Suchergebnisse

The IoT and big data technologies have become essential to the functioning of both smart cities and sustainable cities, and thus, urban operational functioning and planning are becoming highly responsive to a form of data-driven urbanism. This offers the prospect of building models of smart sustainable cities functioning in real time from routinely sensed data. This in turn allows to monitor, understand, analyze, and plan such cities to improve their energy efficiency and environmental health in real time thanks to new urban intelligence functions as an advanced form of decision support. However, prior studies tend to deal largely with data-driven technologies and solutions in the realm of smart cities, mostly in relation to economic and social aspects, leaving important questions involving the underlying substantive and synergistic effects on environmental sustainability barely explored to date. These issues also apply to sustainable cities, especially eco-cities. Therefore, this paper investigates the potential and role of data-driven smart solutions in improving and advancing environmental sustainability in the context of smart cities as well as sustainable cities, under what can be labeled "environmentally data-driven smart sustainable cities." To illuminate this emerging urban phenomenon, a descriptive/illustrative case study is adopted as a qualitative research methodology§ to examine and compare Stockholm and Barcelona as the ecologically and technologically leading cities in Europe respectively. The results show that smart grids, smart meters, smart buildings, smart environmental monitoring, and smart urban metabolism are the main data-driven smart solutions applied for improving and advancing environmental sustainability in both eco-cities and smart cities. There is a clear synergy between such solutions in terms of their interaction or cooperation to produce combined effects greater than the sum of their separate effects—with respect to the environment. This involves energy efficiency improvement, environmental pollution reduction, renewable energy adoption, and real-time feedback on energy flows, with high temporal and spatial resolutions. Stockholm takes the lead over Barcelona as regards the best practices for environmental sustainability given its long history of environmental work, strong environmental policy, progressive environmental performance, high environmental standards, and ambitious goals. It also has, like Barcelona, a high level of the implementation of applied data-driven technology solutions in the areas of energy and environment. However, the two cities differ in the nature of such implementation. We conclude that city governments do not have a unified agenda as a form of strategic planning, and data-driven decisions are unique to each city, so are environmental challenges. Big data are the answer, but each city sets its own questions based on what characterize it in terms of visions, policies, strategies, pathways, and priorities. ; publishedVersion

Zambiya hükümeti 2030 orta gelir statüsü vizyonunu gerçekleştirme arayışında, birkaç kalkınma politikası kurdu. Bunlar ekonomik büyümeyi hızlandırmak ve insani gelişmeyi iyileştirmek için mümkün kılındı. Bu tez, İnsani Gelişme endeksi ve bileşenlerine, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım'a ve diğer ekonomik eğilimlere bakmıştır. Bunlar 1990'dan 2017 yılına kadar analiz edilmiş ve ayrıca belirli ülkelerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Zamanla söz konusu göstergelerde Zambiya için iyileşmeler oldu. Ancak, yetersiz inovasyon seviyeleri ve yoksulluk seviyelerinin yavaş düşmesi gibi konularla ilgili endişeler halen mevcuttur. Ortalama eğitim süresi yedi yıl idi ve bu da ülkenin Küresel İnovasyon sıralamasında düşük sıralamada yer almasına katkıda bulundu. Çok uluslu şirketler yatırımlar getirirken esas olarak madencilik ve imalat sektörlere odaklandığı belirtildi. Eğitim ve sağlığa bu konuda önem verilmedi. Beşeri sermayeye yatırım yapmayı savunan İçsel Büyüme Modelini desteklemek için çok uluslu şirketlerin öncelikleri gözden geçirilmelidir. Bu tez betimleyici analiz için tümavarımlı usavurmaya başvurmuştur. Politikalar ve ekonomik eğilimler gözden geçirildi. Mevcut ekonomik eğilimlerin iyileştirilmesi için yatırımlar refah üzerinde doğrudan etkisi olan alanlara yönlendirilmelidir. Aynı zamanda Zambiya Kalkınma Ajansı aracılığıyla hükümetin, yatırımları eğitim ve sağlık gibi sosyal alanlara yönlendirmesi de gerekiyor. Son olarak, dış yatırımın etkisinin çok daha fazla gerçekleşmesi için kurumların yönetiminin iyileştirilmesi gerekiyor. --- In its quest to realize vision 2030 of middle – income status, the Zambian government instituted several developmental policies. These were enabled in order to accelerate economic growth and improve human development. This thesis looked at the Human Development Index and its components, Foreign Direct Investment and other economic trends. These were analyzed from 1990 to 2017 and also compared with specific countries. Over time there were improvements in the said indicators for Zambia. However, concerns still existed on issues such as insufficient levels of innovation and the slow decline in the poverty levels. The average years of schooling were seven, which also contributed to the country's low Global Innovation ranking. It was noted that Multi-National corporations when bringing investments mainly focussed on sectors such as mining and manufacturing. Education and health received insignificant attention in this regard. In support of the Endogenous Growth Model, which advocated for investing in human capital, the priorities of Multi-National Corporations ought to be revisited. This thesis applied inductive reasoning to descriptive analysis. Policies and economic trends were reviewed. In order to improve from the current economic trends, investment should be directed towards areas which have a direct impact on welfare. The government through the Zambia Development Agency also ought to redirect investment towards social aspects such as education and health. Lastly, for the impact of external investment to be much more realized, the management of institutions needs improvement.

