave de territorialización, se caracterizarán las acciones y ámbitos del curso de español-creol, para hacer un análisis crítico del curso de español y proyectar caminos posibles para continuar el trabajo que realiza la Escuela con las comunidades migrantes en clave de descolonización, interculturalidad crítica y educación popular. La metodología utilizada es la Investigación Acción-Participativa por permitir el desarrollo de una propuesta investigativa que asuma un compromiso ético-político y militante, además de poner en el centro a las propias comunidades y sus saberes. La importancia de esta investigación reside en la necesidad de socializar las experiencias educativas que se ubican al margen de la educación neoliberal chilena, así como también, dar cuenta de la problemática que viven las comunidades migrantes en Chile y específicamente las haitianas, las cuales vivencian múltiples dificultades y violencias, principalmente por la falta del manejo del idioma español y por las formas de racismo y xenofobia que existen por parte de la sociedad civil y del Estado. En este escenario, las respuestas que emergen desde las organizaciones sociales y comunitarias en clave de educación popular, interculturalidad crítica y solidaridad de clase y pueblos, son fundamentales para la existencia de espacios de resistencias y esperanzas ante las actuales crisis del capitalismo y del modelo neoliberal en Chile y en los diferentes territorios de América Latina. ; This research seeks to link the themes of migration, territory and popular education in order to understand some of the socio-territorial transformations that are generated from the increase in Haitian migration in Santiago, Chile. For this, the pedagogical praxis developed in the Spanish-Creol course for people of Haiti as part of their educational territorialization processes is analyzed. Such course was taught during the years 2017 and 2018 by the Escuela Pública Comunitaria of the Franklin District, a political-pedagogical organization located in the popular sector where the communes of Santiago and San Joaquin intersect. For the fulfillment of this objective, the political-pedagogical project of the Escuela Pública Comunitaria will be described in terms of territorialization; the actions and areas of the Spanish-Creol course will be characterized; to finally project possible paths to continue the work carried out by the School with migrant communities in terms of decolonization, critical interculturality and popular education. The methodology used was Action-Participatory Research to allow the development of a research proposal that assumes an ethical-political and militant commitment, in addition to putting the communities themselves and their knowledge at the center. The importance of this research lies in the need to socialize the educational experiences that lie outside Chilean neoliberal education, as well as to account for the problems experienced by migrant communities in Chile and specifically Haitians, who live multiple difficulties and violence, mainly due to the lack of management of the Spanish language and the forms of racism and xenophobia experienced by civil society and the State. In this scenario, the responses that emerge from social and community organizations in terms of popular education, critical interculturality and solidarity of class and peoples are essential for the existence of spaces of resistance and hope in the face of the current crisis of capitalism and the neoliberal model in Chile and in the different territories of Our America.

South Asia comes across as amongst the most vulnerable regions to climate change in the Inter-government Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s Fifth Assessment Report released a year ago, and in other similar reports. Climate change in the region is manifested by depleting glaciers, increasing coastal erosion, frequent heat waves, rising sea level, frequent floods and droughts and varying rainfall patterns. It is now evident that South Asia's climate is already changing and the impacts are already being felt. As a largely agrarian economy, this vulnerability is compounded by the fact that more than 700 million people's livelihoods depend on agriculture directly influenced by changes in climate. Although South Asia has seen robust economic growth, with the GDP averaging about 6 percent over the past 20 years, the region is still home to 1/4th of the world's hungry and 40% of the world's malnourished children and women. As populations continue to rise and the demand for food grows, the question is: how will this increase in demand be met and where will all this food be grown? With stiff competition for land from the non-farm sector, expanding farmlands is not an option. Climate change will further exacerbate the existing pressures on land and water resources. If the second Sustainable Development Goal of ending poverty, achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture is to be realised, climate change adaptation and mitigation technologies, practices, services and policies will need to be implemented in earnest. Many recent