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This book examines the politics and economics of infrastructure development in Nigeria from Independence in 1960 upto 2015, and the role of good governance in promoting the socioeconomic wellbeing of citizens. Arguing for the need for transformational leadership in infrastructure development, the chapters examine policy issues and survey the various administrative, economic, and social-political reforms that have impacted infrastructure development in Nigeria. The author also discusses current national development plans and Vision 20:2020; challenges to infrastructure development, including corruption; and the future potential of a strong infrastructure network for the economy and citizens. Drawing upon his experience within government departments, as well as existing models of leadership and governance, the author explores the role of infrastructure development in promoting the wellbeing and growth of Nigeria. Combining theory with practical examples of good governance, this book will be of interest for students and researchers of political science and infrastructure development in Africa.

"Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor offers a ... chronicle of the twilight of redlining and the introduction of conventional real estate practices into the Black urban market, uncovering a transition from racist exclusion to predatory inclusion. Widespread access to mortgages across the United States after World War II cemented homeownership as fundamental to conceptions of citizenship and belonging. African Americans had long faced racist obstacles to homeownership, but the social upheaval of the 1960s forced federal government reforms. In the 1970s, new housing policies encouraged African Americans to become homeowners, and these programs generated unprecedented real estate sales in Black urban communities. However, inclusion in the world of urban real estate was fraught with new problems. As new housing policies came into effect, the real estate industry abandoned its aversion to African Americans, especially Black women, precisely because they were more likely to fail to keep up their home payments and slip into foreclosure"--

Information, never before available, on levels of affluence and the quality of life in every Zip code area in which Americans reside is contained in this book. The Council On Economic Priorities (CEP), a non-profit research agency committed to the exploration of issues of corporate social responsibility, has been engaged in a study of the relationship between the generation and disposal of toxic waste and the regional variation in cancer mortality rates for some time. A CEP study, Toxic Waste and Cancer: The Link ls Getting Stronger (published in September, 1984), established a small but statistically significant association between cancer and toxic waste at the county level. For small counties with petrochemical concentrations, the association appeared to be particularly high. CEP chose therefore to continue its studies at the 5 digit Zip code level, because the average 5 digit Zip code area is one-tenth the size of the typical county.

Architecture is more than the history, design and construction of buildings; it is also the creation, defining, redefining, and use of space. An understanding of these non-brick-and-mortar aspects includes how the use and meaning of that space changes over time. Gay space, specifically gay male space, is studied as both material space and social space. Material space is the 'brick and mortar' space designed for this purpose or created out of existing space, such as a room, building or neighborhood. Social spaces are the areas where human interaction occurs, such as block parties and festivals; it is more about the activities that occur than the places where they are held, even when those spaces have symbolic meanings. Gay space is studied in the context of material and social 'space' in general; the Castro is looked at in the context of gay space. The knowledge thus gained can be used by urban and social planners and in heritage preservation and tourism. The Castro is an internationally recognized gay ghetto, continuing a tradition in the city dating back at least 100 years. It is also a living, changing neighborhood, subject to the same pressures as other districts. There are two periods to the Castro as gay space: the pre-AIDS and AIDS periods. Social, economic, and political factors operate in both periods, with the neighborhood's material and social space changing as mainstream gay and non-gay society changes. As the Castro evolves a new type of gay space is created, that of myth, imagination and remembrance; this space is both material and social. With alternate futures possible, it is not clear whether a gay ghetto is even needed in San Francisco anymore. However, what has been learned by studying the Castro is useful in understanding and creating gay and specialized spaces elsewhere.

International audience In his 1919 lecture on the profession and vocation of politics (Politik als Beruf)- probably the best-known and most-read contribution of the German sociologist to the study of journalism-Max Weber refers to journalists as a sort of 'pariah caste'. This metaphor is analyzed here as a cue to understand Weber's portrayal of the two 'aspects' of the condition of journalists in modern media: their market situation and their ethical situation ('character' or 'personality'). This article explores both dimensions of modern journalism with a Weberian lens and intends to contribute to a renewed sociology of journalism. The history of journalistic bylines is used as a case study to illustrate the dynamics of 'personality' and 'anonymity' that lies at the heart of journalism and that every journalist as pariah has to address.