Das Bild vom Beitritt Rumäniens in die Europäische Union ist geprägt von Vorbehalten, Einwänden, Bedingungen und Unsicherheiten. Trotz der kritischen Stimmen innerhalb der EU, die das Land im Jahr 2007 für nicht beitrittsreif hielten, jährt sich Rumäniens Mitgliedschaft heuer zum zehnten Mal. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den Weg Rumäniens in Richtung EU-Beitritt rechtshistorisch darzustellen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Perspektive Rumäniens im Beitrittsprozess. Dabei werden vorrangig rechtliche, aber auch politische und gesellschaftliche Aspekte betrachtet, um ein umfassendes Verständnis für die Rahmenbedingungen zu ermöglichen. Ausgangpunkt ist die Historie Rumäniens: Vom Fürstentum zu Großrumänien, über die Volksrepublik Rumänien zur Sozialistischen Republik unter der diktatorischen Führung der Rumänischen Kommunistischen Partei durch Nicolae Ceauşescu. Durch die Revolution vom Dezember 1989 war der Weg Richtung EU frei. Es folgten der Abschluss des Europaabkommens 1993, der Antrag auf Aufnahme in die EU 1995, der Beginn der Beitrittsverhandlungen 2000 sowie deren Abschluss durch die Unterzeichnung des Beitrittsabkommens 2005 und der tatsächliche Beitritt am 1.1.2007.Um die Grundvoraussetzungen für eine Mitgliedschaft in der EU darzulegen, behandelt der allgemeine Teil der Arbeit die unionsrechtlichen Vorgaben des Beitritts durch Art. 49 EUV und die Kopenhagener Kriterien. Diesem vorgelagert ist ein kurzer Einblick in die europäische Integrationsgeschichte. Der Besondere Teil beschäftigt sich mit den einzelnen Stufen der Kooperation zwischen Rumänien und der EU. Ein vertiefter Einblick erfolgt dabei in ausgewählte Kapitel des acquis communautaire im Rahmen der Beitrittsverhandlungen, nur für Rumänien bestehende Klauseln im Beitrittsvertrag und der bis heute bestehenden Kontrolle im Rahmen des Kooperations- und Überprüfungsmechanismus. ; The picture of Romania's accession to the European Union is characterized by reservations, objections, conditions and uncertainties. Despite the critical voices within the EU, which did not consider the country ready for accession in 2007, this year marks Romania's 10th anniversary in the EU. The aim of this thesis is to present Romanias journey towards the EU in terms of legal history. The focus is on Romania's perspective in the accession process. In doing so, legal as well as political and social aspects are considered in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the framework conditions. The starting point is the history of Romania: From the Principality to Greater Romania, through the People's Republic of Romania to the Socialist Republic under the dictatorial leadership of the Romanian Communist Party by Nicolae Ceauşescu. The revolution of December 1989 cleared the way towards the EU. This was followed by the conclusion of the Europe Agreement in 1993, the application for EU membership in 1995, the start of the accession negotiations in 2000 and its conclusion by the signing of the Accession Agreement in 2005 and its actual accession on 1.1.2007.In order to set out the basic conditions for membership of the EU, the general part deals with the EU law requirements of accession through Article 49 TEU and the Copenhagen criteria. This is preceded by a brief insight into the history of European integration. The special section deals with the individual stages of cooperation between Romania and the EU. An in-depth look will be made at selected chapters of the acquis communautaire in the context of accession negotiations, the clauses in the accession treaty for Romania, and the still existing controls under the cooperation and verification mechanism. ; von Anna Magdalena Voica ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)2385910