studies show a probability of 10-40 percent loss in crop production by 2070-2100 on account of rising temperatures and decrease in irrigation water, unless steps are initiated now to increase our adaptive capacity. For example, even with the benefits of carbon fertilization (which could anyway be negatively affected by increase in surface ozone concentration) India stands to lose nearly 4-5 tonnes of wheat with every rise in temperature of 1 degree Celsius. This estimate could be even higher when decrease in irrigation is factored in. Wheat losses could be significant even in the short term, while losses for other crops are uncertain and estimated to be relatively smaller, particularly so for monsoon crops. Similarly, there are studies to show that livestock and fish productivity could also decline. Climate change does offer some opportunities as well. One adaptive measure is to identify regions that would become conducive for certain crops in the changed climate. For example, farmers in the upper regions of Himachal Pradesh in India have taken to growing apples because temperatures in the lower regions became too warm for its growth. The shift in cultivation brought new opportunities and high incomes for these farmers while their counterparts in the south switched to cultivating vegetables. It is clear that per hectare cultivation of food needs to drastically increase to meet growing food demands. While this is a challenge, the existing large crop yield gaps in the region suggest there is potential to increase crop production per hectare even in the face of increasing climatic risks. For this to happen, investments in land and water management, infrastructure, and research accompanied by enabling policies, sustained regional cooperation and robust institutions is crucial. Increased production variability could perhaps be the most significant impact of global impact change in Asian countries. Short-term changes in weather extremes, which are still not very predictable in most countries of the region, pose huge challenges. Some recent examples are the drought in 2014, the floods in Pakistan in 2010, floods in India, Nepal and Bangladesh in 2007 and the heat-stress experiences in India in 2004 which resulted in fluctuating yields, food price volatility and threatened food security and incomes. Such volatility is despite the vast irrigation network in the region, especially in the Indo-Gangetic plains. During last few decades, excessive groundwater extraction has resulted in widespread decline in water table and water quality degradation. To ensure future food security in climate change scenarios, investment in managing and stabilizing the existing irrigated potential while exploring options to expand this potential is the need of the hour. Several technological, institutional and policy interventions have been proposed that can help us adapt to climate change as well as to current and future weather variability. These include simple adaptation practices such as changes in planting dates and crop varieties. Additional strategies that have been proposed include: the deployment of adverse climate tolerant genotypes and diversified land use systems, the use of solar irrigation, assisting farmers in coping with current climatic risks through providing weather linked value-added advisory services and crop/weather insurance, and improved land and water use management and policies. Agriculture in South Asia contributes between 15-20 percent to total greenhouse gas emissions. These are primarily from enteric fermentation in ruminant animals, rice paddy cultivation, and nitrous oxide from manures and fertilizers application to soils. What is interesting to note is that most of the proposed adaptation options, if implemented scientifically, come with large mitigation co-benefits. CCAFS is scaling out the Climate-Smart Villages (CSVs) model in several countries, including in South Asia, to promote climate-smart agriculture (CSA). Climate Smart Villages are sites where a portfolio of the most appropriate technological and institutional interventions, determined by the local community, are implemented to increase food production, enhance adaptive capacity and reduce emissions. Interventions are bespoke to each village but the concept lends itself to be applied in any region under the right circumstances. Initial results suggest a large potential to maximise synergies among different interventions in order to scale out CSA. Much work needs to be done to expand the evidence base of CSVs with regard to targeting the approach in different agro-climates, the costs: benefit analysis in terms of investment and returns, and the institutional and policy changes that are needed to promote CSA. In the South Asia region, problems of widespread poverty, poor governance, weak institutions, and human capital limit agricultural growth today. These problems can also reduce the potential of adaptation strategies. It is critical to simultaneously address these political and socio-economic constraints if the full potential of CSA is to be realised for farmers and the region as a whole.

