Suchergebnisse

Community empowerment is one of the government's programs in alleviating poverty in Indonesia. The success of implementing community empowerment cannot be separated from the program's role. This study aims to determine what factors affect the performance of the empowerment program implementers. The research method uses a descriptive approach to obtain an overview of the facts in the field and path analysis to determine the effect of research variables. The research respondents were the implementers of the community empowerment program in Bekasi Regency as many as 48 people. The results showed that there was a significant effect of Work Attitude (X1), Work Climate (X2), and Work Motivation (X3) on Performance (Y) of 0.815, and the remaining 0.185 or 18.5% influence by other variables not included in this study. The study results recommend improving performance through training and coaching on an ongoing basis to improve implementing empowerment programs.

Nigerian development problem is partly linked to corruption, which begets malnutrition, illiteracy, poverty, unemployment, ethnicity, banditry, hunger and infrastructural decay. It is a social problem that bedevils proper law enforcement in Nigeria. Due to the alleged and proven numerous corrupt practices across the country from 2015-2020, this paper provides an overview of ethical issues in law enforcement in Nigeria. It ascertain the relationship between corruption, ethical issues, and law enforcement in Nigeria, and the effectiveness of anti-corruption crusade in Nigeria. Three (3) theories were used in explaining the study namely: Social Learning Theory (SLT), Social Disorganization Theory (SDT) and Corruption Permissiveness Theory (CPT), but we adopted the latter. The study adopted a qualitative design. The major sources of data collection were secondary sources which include, journal publications, textbooks, government publications and newspapers. The secondary data collected were thoroughly subjected to content analysis.

Video games are often seen as a medium for entertainment. However, there is an emerging genre of video games that are designed to raise awareness about important social issues like poverty, immigration, and war. These games use persuasive strategies for engaging communities in conversations about human rights issues. This paper provides analyses of the educational strategies of twenty-one human rights video games on the Games For Change website. Our analysis reveals that the ways these games increase cognition, increase empathy and teach affective responses, as well as teach players how to participate in social change processes, serve to educate for behavioral change. Through this medium, players are immersed in simulations which give them a language to not only understand the dynamics at play in issues such as deportation, but also offers players insight into how to change these dynamics and why it is important.

AbstractThis article investigates the heterogeneous effects of international migration on the expenditure of Bangladeshi migrant households. Adopting a counterfactual framework, we estimate the impact of migration on per capita expenditure of left‐behind households according to their position in the counterfactual expenditure distribution and the length of the migration period. The effects on households' social mobility and on inequality are also assessed. The analysis indicates that migration has a positive impact on per capita expenditure and represents an important vehicle of social mobility, but may also be a source of inequality. We also find that only a tiny share of international migrants originates from households belonging to the lowest expenditure quintile and, since most of the characteristics which seem to influence the migration decision cannot be shaped by policy interventions, our results also suggest that pro‐migration policies might not be effective in lifting those most in need out of poverty.

Less than two decades into the twenty-first century, it is evident that capitalism has failed as a social system. The world is mired in economic stagnation, financialization, and the most extreme inequality in human history, accompanied by mass unemployment and underemployment, precariousness, poverty, hunger, wasted output and lives, and what at this point can only be called a planetary ecological "death spiral." Many of the symptoms of the failure of capitalism are well-known. Nevertheless, they are often attributed not to capitalism as a system, but simply to neoliberalism, viewed as a particular paradigm of capitalist development that can be replaced by another, better one. A critical-historical analysis of neoliberalism is therefore crucial both to grounding our understanding of capitalism today and uncovering the reason why all alternatives to neoliberalism and its capitalist absolutism are closed within the system itself.

The use of child soldiers has been increasing in the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic. To understand the implications of this on regional security, the study employed a strict textual analysis of the relevant literature on the use of child soldiers in these countries. The study found that the limited protection of refugee camps, poverty, and kidnappings are the major factors contributing to the recruitment of child soldiers. Moreover, the conflict over resources and that of religious differences has torn families apart and increase population displacement in these countries. The study concluded that the conflicts in these countries have not received the attention they deserve and although the United Nations has intervened, the lack of attention by the African Union and state governments means the problem will only escalate, threatening the livelihoods of children and regional security altogether.

This open access book presents a cross-disciplinary insight and policy analysis into the effects of European legal and political frameworks on the life of 'Roma migrants' in Europe. It outlines the creation and implementation of Roma policies at the European level, provides a systematic understanding of identity-based exclusion and explores concrete case studies that reveal how integration and immigration policies work in practice. The book also shows how the Roma example might be employed in tackling the governance implications of our increasingly complex societies and assesses its potential and limitations for integration policies of vulnerable groups such as refugees and other discriminated minorities. As such the book will be of interest to academics, practitioners, policy-makers and a wider academic community working in migration, refugee, poverty and integration issues more broadly. ; Funded by Research by Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation (GREASE) H2020 project - Grant number 770640

Solving the world's most pressing problems (climate change, global poverty) will require the commitment of large numbers of people. The current research draws upon the joint insights of self-determination theory and the social identity perspective to consider the mechanisms through which social interaction engenders commitment to social change. Participants (N = 137) engaged in a small group discussion to plan strategies for providing safe drinking water to people in developing countries. The degree of consensus within the interaction (regarding desired change and action to achieve that change) was measured. Multilevel path analysis showed that communication of consensus allows motives to become internalized, giving rise to new identities and commitment to social change. These results suggest that to understand how to promote commitment to social change, we need to understand the social forces that promote the formation and internalization of meaningful social identities.