the lack of proper information on the epidemiological characteristics of epilepsy results in significant shortcomings in available health care. This pharmacoepidemiological study was undertaken to improve the situation. Objective: to assess the prevalence profile and management of patients with epilepsy in Minsk based on out-patient visit data obtained in health centres subordinate to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus. Materials and methods: the epidemiological study was conducted in accordance with the ILAE 'Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy'. Results: epilepsy incidence and prevalence were evaluated across Minsk gender- and age-based population groups. Aetiological and social aspects of epilepsy were reviewed. Out-patient visit data collected for the period from 2008 to 2012 revealed 705 patients with epilepsy. The overall epilepsy prevalence rate of the district varied from 165.2 per 100,000 population in 2008 to 275.5 per 100,000 population in 2012, while the incidence rate ranged from 36.9 per 100,000 population (in 2008) to 25.0 per 100,000 population (in 2012). The most frequently administered anti-epileptics included carbamazepine (52.9 % of patients) and valproates (31.0 % of subjects). The most commonly administered second-generation anti-epileptics were topiramate (7.1 % of patients) and lamotrigine (2.9 % of subjects). No anti-epileptics were used by 9.5 % of study subjects. Conclusions: the prevalence of epilepsy corresponds to the European Union prevalence rate. Proposals have been made concerning optimization of health care for patients with epilepsy. There is a need for large-scale pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacoeconomic studies. ; отсутствие должной информации об эпидемиологических характеристиках эпилепсии обусловливает существенные недостатки организации медицинской помощи. Для устранения этих факторов предпринято данное фармакоэпидемиологическое исследование. Цель: исследование профиля заболеваемости и ведения пациентов с эпилепсией в г. Минске по данным обращаемости за медицинской помощью в учреждения системы Минздрава Республики Беларусь. Материалы и методы: исследование эпидемиологии проводилось в соответствии с руководством по проведению эпидемиологических исследований эпилепсии (Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy) ILAE. Результаты: изучена заболеваемость эпилепсией и распространенность в гендерновозрастных группах населения г. Минска. Рассмотрены этиологические и социальные аспекты эпилепсии. По данным обращаемости в амбулаторно-поликлинические учреждения за период 2008-2012 гг., выявлено 705 пациентов с эпилепсией. Общая заболеваемость эпилепсией в районе составляла от 165,2 на 100 тыс. населения в 2008 г., до 275,5 – на 100 тыс. населения в 2012 г., первичная – от 36,9 на 100 тыс. населения (в 2008 г.), до 25,0 на 100 тыс. населения (в 2012 г.). Среди назначаемых противоэпилептических препаратов наиболее часто применялись карбамазепин (52,9% пациентов) и вальпроаты (31,0% пациентов). Из противоэпилептических препаратов II поколения назначались топирамат – 7,1% пациентов, и ламотриджин – 2,9% пациентов. При этом 9,5% пациентов не принимали противоэпилептических препаратов. Выводы: распространенность эпилепсии соответствует уровню распространенности в Евросоюзе. Предложены пути оптимизации оказания противоэпилептической помощи. Существует потребность в проведении масштабных фармакоэпидемиологических и фармакоэкономических исследований.