Vuosi-ikäluokasta noin neljäsosa nuorista miehistä ei suorita varusmies- tai siviilipalvelusta. Palveluksen määräaikaisissa tai pysyvissä vapautuksissa sekä palveluksen keskeytyksissä mielenterveydelliset syyt nousevat merkittävään asemaan. Palveluksen ulkopuolelle jääneiden miesten tuen tarve ei ole jäänyt viranomaisilta huomaamatta, mutta mikään taho ei ole aikaisemmin tuntunut olevan vastuussa näistä miehistä. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin varusmies- ja siviilipalveluksen ulkopuolelle määrättyjen nuorten miesten psykososiaalista hyvinvointia sekä tutkittiin tälle kohderyhmälle kehitetyn Time Out! Aikalisä! Elämä raiteilleen tukipalvelun vaikuttavuutta. Vaikuttavuustutkimus toteutettiin satunnaistetulla koeasetelmalla. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 356 palveluksen ulkopuolelle sekä 440 palvelukseen määrättyä helsinkiläistä ja vantaalaista nuorta miestä. Ongelmien kasautuminen on yleistä varusmies- tai siviilipalveluksen ulkopuolle määrätyille miehille Tutkimus osoitti, että varusmies- tai siviilipalveluksen ulkopuolelle määrätyt miehet erosivat taustoiltaan, elämäntavoiltaan ja -tilanteeltaan sekä psykososiaaliselta hyvinvoinniltaan merkittävästi palvelukseen määrätyistä miehistä. Palveluksen ulkopuolelle jääneet miehet olivat jo lapsuusajan elinolojen suhteen lähtökohtaisesti palvelukseen määrättyjä miehiä heikommassa asemassa. Aikuisikään päästyään heidän tielleen oli kasautunut palvelukseen määrättyjä enemmän erilaisia psyykkisiä ja sosiaalisia ongelmia: päihteiden ongelmakäyttöä, taloudellisia ongelmia, työttömyyttä, asunnottomuutta ja psyykkistä oireilua. Kolmasosa palveluksen ulkopuolelle määrätyistä miehistä oli joskus elämänsä aikana vakavasti harkinnut itsemurhaa. Time Out! Aikalisä! Elämä raiteilleen -tukipalvelu edistää nuorten miesten psykososiaalista hyvinvointia Time Out! Aikalisä! Elämä raiteilleen tukipalvelulla oli positiivinen vaikutus nuorten miesten elämään. Tukipalvelu tavoitti erityisesti psyykkisesti oireilevia nuoria miehiä, joille oli kasautunut erilaisia ongelmia. Miehiä, joille oli kasautunut eniten ongelmia ei kuitenkaan pystytty tavoittamaan ollenkaan. Nuoret miehet tarvitsevat kokonaisvaltaista tukea Varusmies- ja siviilipalveluksen ulkopuolelle määrätyt miehet muodostavat tärkeän kohderyhmän psykososiaalisten ongelmien ja itsemurhien ehkäisyssä. Terveydenhuollon henkilöstön tulee olla tietoinen mielenterveysongelmien ja itsemurhakäyttäytymisen sosiaalisista riskitekijöistä. Nuorten ehkäisevässä työssä tulee kiinnittää erityistä huomiota toimiviin sosiaalisiin suhteisiin. Myös lapsuusajan riskitekijöiden - kuten vanhempien alkoholi- tai mielenterveysongelmien - varhainen tunnistaminen ja tuen tarjoaminen on tärkeää. Ongelmien kasautuminen asettaa haasteen nuorille suunnattujen tukitoimien kehittämiselle. Ongelmien kasautuessa on nuorta pystyttävä tukemaan laaja-alaisesti ja kokonaisvaltaisesti, ei yhden tietyn oireen tai ongelmakäyttäytymisen kautta. Time Out! Aikalisä! Elämä raiteilleen tukipalvelu on hyvä esimerkki nuorille miehille kehitetystä kokonaisvaltaisesta interventiosta. Pienelläkin tuella ja avulla voi olla positiivinen vaikutus nuoren miehen elämään. Tutkimus toi esille tuen tarpeessa olevien nuorten miesten tavoittamiseen liittyvät haasteet. Kutsunnat tarjoavat ainutlaatuisen väylän tavoittaa nuoret miehet kokonaisena ikäluokkana. Tätä nuoren ja yhteiskunnan kohtaamista tulee käyttää hyväksi psykososiaalisten ongelmien ennaltaehkäisyssä. Time Out! Aikalisä Elämä raiteilleen toimintamalli on tällä hetkellä käytössä noin 180 kunnassa kautta maan. Syksyn kutsunnoissa tukipalvelua on tarjottu yli 20 000 nuorelle miehelle. ; The purpose of this study was twofold: to investigate the psychosocial well-being of young men exempted from compulsory military or civil service and to assess the effects of the Time Out! Getting Life Back on Track support programme targeted at this group of men. The study involved a total of 356 men exempted from military or civil service and 440 young men conscripted for service in Helsinki and Vantaa in Finland. Men exempted from service were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=182) and a control group (n=174). Respondents in the intervention group were offered a personal counsellor, a professional working in municipal social and health services and providing the support programme as part of their basic duties. The counsellors were specially trained for the intervention. The support programme was based on an interactional