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Three recently published books raise the question of labor in the Roman Empire. The present article aims to investigate the sources privileged by historians, the scale of observation on which their analysis is situated, and the theoretical assumptions that guide them. These reflections show that there are multiple ways of writing labor history, currently divided into different subfields which do not always communicate with one another. Thanks to new readings of ancient literature and epigraphy, and the contribution of papyri and archaeology, the traditional history of work and trades has been widely renewed. An important line of questioning examines the reasons for the high degree of trade specialization in the Roman Empire, as well as the existence of a true division of labor. Archaeology helps us understand the technologies and processes of production, making it possible to establish a typology of the socioprofessional identities, from employers to employees, that existed in the shops and workshops of the Roman world. A quite different approach investigates the organization of labor from a macroeconomic perspective, seeing it as a force mobilized by employers: comparisons between the productivity of slaves and that of free workers have been replaced by analyses of the transaction costs of free hired labor versus servile manpower. Finally, debate continues between historians who consider that the labor market of the Roman Empire was limited by clientelist networks and servile labor, and those who describe a free-market economy where labor had become a commodity.

Archaeological data are usually inherently incomplete, heterogeneous, discontinuous and require frequent updates and possible adjustments. It is important to constantly create detailed documentation, which will precisely represent the actual situation. However, even the most precise figure is only an estimated representation of the documented object. Therefore, it is necessary to collect fully metric documentation and its professional archaeological interpretation. Acquiring correct and valuable underwaterdigital images for the archaeology purposes is not easy due to specific shooting conditions. It should be noted a number of limitations are unique to this type of imaging environment — the apparent extension of the focal length, the "disappearance" of colours, as well as a significant reduction in the transparency of the water environment. Therefore, the authors have made attempts to describe changes, in a much broader sense, in the quality of photogrammetric images that had been taken in various shooting conditions. Underwater and aerial images of two test fields were tested. First, the ground sampling distance of the INTOVA IC500 digital camera and the geometric accuracy of the acquired images were examined. Then, the impact of changes to the imaging conditions on the radio-metric resolution and colour projection were designated. In the last stage, the acquired images were used in practice — to assess the progress of the erosion process of an archaeological object, and also to comply its documentation in the form of vector drawing with the accuracy of mxy = ±0.5 mm. Keywords: photogrammetry and remote sensing, archaeology, underwater photogrammetry, resolution, ground resolved distance

Excavations at the early historic site of Bīr-koṭ-ghwaṇḍai (Barikot), the ancient Bazira of Alexander the Great (Tribulato and Olivieri 2017) started after almost ten years of explorations of the protohistoric phases of the site carried out by G. Stacul. The new project was launched in 1984 by the then IsMEO (from 1992: IsIAO) in cooperation with the Department of Archaeology and Museums (DOAM), Government of Pakistan, under the direction of P. Callieri. The first departmental representative was Mr. Aftab Ahmad Khan (Karachi National Museum), the last in 1992 was the current Director of DOAM Dr. Abdul Azeem, at that time Field Officer of the Sub Regional Office NWFP (SRO Peshawar). The excavation reports were at that time first published in the Department's official journal Pakistan Archaeology, as required by the excavation license (Callieri et al. 1990, Olivieri 1993). The excavations at the lower city were interrupted in 1992, while those at the citadel were concluded in 2000. Excavations resumed in 2006, and then expanded to a larger scale from 2011 onwards. The following pages present a revised structural and chronological sequence of the site within the chronological limits of the ancient urban settlement (BCE 6th-5th – 3rd-4th CE), with a focus on the trenches excavated in collaboration with DOAM (BKG 1, 3, 4-5). Trench BKG 2, which has a later chronology, is not here considered. The revised sequence is based on the new data yielded by the 2011-2017 excavation campaigns.

A particular version of Rwanda's pre-colonial Iron Age past was constructed during colonial rule and influenced by a racial world-view. This ethnicised and racialised past was used by successive Rwandan rulers to divide the population along newcomer/latecomer lines and eventually became a central tenet of the propaganda that contributed to the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. More recently this racial presentation of Rwanda's past has since been successfully deconstructed by social historians such as Mamdani (2002), Chrétien (2003), Eltringham (2004) Vansina (2004 and Newbury (2009), and has been shown to be a heavily biased construction based on colonial values. Yet, the ethno-racial presentation of the past continues to be problematic for history education in Rwanda. This thesis follows on from the work of these authors. It suggests that archaeology can usefully engage with contemporary political contexts, involving the deconstruction and reconstruction of Rwanda's pre-colonial past in a climate of reconciliation. Following this introduction this thesis explores the concept of ethnicity in relation to Rwandan archaeology before reconsidering the tangible evidence for the Iron Age in Rwanda through a critical review of the existing literature. Furthermore, through the application of a politically aware and sensitive theoretical and methodological framework, this thesis explores non-ethno-racial historical narratives in pre-colonial Rwanda through a new body of archaeological data generated during twelve months of recent fieldwork in southern, central and northern Rwanda. Finally this thesis concludes with a summary of the archaeological outcomes of this research and some speculation on future research directions.