Hong Kong cannot single out herself from the global problem of increasing elderly population. The increase of elderly population like in other countries is the by-product of dwindling of birth rate and the longevity of life caused by the advanced medical care, enhancement of nutrition and low mortality rate which prolong people's life expectancy. Provision of housing as the integral part of care to the elders at their retirement age becomes a hot topic of the government to deal with. Comprehensive housing services help to develop the concept of ageing in place, care in the community and continuum services for achievement of the healthy ageing and successful ageing of the elders Moreover, government cannot cater for the needs of all elders who require residential care services when all elders becoming old and frail. Private residential care home services fills in the gap to provide such services in the elderly market. This research studies the causes of the requirement of the private residential care homes which under-went the change of family structure, change of status of elders in the traditional families due to low fertility rate, change of economic and social aspects due to urbanization and industrialization. Development of private elderly housing services provided by government and private sector from past to present and future are overviewed. Statistics on provision of private elderly care homes places in the current market are mentioned. The studies focus on the quality of services provided by the private residential care homes for the elderly. Methodology for the research is based on a mix of qualitative and quantitative method. Measurements on the level of satisfaction of the elderly respondents are identified and itemized basing on their required physical daily personal services. Face-to-face personal contact and ' in-person' dialogues with the elderly respondents and the frontline workers and operators were conducted for questionnaires and interview results. The elderly respondents were categorized into 3 ranges, namely, the young-old, old-old and the oldest-old for analysis of their level of satisfaction of services. Different age range respondents expressed different level of satisfaction with same items of services due to different requirements at various age strata. Comparisons on the services provided by sole privately operated residential care homes, NGO and Government Purchasing Scheme are examined. Results of the research are analyzed and finalized for conclusions and recommendations. The elders' willingness of ageing in place is definite yet with expectations of improvement for upgrading life quality. ; published_or_final_version ; Housing Management ; Master ; Master of Housing Management

Предметом аналізу статті є чинні навчальні програми на 2012/2013–2013/2014 академічні роки на факультетах психології та педагогіки і в педагогічних коледжах, що готують учителів у Бельгії. Проаналізовано головні дисципліни провідних навчальних закладів професійної підготовки вчителів англійської мови у фламандській, французькій та німецькомовній громадах країни. Автор описує підготовку майбутніх педагогів у межах шести блоків предметів: дисципліни психолого-педагогічного спрямування, предмети суспільного блоку, блок методичних та методологічних дисциплін, дисципліни спеціально-предметного циклу, курси на вибір та проходження педагогічної практики в середній школі. ; Nowadays the ways to improve the organization, funding, and the teaching extension of higher education establishments are being searched. Belgium which has already provided significant changes in the field of vocational education can set an example for other countries. The existence of three educational systems in the country draws the attention of modern scientist to it. In the article the author pays attention to acting curricula for 2012/2013–2013/2014 academic years of Psychology and Educational Sciences departments and teacher training higher educational institutions of Belgium. English teacher training consists of learning of one or two main subjects and teacher preparation by itself. To become an English teacher one can enter either University College (Teacher College) or Psychology and Educational Sciences departments at the University. The main subjects of the leading English teacher training educational establishments of the Flemish, French and German-speaking communities have been also analyzed. The author also describes teacher preparation within six units of subjects: subjects of psychological and pedagogical direction, courses of social aspect, the unit of methodological subjects, optional courses and professional training in secondary school. The special feature of the University Colleges of the country is that most of them usually do not perform courses to choose ('Institut Supérieur Pédagogique' and 'Pedagogische Hogeschool') and the unit of methodological subjects ('Pedagogische Hogeschool') while the Universities which prepare English teachers in most cases provide all the above mentioned subjects, except the universities in Leuven and Brussels which do not supply optional courses. English teacher training in educational establishments of Belgium is held according to different curricula. Every higher education institution offers own range of subjects, often different from the others. During the first and second years students usually learn subjects of psychological and pedagogical direction and special education (in this case English) is held in the next years. The existence of such differences is based primarily on the peculiarities of the political system. There are several language communities which autonomously solve problems of cultural and educational spheres as the Ministry of Education in Belgium only controls the obligation of the secondary education and determines the terms of degree and certificate-granting.