The aim of this thesis is the study of local pottery during Late La Tène, in the Saône valley. Its first part deals with external aspects (geographical, historical, archaeological outline) and expose the study method of local pottery (criteria of analysis). The second part settles the regional documentation (material for analysis from each settlement). The third part presents a synthesis organised through several themes : major aspects of local pottery, evolution of local coarse wares, influences of mediterranean contacts, pottery industry, local and regional trades, cultural, economical and political relations. ; Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier sous l'aspect culturel la céramique gauloise (IIIe- Ier siècles avant notre ère) mise au jour sur les sites de la moyenne vallée de la Saône (entre Mâcon et Mirebeau-sur-Bèze). Une première partie expose le cadre de l'étude (contexte géographique et historique), ainsi que les contraintes liées aux contextes de découvertes et à l'historique des recherches. La méthode d'étude des céramiques mise en oeuvre découle de ce faisceau de données et des objectifs fixés dans l'introduction. La seconde partie est constituée par un corpus des ensembles mobiliers, par site (types de production, répertoire des formes, données statistiques). La documentation disponible à l'échelon régional (Bourgogne essentiellement) se trouve ainsi rassemblée sous une forme cohérente. La dernière partie présente une synthèse des données, organisée suivant plusieurs thèmes : caractérisation des productions indigènes, évolution des productions et du répertoire, tradition protohistorique et influences méditerranéennes, économie de l'artisanat céramique (production, diffusion), définition de faciès locaux ou micro-régionaux correspondant à des entités culturelles et économiques.

The aim of this thesis is the study of local pottery during Late La Tène, in the Saône valley. Its first part deals with external aspects (geographical, historical, archaeological outline) and expose the study method of local pottery (criteria of analysis). The second part settles the regional documentation (material for analysis from each settlement). The third part presents a synthesis organised through several themes : major aspects of local pottery, evolution of local coarse wares, influences of mediterranean contacts, pottery industry, local and regional trades, cultural, economical and political relations. ; Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier sous l'aspect culturel la céramique gauloise (IIIe- Ier siècles avant notre ère) mise au jour sur les sites de la moyenne vallée de la Saône (entre Mâcon et Mirebeau-sur-Bèze). Une première partie expose le cadre de l'étude (contexte géographique et historique), ainsi que les contraintes liées aux contextes de découvertes et à l'historique des recherches. La méthode d'étude des céramiques mise en oeuvre découle de ce faisceau de données et des objectifs fixés dans l'introduction. La seconde partie est constituée par un corpus des ensembles mobiliers, par site (types de production, répertoire des formes, données statistiques). La documentation disponible à l'échelon régional (Bourgogne essentiellement) se trouve ainsi rassemblée sous une forme cohérente. La dernière partie présente une synthèse des données, organisée suivant plusieurs thèmes : caractérisation des productions indigènes, évolution des productions et du répertoire, tradition protohistorique et influences méditerranéennes, économie de l'artisanat céramique (production, diffusion), définition de faciès locaux ou micro-régionaux correspondant à des entités culturelles et économiques.

Originated in the 1960s, the 'marine branch' of Soviet, and later Russian, economic and social geography contributed to the diversification of geographical science and expanded its scope. The new branch was a product of the rapid growth of the marine economy and the country's military infrastructure and settlement system starting to gravitate towards the world ocean. This article uses bibliographical and scientometric materials to explore the factors, features and priorities of the development of Russian post-Soviet human geography of the world ocean. Special attention is paid to the path dependence in the evolution of this branch of geography (associated with the established professional community, the fundamental research themes and the basic concepts) and the emergence of new growth poles within the scope of marine human geography. Although this subdiscipline showed a high degree of resilience in the first years after the demise of the USSR, it became marginalised from the scientific mainstream. The interest in marine studies revived only in the early 2000s, gaining momentum after a decade of desolation. The renaissance was due to new transboundary marine research, analyses of the geopolitical and geoeconomic aspects of the marine economy and close attention given to coastal border areas (particularly the prospects and risks of their socio-economic development within the continent-ocean dichotomy). The marine focus of Russia's geostrategy will generate steady demand for national human geography of the world ocean, including its inevitable humanities component. Another trend is the involvement of human social geography in cross-branch geographical synthesis. The study also identifies Russian research and publication centre of excellence in marine human geography.

