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Political environment is an important factor in news coverage, both in terms of the news items selected (the amount of coverage) and the tone of the coverage. Through an analysis of news coverage of Qatar in the Israeli press, the current study examines the impact of the political circumstances and the contextual cues in news stories on the framing of foreign news. The analysis includes 1,199 articles appearing in the mainstream online Israeli press in two time frames: summer 2013 and summer 2014 (during the war in Gaza). Findings indicate that, although both the circumstances and the contextual cues had a significant impact on the tone of coverage towards Qatar in the Israeli press, while controlling for the contextual cues in the news stories, coverage of Qatar did not change significantly during the war, which indicates that the framing process is less influenced by the immediate political circumstances than the political cues appearing in the coverage.

AbstractOccasionally, people characterise foreign military interventions as "undeclared wars". It is not entirely clear what is the meaning and value of such a qualification, but it seems that they want to add an extra weight to their condemnation. Still, does it have legal significance? At times, international law demanded that States issued a declaration of war before the commencement of hostilities but the obligation was mostly ignored for varied reasons. Notably, between two world wars, States avoided certain legal obligations (e.g. the prohibition to use war, the rules of warfare) by not declaring or otherwise recognising a state of war. After the Second World War, considering the earlier abuses, States redesigned the international legal regulations in a way that the declaration of war became practically irrelevant when it comes to the legality or illegality of the use of armed force, or to the application of law.

AbstractIn this article we analyse the conditions for industrial upgrading in the Chinese LED industry, which proactive local state policies and expanding domestic markets have greatly facilitated. State initiatives provoked overinvestment, but eventually led to the emergence of competitive domestic enterprises. Simultaneously, firms benefited from a growing domestic market on which they outcompeted foreign companies in mid‐price segments. The combination of these factors accounts for the peculiarly Chinese upgrading experience. Neither the resources provided by a new version of the 'developmental state' nor domestic market growth alone can explain the Chinese players' success. Based on these results, and given that the emerging economies have become the most important markets for certain consumer goods – a development that (local) industrial policies for industrial upgrading can influence – we provide further proof that it is necessary to rethink the export‐led upgrading paradigm in theories of globally dispersed production.

ABSTRACTRecent historiography argues that the legal autonomy of municipal governments created the necessary conditions for successful commercial transactions and economic growth in certain parts of Europe in the later Middle Ages, and that these features attracted foreign merchants. This article uses empirical data from England, Flanders and Normandy to test the following questions: were there significant differences in rules, laws and institutions between one place and another in late medieval western Europe? Were the Portuguese merchants drawn to markets that hypothetically had more effective institutions? The findings demonstrate that legal institutions and conflict management were very similar across western Europe, and that there is no evidence that the Portuguese opted for trading in a certain market because of its effective institutions. Moreover, the article claims that the merchants seemed to prioritise protection and privilege while trading abroad, and it highlights the role of commercial diplomacy in conflict management.

In the history of world wars, the Korean War (1950–1953) was not a forgotten war but the apogee of a propaganda war. By analyzing the contents of propaganda leaflets distributed during the Korean War, this study explored which frames were dominantly employed. The resulting findings were that the frames of 'demoralization' (25.7%) and 'encouraging surrender' (24.4%) were the most frequently used during the overall war period. Furthermore, the dominant frames varied depending upon the target audiences and language used. In terms of functional frames, the leaflet messages corresponded to definition and causal interpretation (22.8%), moral judgement (26.2%) and solution (49.9%). Interestingly, Chinese and North Korean leaflets preferred the imperialist frame to the Cold War frame even though the US and South Korean leaflets more heavily used the Cold War frame when they referred to foreign troops. Moreover, thematic frames (91.4%) were more widely used than episodic frames (8.6%) in the samples.

The article deals with ways to help soldiers with the integration into the labour market after leaving the military service. Its aim is to describe the current state of knowledge in conditions of the Czech defence department and methods of so called outplacement in selected European countries. Within the description of the current situation in the Czech Republic, the article focuses on the training of a professional soldier, retraining courses and other measures that are implemented. While processing the text, literature search, analysis of legislative and statistical documents and direct interviews with experts from the Ministry of Defence and other experts from foreign ministries and institutions of the defence department were applied. The article provides a summary of the pros and cons of preparation of soldier for a career in the civilian sector in the Czech Republic, and submits suggestions for improving the current situation.

If we want securitization to become one of the main channels to attract funding in leasing activity, as the Bank of Russia predicts, one needs to revise some stereotypes. Relying on foreign and domestic research, the author gives a critical assessment of the postulate of the need for uniformity of securitized assets; proves that real estate, contrary to the traditional approach, rather than equipment and transport, prevails in securitization transactions, and explains why this happens. The article presents a new perspective on the behavior of issu- ers concerning the timing of securities circulation; considers feasibility approach to the calculation of variable character of leverage in leasing; explains pro and contra of evaluating the leasing market based on the volume of the portfolio of contracts; reveals the validity of ratings of bonds issued in the course of secu- ritization of leasing assets.