Die Bedeutsamkeit von Wasser, der Grundlage allen Lebens, schlägt sich seit Jahrhunderten in der Kunst nieder. Diese Diplomarbeit untersucht unabhängig von einer bloßen Darstellung des Wassers, jene künstlerischen Zugangsweisen, die mit dem Material Wasser an sich arbeiten und es als Element direkt in den Kunstkontext überführen. Einer Darstellung der Umwälzungen des Kunstbegriffs und dem ersten Auftreten von Wasser als konzeptuelles Material der Kunst, folgen Werkbeispiele der 1960er Jahre die Wasser als Thema und reales Material in der Konzeptkunst, Aktion, Happening und Land Art beinhalten. Der prozesshafte Charakter dieser Konzepte mit Wasser, der sich mitunter auf dessen Eigenschaft des Fließens zurückführen lässt steht hierbei im Mittelpunkt. Im zweiten Abschnitt liegt der Fokus auf dem Zusammenspiel aktueller Positionen zu Wasser und seiner Phänomene. Dabei wird das individuelle Bezugssystem, das die Kunstwerke zu den markanten Erscheinungsformen Welle und Wasserfall herstellen untersucht. Die Bedeutung der Eigenschaften des ambivalenten Materials, wie Formlosigkeit und Unfassbarkeit, wird in raumgreifenden Installationen ersichtlich. Der rein kontemplativen Betrachtungsweise wird somit die Partizipation von Erfahrungsräumen gegenübergestellt. Die in den Kunstkontext übertragene Naturerscheinung von Wasser als ästhetische Erfahrung, wird dabei zum Ausgangspunkt für Fragestellungen zum Verhältnis von Natur und Mensch, das in vielfältiger und radikaler Weise von Künstlern thematisiert wird. Im Zuge dieser Analyse werden besonders die kritischen künstlerischen Positionen hervorgehoben, die sich direkt mit der zunehmenden, die Ressource Wasser betreffenden Umweltproblematik befassen. Es wird anschaulich gemacht, wie sich durch die Vernetzung von künstlerischen und architektonischen Utopien mit ökologischen, politischen und gesellschaftsrelevanten Aspekten, der Anspruch der Kunst erweitert. ; The importance of water as a foundation for all life has been depicted in the arts for centuries.The present thesis focuses on artistic approaches working with water as a material as such while directly transferring it into an artistic context. The depiction of transformation processes of the art term and the first appearance of water as a conceptual material of art, are followed by work samples of the 1960ies. These include water as not only a theme but also as a real material in conceptual art, performance art, Happening and Land Art. The focus is especially on the processual character of these concepts in relation to water, which is partly due to its qualities of flowing. The second part emphasizes on the interplay between recent positions on water and its phenomena. In this respect, the individual reference system produced by the art works in relation to the distinctive appearances of wave and waterfall are examined. The scope of the qualities of this ambivalent material, like shapelessness and inconceivability, can be seen in space-consuming installations. A merely contemplative point of view is then confronted with the participation of realms of experience. The basis for interrogations about the relation of nature and individuals, which is often times addressed by artists in a manifold and provocative way, is one of the main questions. However, there is a special stress on the critical artistic positions, which are directly engaged with the environmental results concerning the said resource. It is finally shown how the interest of art is extended through the interconnection of artistic and architectural utopians on the one hand and ecological, political and social aspects on the other. ; vorgelegt von Sarah Bildstein ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2012 ; (VLID)224935

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit mit dem Titel ?Keine Wohnung, keine Chance? Völkerrechtliche Maßnahmen zur Überwindung von Obdachlosigkeit? beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Wohnungslosigkeit in Österreich aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Bedeutung von völkerrechtlichen Verträgen für das Thema Obdachlosigkeit aufzuzeigen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Umsetzungnach Ratifizierung von Menschenrechtskonventionen gelegt. Es wird gezeigt, ob und wie Artikel aus völkerrechtlichen Verträgen Einzug in die Staatenpraxis halten. Die Arbeit ist in einen theoretischen und einen praktischen Teil gegliedert. Im Theorieteil werden die notwendigen Themengebiete mittels Sekundärerhebung aufbereitet. Das Thema Obdachlosigkeit wird dabei unter wirtschaftlich-sozialen Aspekten aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht bearbeitet. Dafür werden verfügbare Institutionen, Instrumente und Maßnahmen und deren Relevanz aufgezeigt. Die so geschaffenen Rahmenbedingungen grenzen die Thematik ein und zeigen Probleme und Erfolge auf. Der zweite Hauptteil besteht aus einer Analyse über die Praxis in Österreich, bei der auf die spezifische Problemstellung in der Staatenpraxis eingegangen wird. Der praktische Teil der Arbeit stützt sich auf die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Forschung, bei der Interviews mit sechs nationalen ExpertInnen auf dem Gebiet der Wohnungs- und Obdachlosigkeit durchgeführt wurden. Die Resultate dieser Interviews ermöglichen einen guten Überblick über die aktuelle Lage, Herausforderungen und Schwierigkeiten im Bereich der Obdachlosigkeit. Im Schlussteil werden die aktuellen Probleme und Anforderungen, die sich aus der Theorie und den Ergebnissen der ExpertInneninterviews abgeleitet haben, näher beleuchtet. Dafür werden mögliche Ursachen erläutert, Fragestellungen aufgeworfen und praktische Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten herausgearbeitet aufgezeigt. Die sich daraus ergebenden Schlussfolgerungen bilden den Abschluss der vorliegenden Masterarbeit. ; The present master thesis has the title ?No housing, no chance? International action to overcome homelessness? and deals with the issue of homelessness in Austria in terms of international law. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the relevance and importance of international treaties on the issue of homelessness. Particular emphasis is on the implementation and reduction measures placed after the ratification of human rights treaties. It is shown whether and how articles from international treaties are implemented in state practice. The work is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part processed the necessary topics by using literature. The issue of homelessness is processed under economic and social aspects of international law. Therefor available institutions, instruments and measures and their relevance are presented. The so-created framework narrows down the topic and point to problems and successes.The second part consists an analysis of the practice in Austria. Reference is made to the specific problem in the Austrian state practice.The practical part of the work is based on the results of qualitative research gained through Interviews with six national experts in the field of homelessness. The results of these interviews provide a good overview of the current situation, challenges and difficulties in the area of homelessness in the country. In the final section, the current problems and needs are investigated that have derived from the theory and the results of expert interviews. Possible reasons for this are presented, questions that have emerged are shown and practical implementation options and alternatives are identified. The conclusions represent the completion of this master thesis. ; Elisabeth Deutsch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)224865

Die vorliegende Arbeit soll eine weitere Diskussionsbasis rund um das Handlungsfeld Nachhaltigkeit in der Lebensmittel- und Agrarbranche schaffen. Hierfür werden vor allem die Schwerpunkte Produktion, Handel und Konsum unter dem Gesichtspunkt einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung betrachtet. Der erste Teil der Arbeit gibt einen Einblick in die Begriffsdefinitionen. Im zweiten Teil wird auf die Hauptproblemfelder der einzelnen Dimensionen, Ökologie, Ökonomie und Soziales aufmerksam gemacht, um darauf aufbauend im nächsten Kapitel ausgewählte Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien und Ansätze anzuführen. Die Nachhaltigkeitskonzepte repräsentieren die derzeitige Entwicklung im Bedürfnisfeld nachhaltiger Ernährung sowie-, Nachhaltigkeit in der Lebensmittel- und Agrarbranche und geben einen guten, wie auch kritischen Einblick in die Diskussion rund um dieses Thema. Als Lösungsansatz und ideale Bezugspunkte einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung werden im Bereich Produktion der ökologische und integrierte Landbau diskutiert. Für die Lebensmittelverarbeitungsindustrie werden Qualitäts-, Lebens- sowie Umweltmanagementsysteme herangezogen. Nachhaltigkeit im Handel bedeutet in der Produkt- und Sortimentspolitik Regionalität, biologische und fair gehandelte Produkte. Im Bereich Vermarktung nachhaltiger Lebensmittel wird auf den Lebensmitteleinzelhandel, die Direktvermarktung, das Außer Haus Geschäft und das Naturfachkostgeschäft eingegangen. Im Bereich der sozialen Dimension konzentriert sich der Handel auf seine Mitarbeiter. Der Bereich Konsum beschäftigt sich mit einer neuen Verbraucherpolitik, sowie der richtigen Wahl von Lebensmitteln. Der Empirische Teil der Arbeit besteht aus einer qualitativen Befragung und soll anhand ausgewählter Unternehmen zeigen, wie Nachhaltigkeit in der Praxis umgesetzt wird, wo noch Handlungsbedarf besteht und wie die zukünftige Entwicklung aussieht. Zum Schluss zeigen Firmenportraits der befragten Firmen ihren praxisbezogenen Beitrag zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung. ; This thesis is meant to put the current topic of sustainability and its potential spheres of activity in the food and agricultural sector up for discussion. For this reason, the fields of production, trade and consumption will be considered. Thus, the emphasis is put on possibilities and alternatives of sustainable development within these areas. The first part provides a general insight into relevant terminology, in order to reach common ground for further discussions. The second part deals with the problematic realities of the individual dimensions, namely ecology, economy and social aspects. In the following section possible strategies and approaches connected to sustainability will be identified and explained. It is important to point out that these sustainability-concepts reflect current developments within the field of sustainable nutrition. This is why they help to gain insight into the sustainability of the food- and agricultural sector and leave room for critical reflection as well. To offer methods of resolution, the ecological and integrated cultivation within the range of production will be discussed. Concerning the food processing industry, quality- , food- and environmental management systems will be considered. Within the range of trade, sustainability is achieved by offering products and product lines that are regional, organic and labelled by fair trade. In the field of commercialization of organic food, food retailing in form of chain stores, direct marketing, outside trade and delicatessen store are discussed. To support consumers in their choice of sustainable products though, modern approaches of consumer politics that will be explained can be adopted. The empirical part of the thesis consists of qualitative inquiries among selected companies and aim to demonstrate how sustainable concepts can be implemented successfully. Finally, company portrays of the participants will illustrate their practical contribution to sustainable development. ; Martin Heißenberger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2010 ; (VLID)212632