The article analyzes the concept of "positive legal responsibility". Its relationship with the term "responsibility" is established, the ratio of social and legal responsibility is considered. The relationship between the philosophical and moral meaning of the concept of "responsibility" is defined. Emphasis is placed on the need to define legal liability through the main objectives and principles of law, the practice of application and interpretation of the legal content of liability. The existence of positive and negative aspects of legal responsibility in modern legal science is outlined. The positive aspect of legal responsibility as a type of legal responsibility, which is a reaction of the state and society to socially useful action, is considered. The main types of legal incentives are identified. The most common signs of positive legal responsibility are outlined. The negative aspect of legal liability is considered. The basic approaches to its understanding are defined, the basic signs are outlined. It is noted that negative legal liability is considered a means of guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens. It is determined that in the mechanism of legal regulation measures of positive legal responsibility act as means of social control over the behavior of participants in public relations, ensuring mutual coherence of their actions. Positive legal liability is aimed at reducing the manifestations of illegal behavior by stimulating the subjects of legal relations to implement socially useful behavior through various incentives and is characterized by the following features: associated with the provision of additional rights to the person; occurs for the implementation of certain desired behavior; established in incentive legal norms; is a means of stimulating subjects to commit lawful acts; sold voluntarily. It is established that positive legal responsibility is a voluntary form of realization of legal responsibility, it is a legal obligation of the subject of responsibility to act according to requirements of legal norms which is realized in its lawful behavior. ; У статті проаналізовано поняття «позитивна юридична відповідальність». Встановлено її взаємозв'язок із терміном «відповідальність», розглянуто співвідношення суспільної і юридичної відповідальності. Визначено взаємозв'язок філософського та морального змісту поняття «відповідальність». Наголошено на необхідності визначення юридичної відповідальності через основні цілі та принципи права, практику застосування та тлумачення правового змісту відповідальності. Окреслено існування позитивного та негативного аспекту юридичної відповідальності у сучасній юридичній науці. Розглянуто позитивний аспект юридичної відповідальності як виду юридичної відповідальності, який є реакцією держави та суспільства на соціально корисне діяння. Визначено основні види правових заохочень. Розглянуто негативний аспект юридичної відповідальності. Визначено основні підходи до його розуміння. Зазначено, що негативна юридична відповідальність вважається засобом гарантування прав та свобод громадянина. Визначено, що у механізмі правового регулювання заходи позитивної юридичної відповідальності виступають як засоби соціального контролю за поведінкою учасників суспільних відносин, що забезпечують взаємну узгодженість їх дій. Позитивна юридична відповідальність спрямована на зменшення проявів неправомірної поведінки шляхом стимулювання суб'єктів правовідносин щодо здійснення суспільно корисної поведінки за допомогою різних заохочень та характеризується наступними ознаками: пов'язана з наданням особі додаткових прав; настає за здійснення певної бажаної поведінки; встановлюється у заохочувальних правових нормах; є засобом стимулювання суб'єктів до здійснення правомірних діянь; реалізується добровільно. Встановлено, що позитивна юридична відповідальність - це добровільна форма реалізації юридичної відповідальності, є юридичним обов'язком суб'єкта відповідальності діяти відповідно до вимог правових норм, що реалізується в його правомірній поведінці.

The article analyzes the concept of "positive legal responsibility". Its relationship with the term "responsibility" is established, the ratio of social and legal responsibility is considered. The relationship between the philosophical and moral meaning of the concept of "responsibility" is defined. Emphasis is placed on the need to define legal liability through the main objectives and principles of law, the practice of application and interpretation of the legal content of liability. The existence of positive and negative aspects of legal responsibility in modern legal science is outlined. The positive aspect of legal responsibility as a type of legal responsibility, which is a reaction of the state and society to socially useful action, is considered. The main types of legal incentives are identified. The most common signs of positive legal responsibility are outlined. The negative aspect of legal liability is considered. The basic approaches to its understanding are defined, the basic signs are outlined. It is noted that negative legal liability is considered a means of guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens. It is determined that in the mechanism of legal regulation measures of positive legal responsibility act as means of social control over the behavior of participants in public relations, ensuring mutual coherence of their actions. Positive legal liability is aimed at reducing the manifestations of illegal behavior by stimulating the subjects of legal relations to implement socially useful behavior through various incentives and is characterized by the following features: associated with the provision of additional rights to the person; occurs for the implementation of certain desired behavior; established in incentive legal norms; is a means of stimulating subjects to commit lawful acts; sold voluntarily. It is established that positive legal responsibility is a voluntary form of realization of legal responsibility, it is a legal obligation of the subject of responsibility to act according to requirements of legal norms which is realized in its lawful behavior. ; У статті проаналізовано поняття «позитивна юридична відповідальність». Встановлено її взаємозв'язок із терміном «відповідальність», розглянуто співвідношення суспільної і юридичної відповідальності. Визначено взаємозв'язок філософського та морального змісту поняття «відповідальність». Наголошено на необхідності визначення юридичної відповідальності через основні цілі та принципи права, практику застосування та тлумачення правового змісту відповідальності. Окреслено існування позитивного та негативного аспекту юридичної відповідальності у сучасній юридичній науці. Розглянуто позитивний аспект юридичної відповідальності як виду юридичної відповідальності, який є реакцією держави та суспільства на соціально корисне діяння. Визначено основні види правових заохочень. Розглянуто негативний аспект юридичної відповідальності. Визначено основні підходи до його розуміння. Зазначено, що негативна юридична відповідальність вважається засобом гарантування прав та свобод громадянина. Визначено, що у механізмі правового регулювання заходи позитивної юридичної відповідальності виступають як засоби соціального контролю за поведінкою учасників суспільних відносин, що забезпечують взаємну узгодженість їх дій. Позитивна юридична відповідальність спрямована на зменшення проявів неправомірної поведінки шляхом стимулювання суб'єктів правовідносин щодо здійснення суспільно корисної поведінки за допомогою різних заохочень та характеризується наступними ознаками: пов'язана з наданням особі додаткових прав; настає за здійснення певної бажаної поведінки; встановлюється у заохочувальних правових нормах; є засобом стимулювання суб'єктів до здійснення правомірних діянь; реалізується добровільно. Встановлено, що позитивна юридична відповідальність - це добровільна форма реалізації юридичної відповідальності, є юридичним обов'язком суб'єкта відповідальності діяти відповідно до вимог правових норм, що реалізується в його правомірній поведінці.