model for prevention. Together with the counsellor the men were able to discuss their current life situation, such as mental health, substance abuse and general well-being, as well as receive support and encouragement in resolving the situation. The research data were collected using questionnaires, interviews with the men and register data. Information on the implementation of the support programme was collected at different stages. A one-year follow-up survey was conducted. Men exempted from military or civil service differed significantly from conscripts in their background, living habits, life situation and psychosocial well-being. Compared with conscripts, they had already been in a more disadvantaged position with regard their childhood living conditions. In adulthood, they had met with a greater number of mental and social problems than conscripts: substance abuse, economic problems, unemployment, homelessness and mental distress. One third of the young men exempted from compulsory military or civil service reported serious suicidal ideation. Of the men with serious suicidal ideation, one third had attempted suicide. Various childhood adversities and current stressful life events and problems were associated with suicidal ideation. Accumulation of problems was characteristic for men exempted from service. In particular, the Time Out! Getting Life Back on Track support programme reached out to young men suffering from mental distress and an accumulation of problems. However, the men with the most problems could not be reached at all. At one-year follow-up psychological distress decreased in the intervention group more than in the control group. The intervention had no impact on young men s alcohol consumption, self-assessed quality of life, problem accumulation, self-confidence or contentment. Men exempted from compulsory military or civil service comprise an important target group in the prevention of psychosocial problems or suicide. Health service providers should be well aware of social factors that may elevate the risk of mental ill-health or suicidal behaviours. Supporting a healthy network of family and peer relationships should be an important issue in preventive activities among young people. Further, it is important to be aware of early risk indicators such as maternal or paternal alcohol-related or mental health problems. The accumulation of problems poses a challenge for the development of interventions targeted at young people. The Time out! Getting Life Back on Track support programme is a good example of a comprehensive intervention for young men. Even small-scale support can have a positive impact on the general well-being of young men. This study highlights the complexity of adherence in psychosocial interventions. Young men who do not comply with preventive interventions are a heterogeneous group. The need for support may vary widely - even within an identified risk group. Reaching out to young men at risk involves intense activity among service providers.

WOS: 000442889500003 ; PubMed: 30230903 ; Jet substructure observables have significantly extended the search program for physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider. The state-of-the-art tools have been motivated by theoretical calculations, but there has never been a direct comparison between data and calculations of jet substructure observables that are accurate beyond leading-logarithm approximation. Such observables are significant not only for probing the collinear regime of QCD that is largely unexplored at a hadron collider, but also for improving the understanding of jet substructure properties that are used in many studies at the Large Hadron Collider. This Letter documents a measurement of the first jet substructure quantity at a hadron collider to be calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy. The normalized, differential cross section is measured as a function of log(10)rho(2), where rho is the ratio of the soft-drop mass to the ungroomed jet transverse momentum. This quantity is measured in dijet events from 32.9 fb(-1) of root s = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector. The data are unfolded to correct for detector effects and compared to precise QCD calculations and leading-logarithm particle-level Monte Carlo simulations. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); FP7, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos, Thales; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [62].