ÖZETBu tezin çıkıs noktası biyoteknoloji alanında Türkiye'nin nasıl bir politika stratejisibelirlemesi gerektigine dair öngörüde bulunmak ve politika eksikliklerini gidermek içinçözümlerin neler olabilecegine dair cevaplar bulmaktı. Bunun için A.B.D ve A.B iki farklıörnek olarak ele alınıp basarı kriterlerini belirleyen indikatörlerin karsılastırması yapılmayaçalısılmıs ve aynı indikatörler baz alınarak Türkiye için durum degerlendirmesi yapılarakuygun stratejinin belirlenmesine çalısılmıstır.A.B.D ve A.B'nin politikalarının karsılastırması için seçilen indikatörler ve bunlaradair verilerin karsılastırmasından çıkarılan sonuçlar gerek hukuksal, gerek ekonomik, gereksesosyal açılardan tartısmalara açık olsada, A.B.D'nin bu konuda izledigi stratejinin sonuçodaklı oldugu ve istenen sonucuda A.B.D açısından sagladıgı söylenebilir. A.B'de isebiyoteknoloji alanındaki uygulamalar konusunda net bir tavır belirlenemedigi için net birpolitika stratejisinden de bahsedilememektedir. Bu durum iki nedenden kaynaklanmaktadır;birincisi A.B.D'nin biyotek konusundan daha erken yol alması ve dolayısıyla rakiplerine karsıavantaj elde etmesi. kincisi ise A.B'nin ticari ve rekabet kaygılarından dogan korumacıyaklasımıdır.Türkiye için ise durum bu iki modelden biraz daha farklıdır çünkü Türkiye'de kibürokratik engeller, ekonomik ve teknolojik bagımlılık sorunu, uygun stratejiyi belirlemede enbüyük iki engeli teskil etmektedir. Esas itibariyle bu iki engelin ilk etapta kaldırılması biyotekpolitikasının ilk hedefi olmalı ve geriye varolan potansiyeli aktif hale getirmek ve dısetkenlere karsı hukuksal, ekonomik ve sosyal önlemlerin alınması kalmalıdır. ABSTRACTThe starting point of this thesis is to predict what kind of a political strategy Turkeyshould determine in the field of biotechnology and what the solution can be to resolve thepolicy defectiveness. Therefore, the U.S and the E.U. taken as two different examples andcomparison of indicators that determine the success criteria has been done. It is the sameindicators used for Turkey's current condition analysis in order to determine theappropriate strategy.Although the results that deduced from the chosen indicators and from thecompared data related with these indicators for comparison of the U.S. and the E.Upolicies are open to discussion both from legislative, economic and social aspects, it can besaid that the U.S.A's strategy is focused on final aims and provides the desired results fromthe side of the U.S. From the E.U's side because there is no clear attitude determinedabout applications in the field of biotechnology a clear policy or strategy can not bementioned. This situation derived from two reasons. The first one is the U.S. get to firstbase in biotech and therefore gained advantages over its competitors. The second one isthe E.U's protectionist approach resulting from its trade and competition concerns.The situation is somewhat different than these two models for Turkey becausebureaucratic restrictions, economic and technological dependence of Turkey are the twomain difficulties to determine the appropriate strategy. In principle resolving these twodifficulties should be the initial target of biotech policies in the first place. What is left todo is to activate the existing potential of Turkey and taking legislative, economic andsocial measurements against external factors.

On cover: 14th oil shale symposium proceedings. ; Includes illustrations. ; The Center for Oil Shale Technology, along with the Colorado Energy Research Institute (CERI), the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) and other sponsors hosts the Oil Shale Symposium each year. The Oil Shale Symposium is the premier technical meeting on this resource and Symposium reviews development of oil shale resources worldwide, including research & development, environmental impact analysis, regulatory framework, and project & program status. The program includes both oral and poster presentations. From the foreword: If one word had to be chosen to describe the oil shale situation, I believe that word would be "change." From one year to the next, there are significant changes in the political, economic, environmental, and social aspects of the industry. In the early 1970s, the environmental viewpoints not only changed 180 degrees but their impacts on oil shale development became more significant by many orders of magnitude. In addition to this, the political atmosphere changed from one of encouragement to one of laws and regulations designed to prevent development. There was a slow amelioration of these impacts during the latter part of the 1970s, and, in the last year of the Carter administration, programs were initiated to provide economic support for programs to commercialize shale oil production. The change in administrations caused a change in emphasis and the apparent direction now is to greater reliance on private funds and development. The continued increases in fuel costs and inflation have had mixed influences on the economic viability of shale oil production, but present indicators point strongly to expansion of pilot plant processes to commercial size operations. Unless there are major unforeseen impacts on the construction and development phases now underway, there should be a production of 50,000 to 90,000 barrels per day of shale oil by the mid-1980s. Only then will the real problems associated with commercial shale oil production be known. Major problems, if any, may be entirely unexpected while those predicted today may turn out not to be problems at all. If the latter is the case, the papers presented at this symposium may have been a major factor of prevention because many deal with potential problems and their solutions. As is usually the case, the values of the symposium and its proceedings are due to the efforts of the participants: the authors presenting papers, their companies who encouraged them in their work, and the attendees who participated in discussions. These efforts are very much appreciated. James H. Gary Professor of Chemical and Petroleum- Refining Engineering.