With recent advances in computing power and the widespread availability of political choice data, such as legislative roll call and public opinion survey data, the empirical estimation of spatial models has never been easier or more popular. Analyzing Spatial Models of Choice and Judgment with R demonstrates how to estimate and interpret spatial models using a variety of methods with the popular, open-source programming language R.

This paper examines the case of women's rights in marriage. It adopts a pluralist perspective on law and rights that highlights the complex legal framework within which women negotiate marriage. Based on research carried out in two Malawian cities in 2000-2001, it focuses on the interplay between different types of laws and norms related to marriage and discusses the opportunities and limitations women experience when negotiating polygynous marriages. One important aspect of the plural legal framework in contemporary Africa is the concept of human rights, which has accompanied the democratisation proces. The paper draws attention women's rights on the legal framework inMalawi.

This article describes and evaluates civic networks in Europe and the USA. These are seen as attempts to use new media technology, particularly the internet, to improve participation in local democratic processes. Various aspects of democratic communication are examined, including information access, preference measurement, deliberation and group mobilization. A wide variety of city-based experiments are described, which have all faced problems of low take-up and problems of inequality of access. It is argued that new media will have a significant and positive impact upon the processes of democratic communication within the appropriate regulatory and economic context, particularly regarding access to communications technologies.

From 1950, increasing numbers of Aboriginal and Māori women became nationally or internationally renowned. Few reached the heights of international fame accorded Evonne Goolagong or Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, and few remained household names for any length of time. But their growing numbers and visibility reflected the dramatic social, cultural and political changes taking place in Australia and New Zealand in the second half of the twentieth century. This book is the first in-depth study of media portrayals of well-known Indigenous women in Australia and New Zealand, including Goolagong, Te Kanawa, Oodgeroo Noonuccal and Dame Whina Cooper. The power of the media in shaping the lives of individuals and communities, for good or ill, is widely acknowledged. In these pages, Karen Fox examines an especially fascinating and revealing aspect of the media and its history — how prominent Māori and Aboriginal women were depicted for the readers of popular media in the past.

This thesis takes as its object the process of political radicalization observed in young people from the working-class areas of Santiago de Chile. In order to understand this process, we have conducted an ethnographic field survey into the diverse practices of the political developed by subjects who are participants in direct action collectives. The field survey took place mostly during the period of student mobilization in 2011 and 2012, the most significant protest since the fall of the dictatorship in 1989. Based on the politicization of young people's experience, and through the interpretation of life histories, observations, and archive research, this study seeks to understand the motives underpinning radical involvement in which acts of political violence hold a central place an essential role.Organized in three parts, this study first investigates the role of history and memory as sources of political radicalization within working-class groups. In a second time, a history of present time analyzed through an ethnography of protest events and of violence in situation sheds light on the importance of the emotional aspects of protests and on the new practices of the political (occupations of sites, direct democracy, counter-cultural practices, etc.) in forms of radical involvement founded on an autonomist vision of society. This thesis defends in a final part the idea that individual experiences of the political have shifted towards community spaces. The creation of political, artistic and social collectives enables young people to recreate new kinds of normativity and forms of resistance, which are in turn taken up by other working-class actors. ; Esta tesis estudia el proceso de radicalización política de jóvenes provenientes de barrios populares en Santiago de Chile. Para estudiar este proceso realizamos una investigación etnográfica sobre las diferentes prácticas políticas de individuos activos en un colectivo de acción directa. La investigación se realizó fundamentalmente durante el periodo de ...