WOS: 000435153700003 ; PubMed: 30956553 ; The inclusive and fiducial t (t) over bar production cross sections are measured in the lepton+jets channel using 20.2 fb(-1) of proton proton collision data at a centre-of mass energy of 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Major systematic uncertainties due to the modelling of the jet energy scale and b-tagging efficiency are constrained by separating selected events into three disjoint regions. In order to reduce systematic uncertainties in the most important background, the W+jets process is modelled using Z+jets events in a data-driven approach. The inclusive t (t) over bar cross-section is measured with a precision of 5.7% to be (sigma(inc) (t (t) over bar) = 248.3 +/- 0.7 (stat.) +/- 13.4 (syst.) +/- 4.7 (lumi.) pb, assuming a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV. The result is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction. The cross-section is also measured in a phase space close to that of the selected data. The fiducial cross-section is sigma(fid) (t (t) over bar) = 48.8 +/- 0.1 (stat.) +/- 2.0 (syst.) +/- 0.9 (lumi.) pb with a precision of 4.5%. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSSR, Slovakia MESTD, Serbia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF; Canada Council; CANARIE; CRCAustralian GovernmentDepartment of Industry, Innovation and ScienceCooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme; Compute Canada; FQRNTFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET; ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC); ERDFEuropean Union (EU); FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions; European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and IdexFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANRFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region AuvergneRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos, Thales; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [87].

The article provides an analysis of sport as a symbolic and semantic-communicative system that is being developed in the modern world, analyzes the processes of genesis, transformation and modification of sports-related changes in the social context of his existential; notes that sport as iconic and symbolic communicative culture carries significant influence the image of the modern man and his life style, it is disclosed that is becoming more and more obvious focus on expanding the range of the analysis of sport as a social and cultural phenomenon, the study of socio-cultural determinants that can significantly affect the structural, semantic, meaningful, functional, axiological characteristics of the phenomenon of sport, as well as numerous its "projections" on society, an analysis that, through culturological method and approach it was possible to penetrate the world of sport as a semiotic-symbolic and communicative systems.In Article observed that humanities Discourse Sports as symbolic - communicative and symbolic system able deepen understanding nature various Sports processes and offer methodological basis to their Research knowledge. Activities as special view social Activities in All its Diversity considered in these dimensions: 1) the specific competitive activities, including stages development, especially organizational - managerial and economic activities, 2) sports practice, includes wide range technology (training, performance action dimensions results), and 3) Sports events (competitions, matches, championships), 4) the standard by which fighting Athletes (goals, points, seconds), 5) real professional Sports practice trainers included in these events, 6) plinno Developing scientific - technical Sports Practice (New materials stimulators). B Context Modern Social discourse processes genesis, transformation, modification Sports (from competition - to show) closely is related from changes in social Context its ness that converts its to sociocultural phenomenon that needs cultural analysis, including Factors and mechanisms Development this multivariate phenomenon.Should call such areas vytrebuvanosti symbolic capital Sports: 1) political practice is related from formation and strengthening image State in external policy of PR-electoral practices and 2) Sport - art images, including image symbolic content Sports in results Art art - sculpture, painting, film - Photo production and 3) "symbolic markers "social status, social Expectations individuals (or group) as One from areas self-actualization, self-identity, self-determination individual, as important mechanism implementation socialization and inculturation young generation. Activities in All its structural diversity analyzed in social Context and in different dimensions - from terms view its specific as special species competitive activities like One from components socio - historical process, effective model organization, management sports gear Development its infrastructures.Determined that sport as a social practice or social institution is makromodellyu social system, economy and culture in general. Therefore, the nature of the demand for sports content and sports and sporting achievements are in line for the dependence on the characteristics of age, social situation, ideological and philosophical landmarks and other constructs that are introduced into the mass consciousness. Addressing the significant symbolic representations of sport, it is important to note that they are mainly related to the use of semantic-symbolic, reflection, focusing