This article examines the background of scavengers at Bengkala village landfill and its working pattern in processing certain organic wastes into rupiah through pig farms. Data was collected by in-depth interview techniques, observation, and document study, then discussed with sociocultural and adaptation theories. Analysis shows that scavenger background included poverty, unemployment, market economic pressure, individualism reinforcement, waste as a source of sustainable fortune, not exclusive, and scavenger as an informal sector. All of these lead to change image of scavengers which were originally considered dirty, rough, ugly, and low, turned into the opposite, so that someone is willing to be a scavenger. Waste as a source of livelihood comes from inorganic waste in the form of junk and certain organic waste as pigs food. Pig farmers process organic waste so that it produces pigs for their own consumption and is sold to meet various basic needs for the family.

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic killed millions worldwide and hundreds of thousands in the United States. This article studies the impact of air pollution on pandemic mortality. The analysis combines a panel dataset on infant and all-age mortality with a novel measure of air pollution based on the burning of coal in a large sample of U.S. cities. We estimate that air pollution contributed significantly to pandemic mortality. Cities that used more coal experienced tens of thousands of excess deaths in 1918 relative to cities that used less coal with similar pre-pandemic socioeconomic conditions and baseline health. Factors related to poverty, public health, and the timing of onset also affected pandemic mortality. The findings support recent medical evidence on the link between air pollution and influenza infection, and suggest that poor air quality was an important cause of mortality during the pandemic.

Women in different cities, in different parts of a city, or even in the same neighborhood are involved in or affected by gentrification in different ways. Given the increasing socioeconomic status of women and their changing demographic characteristics, women can be viewed as the agents in the growing service economy that are driving gentrification. However, women are also the victims who suffer most from gentrification due to the feminization of poverty, a ubiquitous global phenomenon. Women, being overrepresented among the poor, have confronted great burdens associated with physical and social upgrading. Yet this aspect of women, as victims of gentrification, has not received its due attention, particularly in China. This article explores socioeconomic changes experienced in Hong Kong's economy between 1986 and 2006, and resulting gentrification processes. It also provides an empirical analysis into the diverse role of women in Hong Kong's landscape of gentrification, as both agents and victims.

ABSTRACTDevelopment organizations are increasingly adopting market‐based approaches to reducing rural poverty and food insecurity in the global South. The value chain approach is particularly popular. Aid donors, governments and non‐governmental organizations are applying value chain concepts originally designed for promoting industrial production to smallholder agricultural production. Cashew development in Côte d'Ivoire illustrates this new approach to rural development in which 'upgrading' the production and processing links are top priorities. A core assumption informing this approach is that improvements in product quality at the producer level will yield higher producer prices and incomes. This article examines this assumed quality–price relationship through a comparative analysis of cashew quality and prices in Côte d'Ivoire. The research reveals a disconnect between nut quality and producer prices. The case study demonstrates that power relations are more important than quality in setting producer prices for raw cashew nuts.

AbstractRecent research documents the adverse causal impacts on health and productivity of extreme heat, which will worsen with climate change. In this paper, we assess the current distribution of heat exposure within countries, to explore possible distributional consequences of climate change through temperature. Combining survey data from 690,745 households across 52 countries with spatial data on climate, this paper suggests that the welfare impacts of added heat stress may be regressivewithincountries. We find: (1) a strong negative correlation between household wealth and warmer temperature in many hot countries; (2) a strong positive correlation between household wealth and warmer temperatures in many cold countries; and (3) that poorer individuals are more likely to work in occupations with greater exposure. While our analysis is descriptive rather than causal, our results suggest a larger vulnerability of poor people to heat extremes, and potentially significant distributional and poverty implications of climate change.

The article investigates the impact of local policies on human development indicators in Brazilian municipalities. This is an attempt to investigate the role of the legislative branch in reducing inequality and poverty through budget amendments, usually seen in derogatory form as pork barrel politics. We assess the effect of pork on municipalities using up‐to‐date policy evaluation techniques. Brazil is a case of extreme inequality and an active legislative branch in disbursing monies. The data set contains over 60,000 observations from all 5,500+ Brazilian municipalities for over a decade. We use matching and longitudinal data analysis techniques, treating pork as exogenous shocks, mapping how its effect reverberates on social and economic indicators in succeeding years. The results indicate a positive impact of such policies in improving local level development. However, these results are not sustainable over time, thus suggesting inclusion with a dissipative profile.

The purpose of this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) is to identify the most critical development constraints facing Djibouti and how to make growth more inclusive and sustainable while promoting shared prosperity. The findings and recommendations of the SCD are based on analytical work carried out by a World Bank Group team with expertise in macroeconomics and poverty analytics, human capital development and labor markets, infrastructure and private sector development, governance and climate change. The team also undertook consultations with the Government of Djibouti and representatives from civil society, private sector stakeholders and the donor community. The SCD provides analysis and recommendations for policies that the Government might pursue to reduce barriers to inclusive and sustainable growth and achieve its vision of becoming a modern economy and regional hub for trade and logistics, which can create jobs and raise living standards for Djiboutians.