Central to this paper is the aim to discuss the effectiveness of the Consumer Protection Cooperation Network (also known as "CPC Network") for consumer protection in cross-border disputes in the European Union (EU). In doing so, this paper deals with the literature about networks established by grouping the Commission and national authorities to enforce European Law. The examples of the European Competition Network and the CPC Network are interesting because they raise questions with regard to the effectiveness and the accountability of emerging network-based law enforcement. The development of the CPC Network may have relevant implications for other areas of EU law and policy, including the question whether network-based governance could be transposed in other fields of EU Law.
The first part of the article shows that in the mid-1960s some Soviet researchers of the European integration problems concluded that integration did not correspond to the Leninist-Stalinist theory of the general crisis of capitalism. On the contrary, it corresponded to some Western concepts of the custom union, the common market, and economic integration. A new approach to the European integration studies was offered by the Institute of World Economy and International Relation (IMEMO), established in 1956. For many decades IMEMO was serving as the focal point for the European integration studies, and was providing the Soviet leadership with analytical information. The number of inquiries from authorities increased significantly. Firstly, it can be explained by the achievements of integration. Secondly, it was due to the growth of economic cooperation between the USSR and the EEC. Thirdly, Moscow defined new foreign policy priorities towards Western countries including Europe. There were two turning-points of bilateral relations: with France – in 1966, and with Germany – in 1969. The Organization for security and cooperation in Europe (OSCE) was established during final session of the top-level Conference of European States in Helsinki in August 1975. Fourthly, experience of the EEC was relevant for the COMECON
Can the history of European integration be told on the basis of the textual development of the preambles to the European treaties? This is the fundamental question of this text which looks at European integration through the eyes of its treaties' preambles. In a first step, possible forms, content and functions of preambles are introduced. This provides the analytical framework for the following part that explores the European treaties' preambles and layers of integration. It focusses on three central hypotheses: Beginning with thoughts on the speaking entity of the preambles, i.e. their subjects, the text examines directions and reasons of European integration. Starting point to this is the "ever closer union among the European peoples" and the discussion on values.
Today, the leading universities of Science and Technology (S&T) united within CESAER publish the position Towards a truly reinforced European Research Area (ERA) welcoming the renewed impetus for the ERA amongst the European Union (EU) institutions. We congratulate Commissioner Mariya Gabriel and her team for many of the initiatives proposed in theircommunication A new ERA for Research and Innovation as a good start for further discussion and provide concrete recommendations to reinforce the ERA further along three lines: Advance investigator-driven frontier research to boost disruptive innovation; Boost European integration to establish favourable framework conditions; Enable universities to build bridges within entire Europe and to play a leading role worldwide. Rik Van de Walle (President of CESAER and Rector of Ghent University): "I warmly welcome the efforts towards reinforcing the ERA by the EU institutions and in particular Commissioner Mariya Gabriel. As I stated earlier this year, research is and should be a trailblazer for broader knowledge societies. Therefore, the ERA must be established as a community of values, emphasising the obligation for research across Europe to contribute towards sustainability, and establishing an integrated, effective and enforceable set of conditions and regulations for the free circulation of researchers, scientific knowledge and technology. The outbreak of Covid-19 has again testified to the vital importance of S&T in addressing urgent and emerging challenges, including those that loom behind the current pandemic. As the only player integrating higher education, research and innovation, universities have a central role to play here. To achieve our ambitious goals, it is vital not to abandon the frontier, to provide research and universities with sustainable funding and to remove barriers and obstacles to support our researchers and their careers." To enable our Members to continue building bridges across Europe and beyond, our association urges the EU ...