La internacionalización de las pymes antioqueñas es un proceso que se ha realizado a lo largo del tiempo con poca estructuración y resultados que no van acorde a las metas gubernamentales en comercio exterior -- Durante este trabajo se analizan las diferentes variables que intervienen en el proceso de internacionalización de la compañía Tekus S.A.S., logrando, a través de 5 fases, crear estrategias y un plan de acción a 3 años para lograr los objetivos internacionales de la compañía ; The internationalization of SMEs in Antioquia is a process that has been carried out over time with little structure and results that do not go according to the government's goals in foreign trade -- During this work we analyze the different variables involved in the Tekus's internationalization process, achieving, through 5 phases, to create strategies and a 3 years action plan to achieve the international objectives of the company

The existing research on international democracy promotion is characterised by a peculiar tension. On the one hand, many scholars agree that, since 1990, democracy promotion has indeed become a significant aim guiding the foreign and development policies of North-Western democracies. On the other hand, there is a far-reaching consensus that this normative goal is regularly ignored once it collides with economic and/or security interests. This article challenges the notion that we can understand the motives and drivers behind democracy promotion by assuming that interests and norms represent two neatly separated and clearly ranked types of factors. It argues that democracy promotion policies are the result of a complex interaction of interests and norms. After first developing this argument theoretically, the article presents results from a comparative research project on the US and German democracy promotion that support this claim.

International migration is one the greatest challenges in the era of globalization and has become a focus of political debate in recent years. Although the economic effects of migration increase the efficiency of labour markets, some governments have rigorously rejected solutions proposed for the current refugee crisis. Meanwhile, immigration policies have recently become stricter in several OECD countries. Based on this conceptual framework, several labour market institutions, such as a minimum wage, unemployment benefits, union density, and active labour market policies etc., are analysed in the context of enhancing the employment of immigrants. In order to support the findings of literature this paper concentrates on the determinants of immigration tendencies and dynamic regression models analysed to clarify how these institutions can affect native- and foreign-born migrants. Hence, our results also highlight that various reforms need to enhance the efficiency of labour market migration policies.

My Road to Berlin, or Mein Weg nach Berlin, presents a Willy Brandt that confounds a present-day reader's expectations. While the 1960 autobiography of the then-mayor of West Berlin links his career with the familiar story of democracy's development in Germany, this work nevertheless retains an unexpected edge. In one surprising scene, the mayor denounces his East Berlin SED counterparts as a ›Communist foreign legion‹ whom ›the citizens of my city had decisively defeated‹ during the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958 (p. 17). In the book, Brandt comes off as a Cold Warrior of steely determination rather than a Brückenbauer bridging ideological divides. Far from being out of character, however, My Road to Berlin captures Brandt at a pivotal moment in his career, when he sought to offer himself to both West German voters and a global public as a viable alternative to Konrad Adenauer.

Editor in the publishing world has function to keep the consistency of story line and point of view. "Tanah Air Kita†is a book published by N.V. W. van Hoeve-Bandung that contain the work of local and foreign photographers since Dutch colonial rule until Indonesia's independence. The research aims to discuss how the role of editor in producing a book that fits his vision about how Indonesia is supposed to be in a photo and how observers interpret.Using semiotic analysis based on the model spectator – operator–spectrum. Analysis is done by categorizing photo illustration in 4 parts, which are :nature beauty,technology-natural resources, how people work, political change, then cross-checked upon their stadium- punctum. Selected photos shows the vision of N.A. Douwes Dekker about his expectation towards Indonesia, as the new nation that wants to be reckoned in the world, according to the presences.

In this paper we investigate how income growth rates in one country are affected by growth rates in partner countries, testing for the importance of pairwise country links as well as characteristics of the receiving country (trade and financial openness, exchange rate regime, fiscal variables). We find that trade integration fosters the spill-over of business cycles, both bilaterally and as a country characteristic (trade openness). Results for financial integration are mixed; financial links as pairwise country characteristic are either insignificant or negatively signed (indicating a dampening of cross country spill-overs), but financial openness as characteristic of the receiving country amplifies spill-overs. We find no evidence for a role of the exchange rate regime. Finally, we find that higher government spending and debt reduces countries' vulnerability to foreign business cycles, presumably through the effect of automatic stabilisers.

The research object of this article deals with a sharp ideological conflict that is associated with the presence of diametrically opposite interpretations of the nature of and the relevant interpretations of the present stage of socio-political crisis in Ukraine, which has started in 2013. In the mass media and in political literature, there is a wide range of characteristics and conceptual designations of the events of autumn 2013 – spring 2014 (and the subsequent processes) that vary from the "revolution of dignity" combined with the opposing her "foreign intervention" and "separatist movements" to a "coup d'etat" which provoked a "civil war" and "regionalist movements". The objectives of the article are to show the limitations of one-dimensional, strikingly ideologized interpretations and the need (for social sciences) to generate unbiased multi-dimensional, multi-level vision of complex, contradictory, and, in fact, tectonic transformations in the contemporary Ukraine.

From 2018, the government of the Republic of Lithuania intends to include the agricultural sector in the common Lithuanian taxation system. However, there is no scientific research on the effects of this tax reform on the viability and competitiveness of farmers. This could lead to the risks of not solving existing problems as well as creating new ones and causing stress among agricultural enterprises, farmers and other businesses. The paper aims to submit proposals for the improvement of the farmer taxation system. In order to investigate the theoretical aspect of the classification of taxation systems, applicable taxation systems on farmers in different countries and existing problems of these taxation systems, systemic analysis and synthesis of theoretical insights of foreign and local scientific literature have been applied. The results of the theoretical research will assist in identifying what structure of taxation system for farmers should be applied in Lithuania.