In the present, we like to conceive of peace as the absence of its perceived opposite: we imagine it to be the normal, permanent state of society, which is only occasionally (and hopefully extremely rarely) interrupted by an abnormal, different state, that of war. Peace, in this context, we imagine as the near-complete absence of violent conflicts. War, on the other hand, we see as characterised by a significantly increased occurrence or even dominance of violent means of resolving conflicts. This conception, we also like to transfer onto the (close and more distant) past, in which we seem to mostly be interested in war (which sometimes is even referred to as the 'father of all things'). The reason for this, particularly in prehistory, seems to be that war seems to have left more archaeologically identifiable material traces than peace. Starting with weapons and other instruments of warfare via direct traces – whether anthropologically identifiable as trauma on skeletal remains, or archaeologically by stray finds of weapons on 'battlefields' – to defensive and offensive architecture; war seems to be relatively easily traceable by archaeological means. Peace, on the other hand, seems only identifiable negatively, through the absence of evidence for war. As understandable as this conception may be, so misleading it is: peace is not a natural state, occurring automatically if nobody goes to war. Rather, much like war, it requires social organisation and also enforcement, often with violent means. An executioner's sword is not a weapon of war, nor the head severed by it an injury of war, but rather a trace of the violent enforcement or re-establishment of peace. It is thus argued in this contribution that much of what we, as yet, have understood to be the 'archaeology of warfare' might as well be an 'archaeology of peace', since war and peace can hardly be distinguished from each other by archaeological means.

In December 2014, Lockwood, Andrews & Newman, Inc. (Client) contracted with Raba Kistner Environmental, Inc. (RKEI) to perform an intensive cultural resources survey along Goforth Road between Interstate Highway (IH)-35 and Kyle Parkway for the expansion of the Right-Of-Way (ROW) and the installation of storm sewer inlets, manholes and one bridge in Kyle, Hays County, Texas. The purpose of this survey was to determine whether cultural resources were located within the Area of Potential Effect (APE), and if feasible, assess their significance and eligibility for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SALs) and for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The project was sponsored by the City of Kyle and the owner of the project is the City of Kyle owns the road and its ROW. Since the ROW is owned by a political subdivision of the state, the project falls under the Antiquities Code of Texas as administered by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). The field work was carried out between December 29-30, 2014 under Texas Antiquities Committee Permit No. 7117 issued to Dr. Steve A. Tomka, who served as Principal Investigator. Mark Luzmoor was the Project Archaeologist and Kristi Nichols and Chris Murray assisted during the field work. Background research revealed that no previously recorded archaeological sites are located within the boundary of the APE. However, there are two archaeology sites, seven historical markers and four National Register Properties, within a one mile radius but outside of the APE. A total of 16 shovel tests (STs) were excavated within the APE. Surface visibility was around 10% throughout the APE. Due to extensive disturbances of the banks of Plum Creek, no backhoe trenches were excavated during the project. No artifacts were encountered in any shovel test or on surface during the pedestrian survey. Since no cultural deposits were encountered, RKEI recommends no further archaeological work within the project boundaries. All project related documents are permanently housed at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory.

In December 2014, Lockwood, Andrews & Newman, Inc. (Client) contracted with Raba Kistner Environmental, Inc. (RKEI) to perform an intensive cultural resources survey along Goforth Road between Interstate Highway (IH)-35 and Kyle Parkway for the expansion of the Right-Of-Way (ROW) and the installation of storm sewer inlets, manholes and one bridge in Kyle, Hays County, Texas. The purpose of this survey was to determine whether cultural resources were located within the Area of Potential Effect (APE), and if feasible, assess their significance and eligibility for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SALs) and for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The project was sponsored by the City of Kyle and the owner of the project is the City of Kyle owns the road and its ROW. Since the ROW is owned by a political subdivision of the state, the project falls under the Antiquities Code of Texas as administered by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). The field work was carried out between December 29-30, 2014 under Texas Antiquities Committee Permit No. 7117 issued to Dr. Steve A. Tomka, who served as Principal Investigator. Mark Luzmoor was the Project Archaeologist and Kristi Nichols and Chris Murray assisted during the field work. Background research revealed that no previously recorded archaeological sites are located within the boundary of the APE. However, there are two archaeology sites, seven historical markers and four National Register Properties, within a one mile radius but outside of the APE. A total of 16 shovel tests (STs) were excavated within the APE. Surface visibility was around 10% throughout the APE. Due to extensive disturbances of the banks of Plum Creek, no backhoe trenches were excavated during the project. No artifacts were encountered in any shovel test or on surface during the pedestrian survey. Since no cultural deposits were encountered, RKEI recommends no further archaeological work within the project boundaries. All project related documents are permanently housed at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory.