Since the beginning of the 1980s, migration and asylum policy in Europe has increasingly been elaborated in supranational forums and implemented by transnational actors. I argue that a venue-shopping framework is best suited to account for the timing, form and content of European co-operation in this area. The venues less amenable to restrictive migration control policy are national high courts, other ministries and migrant-aid organizations. Building upon pre-existing policy settings and developing new policy frames, governments have circumvented national constraints on migration control by creating transnational co-operation mechanisms dominated by law and order officials, with EU institutions playing a minor role. European trans-governmental working groups have avoided judicial scrutiny, eliminated other national adversaries and enlisted the help of transnational actors such as transit countries and carriers. (Journal of Common Market Studies / FUB)
"Am Beispiel Deutschlands geht der vorliegende Beitrag der Frage nach, inwieweit die Befürchtungen eines hohen, nicht verkraftbaren Zustroms an osteuropäischen Arbeitskräften realistisch sind. In einem zweiten Schwerpunkt werden die bisherigen Entwicklungen und voraussichtlichen strukturellen Auswirkungen einer Osterweiterung auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht und in den Kontext der dynamischen Wandlungsprozesse gestellt, die hier seit längerem zu beobachten sind. Im dritten Schwerpunkt werden abschließend Auswirkungen der Osterweiterung auf den deutschen Arbeitmarkt behandelt, die sich aus der Intensivierung des Handels und aus der Verflechtung der Produktion ergeben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
The current report is an update of the reports on Legislation on biotechnology in the Nordic countries published annually since 2014. Given the clear need for such overviews, the Nordic Committee on Bioethics decided to update the tables to reflect recent legal amendments. The aim of this report is to give the reader information on the current status in the different countries and a chance to compare the legal situation. Sixteen important areas of biotechnology have been chosen for this overview: Assisted reproduction Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) Abortion Prenatal Diagnosis and/or screening Organ and tissue transplantation Embryo research Cloning Clinical research on humans Human biobanks Ethical committees Genetic testing Advanced therapy medicinal products Genetically modified organisms Animal experimentation Legal status of Council of Europe Biomedicine Convention and its additional protocols
The current report is an update of the reports on Legislation on biotechnology in the Nordic countries published annually since 2014. Given the clear need for such overviews, the Nordic Committee on Bioethics decided to update the tables to reflect recent legal amendments. The aim of this report is to give the reader information on the current status in the different countries and a chance to compare the legal situation. Sixteen important areas of biotechnology have been chosen for this overview: Assisted reproduction Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) Abortion Prenatal Diagnosis and/or screening Organ and tissue transplantation Embryo research Cloning Clinical research on humans Human biobanks Ethical committees Genetic testing Advanced therapy medicinal products Genetically modified organisms Animal experimentation Legal status of Council of Europe Biomedicine Convention and its additional protocols
The current report is an update of the reports on Legislation onbiotechnology in the Nordic countries published in 2014 and 2015. Given the clear need for such overviews, the Nordic Committee on Bioethics decided to update the tables to reflect recent legal amendments. The aim of this report is to give the reader information on the current status in the different countries and a chance to compare the legal situation. Sixteen important areas of biotechnology have been chosen for this overview: Assisted reproduction Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) Abortion• Prenatal Diagnosis and/or screening Organ and tissue transplantation Embryo research Cloning Clinical research on humans Human biobanks Ethical committees Genetic testing Advanced therapy medicinal products Genetically modified organisms Animal experimentation Legal status of Council of Europe Biomedicine Conventionand its additional protocols
The active ageing policy supports several types of activities, including labour force participation, caregiving, social participation, and physical activity. The paper illustrates the prevalence of supported activities across individual characteristics and four supra-national European regions to assess how these activities are available for specific groups of older people. The analysis draws on wave 6 from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe held in 2015. A set of figures describes the availability of activities sorted by gender, age, health status, and the level of education in 17 European countries divided into four regions, and thus, presents the unavailable descriptive data important for researchers and policymakers. The results most of all show that the majority of the 50+ population engages in vigorous physical activity, whilst labour force participation and caregiving concern about one-third of it, and other activities much less. The findings show the inadequacy of the active ageing as a uniform context-insensitive EU policy and detect its potential for raising inequalities in later life, whilst the theoretical implications are discussed.
Global Development Finance: External Debt of Developing Countries (GDF)-the World Bank's annual report on debt financing of developing countries-includes comprehensive data for 128 countries that report under the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System, as well as summary data for regions and income groups. The GDF is available in print or electronically. The print edition includes an overview section focusing on trends in financial flows as well as trends in external debt for developing countries in 2008. It also highlights support from the World Bank Group to developing countries and the developments in debt restructuring in 2008. Together with this review of major financial developments in the previous year, you can find summary tables of regional and income group aggregates, and country tables. The electronic version contains the complete time-series database and is available as a CD-ROM or through an online subscription -- GDF Online.Data can be downloaded for further analysis from either the CD-ROM* or Online editions. Both include more than 200 historical time series from 1970 to 2008. The database covers external debt stocks and flows and their components, foreign direct investment, and equity flows along with key debt ratios, providing a detailed, country-by-country picture of the debt of developing countries.The mapping and charting functions included on both the CD-ROM and Online editions allow users to visualize the data and save images for use in other applications. These features plus data export options in standard formats like Excel make GDF the most comprehensive and detailed source of economic data on external debt and financial flows. Users of GDF Online may also choose their preferred language interface: English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, or Chinese.In previous editions, Global Development Finance: External
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