the various components of this complex, multi-activity: competition as one of the essential characteristics of sport and athletic performance (characteristics of his achievements, ranking position ), theatrical action sports, sporty and image (body-physical characteristics, clothing, manners, image) and others.It is concluded that the analysis of sports and athletic activities as semantic-symbolic and social-communicative system showed that this practice takes social and integrating function, which provides not only real, as symbolic integration (fans of different social groups). Providing collective identity is one of the most important social functions of culture that identifies potential integration of sports and serves as an important symbolic attributes latter. In today's professionalization and commercialization of sport are formed by two types of semantic-symbolic communication and youth subcultures: 1) institutionalized due to youth sports subculture whose values mastered during sports activities, 2) around the sports subculture, due to its transformation into a professional component and a type of show business.This way sports as synthesis symbolic - symbolic and communication system in Context Modern Social discourse - is synthesis physical, material and spiritual values are basis and pulse to activity people, their practice, it that cumulative phenomenon that represents people as creator their being in All its integrity, process harmonic Development physical and spiritual abilities individual, the state spiritualized person oplodotvorenoyi physical Spirit and filled creativity, thrust people to peaks Sports achievements and perfection physical abilities. ekzystetsiynomu In spiritual sense sport as a synthesis of semantic-symbolic and communicative systems - a harmony of the soul of the world, the need for the principles of physical beauty, unity, physical, material and spiritual elements of human activity in which the principal place of physical and spiritual occupy the dominant culture. Sport is so humane, so humane a man, society, provided that cultivate the development of sport and the values that shape the sport as general civilization phenomenon under conditions of globalization. ; В статье дается анализ спорта как знаково-символической и коммуникативной системы, которая развивается в современном мире; анализируются процессы генезиса, трансформации и модификации спорта, связанные с изменениями в социальном контексте его бытийственности; отмечается, что спорт как символически знаковая и коммуникативная культура осуществляет существенное влияние на имидж современного человека и стиль его жизни; раскрывается, что все более очевидной становится ориентация на расширение спектра анализа спорта как социокультурного явления, изучения социокультурных детерминант, которые существенно влияют на структурные, смысловые, содержательные, функциональные, аксиологические характеристики феномена спорта, так и многочисленных его «проекций» на социум; дается анализ того, что благодаря культурологическому методу и подходу удалось проникнуть в мир спорта как знаково-символической и коммуникативной системы. ; У статті дається аналіз спорту як знаково-символічної і комунікативної системи, що розвивається в сучасному світі; аналізуються процеси генезису, трансформації і модифікації спорту, пов'язані зі змінами у соціальному контексті його буттєвості; відмічається, що спорт як символічно знакова і комунікативна культура здійснює істотний вплив на імідж сучасної людини та стиль його життя; розкривається, що все більш очевидною стає орієнтація на розширення спектру аналізу спорту як соціокультурного явища, вивчення соціокультурних детермінант, які істотно впливають на структурні, смислові, змістовні, функціональні, аксіологічні характеристики феномена спорту, так і багаточисленних його «проекцій» на соціум; дається аналіз того, що завдяки культурологічному методу і підходу вдалося проникнути у світ спорту як знаково-символічної і комунікативної системи.

[spa] El crecimiento desordenado, la exclusión social y los problemas de deterioro medioambientales de las ciudades, se han convertido en algunas de las pautas más discutidas por la sociedad mundial, principalmente, en los últimos 40 años. En estos debates y acciones se ha puesto de relieve una comprensión común respecto a que dicha realidad es resultado, principalmente del modelo de crecimiento económico desigual y destructor de la naturaleza, cuyos efectos en el territorio se manifiestan en intensidades y fases distintas de desarrollo, ya sea en los países del norte o del sur. Tratándose de Brasil, desde la década de 1980, se ha puesto en marcha la construcción de nuevas estrategias de gestión urbana y medioambiental, que objetivan revertir los impactos de esa lógica, para promover la inclusión socio-espacial de los segmentos excluidos. Entre esas estrategias, cabe subrayar las que se reflejan en los cambios de las normativas urbanísticas, principalmente las que se han orientado hacia la democratización del acceso al suelo urbano y la gestión de la ciudad. En esto proceso, uno de los principales retos ha sido el desarrollo de acciones que puedan aplicarse a los conflictos socio-ambientales. Entre estos conflictos destacan los que se han generado en los espacios naturales protegidos, debido a la ocupación inadecuada del suelo, principalmente, para fines residenciales. Estos espacios se han producido, en su mayoría, de forma ilegal desde los ámbitos urbanístico y medioambiental, habiéndose