In Human Ecodynamics in the North Atlantic: A Collaborative Model of Humans and Nature through Space and Time, Maher and Harrison have compiled a series of separate research projects conducted across the North Atlantic region that each contribute greatly to the area of study.

Among the main objectives of the "Methodology for the Archaeological Study of Second Punic War Battlefields and Sieges:Iliturgi,Castuloand Metauro (207-206 BCE)" Project is to implement archaeological analytical strategies designed for research into the second Punic war. The aim is to differentiate the contexts in battlefields -including the case study ofBaeculaand sieges. For the latter, Scipio the African's siege ofIliturgiin 206 BCE has been chosen as a practical case for comparison and experimentation. We have used the techniques of photointerpretation, digital terrain modelling, geophysical prospection and archaeological excavation, together with a critical review of the historiographic and archaeological background with reference to the classical texts that tell us of the outstanding role ofIliturgiin the second Punic war. All these have led us to suggest a different location for thisoppidumin the Alto Guadalquivir region that is traditionally believed to have been located at Cerro Maquiz. We propose two different locations: the first on the hill known as Cerro de la Muela between the 6thand 3rdcenturies BCE and the second on Cerro Maquiz from the 2ndcentury BCE, both forming part of the same historical process. ; El desarrollo del Proyecto "Metodología para el estudio arqueológico de campos de batalla y asedios de la segunda guerra púnica:Iliturgi,Castuloy Metauro (207-206 a. n. e.)" tiene entre sus principales objetivos la puesta en práctica de estrategias de análisis arqueológico destinadas a la investigación de la segunda guerra púnica, tratando de diferenciar contextos en campos de batalla, como el caso estudiado deBaecula, y asedios, para lo cual se escogió el caso práctico de contrastación y experimentación deIliturgi, por Escipión el Africano, en el 206 a. n. e. Los trabajos de fotointerpretación, modelado digital del terreno, prospección geofísica y prospección y excavación arqueológica, unidos a una revisión crítica de los antecedentes historiográficos y arqueológicos referentes a los textos clásicos que narran el papel destacado deIliturgien la segunda guerra púnica, nos conducen a proponer una localización distinta para esteoppidumdel Alto Guadalquivir, tradicionalmente situado en Cerro Maquiz. Planteamos que esta ciudad debe situarse en dos emplazamientos distintos: en el Cerro de la Muela, entre los siglos VI y III a. n. e. y en Cerro Maquiz, a partir del siglo II a. n. e., formando parte, en todo caso, de un mismo proceso histórico.

International audience ; This paper offers a short presentation of early Roman coin finds from Strasbourg (France), with a comparison with Oedenburg (Biesheim, France), Windisch (Switzerland), Zurzach (Switzerland), the Saalburg (Germany) and Zugmantel (Germany) and a discussion over the impact of the military occupation of these sites on their coin pool. New data has appeared since 2011 and the presentation would need updating. For Strasbourg, some of the coins are presented in more detail in a paper published in 2013: see https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285902 ; Cet article offre une courte présentation des monnaies romaines précoces découvertes à Strasbourg (France), comparées aux découvertes d'Oedenburg (Biesheim, France), Windisch (Suisse), Zurzach (Suisse), la Saalburg (Allemagne) et Zugmantel (Allemagne), avec une discussion sur l'impact de l'occupation militiare de ces sites sur leur stock monétaire. Depuis 2011, de nouvelles données sont devenues disponibles et la présentation aurait besoin d'être mise à jour. Pour Strasbourg, certaines monnaies sont présentées plus en détail dans un article publié en 2013 : voir https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285902

International audience ; This paper offers a short presentation of early Roman coin finds from Strasbourg (France), with a comparison with Oedenburg (Biesheim, France), Windisch (Switzerland), Zurzach (Switzerland), the Saalburg (Germany) and Zugmantel (Germany) and a discussion over the impact of the military occupation of these sites on their coin pool. New data has appeared since 2011 and the presentation would need updating. For Strasbourg, some of the coins are presented in more detail in a paper published in 2013: see https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285902 ; Cet article offre une courte présentation des monnaies romaines précoces découvertes à Strasbourg (France), comparées aux découvertes d'Oedenburg (Biesheim, France), Windisch (Suisse), Zurzach (Suisse), la Saalburg (Allemagne) et Zugmantel (Allemagne), avec une discussion sur l'impact de l'occupation militiare de ces sites sur leur stock monétaire. Depuis 2011, de nouvelles données sont devenues disponibles et la présentation aurait besoin d'être mise à jour. Pour Strasbourg, certaines monnaies sont présentées plus en détail dans un article publié en 2013 : voir https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285902