originado a partir de las demandas de las poblaciones más pobres, que no pueden participar del mercado formal tierras. En el ámbito de la normativa el reto se establece, cuando se busca, en la línea de la justicia socio-ambiental, una conciliación entre la necesidad de protección del espacio clasificado como de interés ambiental y el interés social, que está en la raíz de los procesos de apropiación u ocupación del suelo referidos. Con este trabajo de investigación se hace un esfuerzo para comprender dichos procesos desde la perspectiva del planeamiento y de la regulación, destacando, sobretodo, las estrategias utilizadas por el Estado y la sociedad para poner en marcha los mecanismos de ordenación territorial y conservación medioambiental, aplicados al control de la ocupación del suelo de los asentamientos informales ubicados en los espacios naturales protegidos. En el caso de Natal, se intenta demonstrar que, aunque no exista un comportamiento tipo en el desarrollo de las acciones, algunas referencias se hacen presentes en diferentes etapas del planeamiento urbano y medioambiental del municipio, así como de la política de vivienda. Por otra parte, en lo que respecta a las nuevas estrategias de planeamiento e instrumentos de gestión, a pesar de los avances, las dificultades para llevarlas a cabo se mantienen. En esta perspectiva se toman como referencia los últimos Planes Directores (1994 y 2007) y se pone énfasis en los procesos de reglamentación de las Zonas de Protección Medio Ambiental [ZPAs] y de las Áreas Especiales de Interés Social [AEIS]. En los análisis de las áreas de conflictos se subrayan, también, las dificultades institucionales para llevar a cabo las acciones de regularización urbanística y de la tenencia de algunos asentamientos clasificados como AEIS en la categoría favela. ; [eng] ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST X SOCIAL INTEREST. Social and environmental conflicts in protected areas: management and challenges of urban regularisations of informal settlements in Natal, Brazil. The disordered expansion and problems related to environmental degradation in cities was some of the major themes of debate engaged by world society, especially over the last forty years. Along such debates and correlated course of actions, there has been a common understanding that the present situation results mostly from a model of unequal economic growth that has destroyed nature and whose effects on the territory are manifest in different intensities and stages of progression, both in countries of the North as well as in those of the South. In Brazil, an effort to conceive and implement new strategies of urban and environmental management has been in place since the 1980s. Its purpose is to revert the impact of this logic, in such a way that social and spatial inclusion can reach those who are most hardly affected. Some of the most relevant strategies are the ones leading to the modification of urban norms, especially those which are oriented towards the democratisation of land access and urban management. Along this process, one major challenge lies on the development of actions which can be applied to social and environmental conflicts. Among several existing conflicts, those which take place in natural areas under protection are to be underlined. They are caused by inadequate occupation of land, mainly for residential use. The majority of these areas, built illegally from an urban and environmental standpoint, were originated by the demands of the impoverished strata of society, who are unable to take part in the formal market of land. As far is regulations are concerned, the great challenge, in the search for social and environment justice, has been to conciliate the need to protect areas which are classified as being of environmental interest and the social interest, which is the basic cause behind the processes of appropriation and occupation of land as mentioned above. In this investigation, we have attempted to understand these processes in the perspective of planning and of urban regulations, highlighting the strategies employed by State and society in order to make effective the mechanisms of territorial organisation and environmental conservation as applied to the control of land occupied by informal settlements and located in natural areas under protection. In the case of Natal, we tried to demonstrate that even though there is no pattern behaviour in the development of the actions which were analysed, some references are present in different phases of the municipality's urban and environmental planning, as well as in the housing policy. On the other hand, as far as the new planning strategies and administration tools are concerned, there are difficulties for their implementation, in spite of the progress that has been made. In order to achieve our goals, we used the city's most recent Master Plans (1994-2007), focusing on the processes for regularising the Zones of Environmental Protection (Zonas de Proteção Ambiental - ZPA) and the Special Areas of Social Interest (Áreas Especiais de Interesse Social – AEIS). As regards the analysis of conflicts, an emphasis is put on the institutional difficulties involved in the procedures that are undertaken for urban and land regularisation of some settlements classified as AEIS but which fall also into the category of favela

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for European Union. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January December 2010).