The aim of this article is to briefly introduce not only the history of the Historical Society of the Province of Posen (Pro-wincija Poznańska; Historische Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen), and to show its historical context, but also to clarify the question whether its foundation was not only for purely historical interest in the past of Greater Poland, but also whether the anti-Slavic feeling at that time formed the intention to participate in current events. It looks at the extent to which this organisation was another factor that contributed to the Germanisation of the country. The Greater Poland area is particularly appropriate for the study, since German and Polish residents here were anchored in the past, the region has roots and decided independently to pursue a scholarly review of its history. At first, however, the rival parties were dominated by Poles: in 1857, a Polish organisation was founded called the Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Poznańskiego (Poznań Society of Friends of Science, TPNP), along with a small museum. But the German residents in Greater Poland became more and more interested in archaeological discoveries in the province of Posen, too. The opening of a permanent exhibition at the Museum of the Society of Friends of Science led German circles to establish a similar institution, whose main founders were Rodgero Prümers and Adolf Warschauer, employees of the Poznań State Archives. On 5 March 1885, the Historische Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen came into existence. Among their most important tasks was the investigation of German history in the province, studying culture and history, publishing scholarly papers, and also the preservation of monuments and the collection of antiquities. The ultimate goal was a museum of their own in the province of Posen. In 1894, the Provinzialmusem opened. The Provincial Museum of Historische Gesellschaft formed the basis for the later Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, and for today's Archaeological Museum in Poznań, and is therefore irrevocably linked to the professionalisation and institutionalisation of German and Polish archaeology. It would be unthinkable to offer an archaeological scene in Poznań without the Historische Gesellschaft, as long as Poland was divided and occupied by the Germans. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance, from a historical research perspective, that the history, political activity and collection are processed and presented, in order not to lose this chapter of German history of research in the oblivion of contemporary Poland.Key words: nationalism in archaeology, political archaeology, Greater Poland, Historische Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen, Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Poznańskiego, collectors, museums.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ ab.v1i0.1142

Using statistical methods, a comparative morphometric analysis of the bones of the distal limbs of horses from archaeological sites of the 7 th—4 th centuries BC was carried out for the first time for the territory of the North Caucasus, in particular the Ciscaucasia, Central and Northwestern Caucasus. In total, the analysis includes 14 sites, materials from 12 of them are published for the first time. The exterior of the horses is described, and some of its changes over 400 years are revealed. It is shown that along with the general uniformity of animals, there are certain differences between the sites left by different archaeological cultures. However, these ethnocultural features can also be largely due to differences in the ecological and geographical conditions for horse breeding. The limited amount of material does not allow us to confidently assert the presence of directed selection of horses and breed formation in this historical period, to determine the origin of horses from different archaeological cultures. However, the general uniformity of animals may indicate, if not the origin, then at least the significant influence of the Scythian horses on the local population. The paper also discusses some methodological aspects of the study of archaeozoological material.

Publisher online on Persée, URL: http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ran_0557-7705_2004_num_37_1_1137 national audience well attested by ancient sources, however, Luteva is poorly documented by archaeology. Recent field observations provide an opportunity to systematically take over the body of data to study the extension of the urbanised area and the establishment of the antique agglomeration. The place and role of the city are then envisaged in the territory of the City and within the province of Narbonnaise. In response to a strong geopolitics of colonial power, the foundations of which, however, remain obscure, the city, after its rise to a Latin colony, has a long destiny of capital, which, from the end of Antiquity, has been devoted to an episcopal seat. ; Although well attested in ancient texts, the town of Luteva has not been well documented archaeologically. However, recent field observations present an opportunity to reanalyze systematically the corpus of data in order to study the expansion of the urbanized area and the founding of the ancient settlement. The place and role of the town are then considered within both the territory of the civitas and the province of Gallia Narbonensis. Responding to strong geopolitical forces of colonial power, the bases of which are still obscure, the town, following its promotion to the status of colonia Latina, enjoyed a long period as a capital -- a distinction consecrated by the designation of a bishop\'s see as early as the Late Roman Period. ; Publisher online on Persée, URL: http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ran_0557-7705_2004_num_37_1_1137 national audience well attested by ancient sources, however, Luteva is poorly documented by archaeology. Recent field observations provide an opportunity to systematically take over the body of data to study the extension of the urbanised area and the establishment of the antique agglomeration. The place and role of the city are then envisaged in the territory of the City and within ...