The ILO was founded for social justice, a mandate expressed today in terms of decent work as a global goal, for all who work, whether in formal or informal contexts. In June 2002, the delegates to the International Labour Conference from governments, workers' and employers' organizations adopted a resolution incorporating conclusions on decent work and the informal economy. The four components of decent work – opportunities for employment and income, respect for rights at work, social protection and stronger social dialogue – form the backbone of the ILO's approach to the informal economy. These elements can also be seen through a development lens, and necessarily feature a strong gender dimension. To make the action foreseen by the ILC conclusions more easily operational in a cross-disciplinary way, the issues they address can be cast in terms of macro policy, governance, enhancement of productivity, markets and employment, social protection/addressing vulnerabilities, and representation and voice. All play key roles in poverty reduction. Moreover, recognizing the importance of measuring progress towards decent work, developments in relation to indicators are briefly described. This paper includes annexes reproducing the ILC conclusions along with two relevant resolutions adopted by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians and a list of ILO websites that address various aspects of decent work and the informal economy.

International audience ; Comme le colloque «couples en justice » a réuni des spécialistes d'aires géographiques différentes, qui étaient autrefois chacune soumise à leurs systèmes de droit spécifiques en fonction de l'histoire de l'élaboration, régalienne ou non, de celui-ci dans chacun de ces territoires, il paraît tout d'abord nécessaire de situer cette étude de cas parisienne dans son environnement juridique. Ensuite, les enjeux de la séparation du couple en question, issu de la haute magistrature seront relatés, en mettant l'accent sur les aspects familiaux et parentélaires de la genèse de la rupture; lorsqu'un corpus d'archives peut être constitué, la mise en contexte sociale, économique, politique et culturelle de ces procès s'avère indispensable à leur description, à leur compréhension et leur mise en perspective historique. De quoi s'agit-il lorsqu'un couple se sépare vraiment, et pas seulement en biens, à la fin du règne de Louis XIV ? Quel sens revêt une action en justice entreprise sous le chef de séparation de corps pour mauvais traitements ? Le corpus ici étudié repose sur l'étude de factums très volubiles à propos de la relation conjugale. Leur volumineuse existence atteste que le procès en question était devenu une affaire qui a mobilisé parmi les élites, un embryon d'opinion publique. Il s'agit par conséquent de comprendre aussi les raisons du choix de cette stratégie de publicisation, de la part des acteurs. Dans cette perspective, l'analyse de la procédure civile permet de lire à nouveaux frais la littérature judiciaire, trop souvent considérée des seuls côtés de la création et de la fiction littéraire; la présente approche (marquée par la sociologie pragmatiste) provoque à ce stade du travail, tout à la fois des interrogations ou des constats qu'il serait dommage d'esquiver: en histoire, il faut accepter que les données empiriques déroutent parfois les certitudes générales, dont les bornes ne sont jamais intangibles. En pays soumis à la coutume de Paris, pour séparer les couples mariés, c'est ...

La thématique de ce XIIIème congrès met l'accent sur l'intérêt scientifique d'un questionnement méthodologique et théorique sur les « objets » propres aux SIC et en particulier, sur leurs modalités d'articulation aux Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC). Une première remarque s'impose : ces deux expressions si proches d'un point de vue lexical posent la question des liens entre sciences et technologies. Les TIC semblent à ce point liées à la communication que pour certains auteurs comme Pierre Musso (1997), la métaphore du réseau, au cœur des discours et des pratiques sur les TIC, n'est en fait qu'une technologie de l'esprit, versant technique et idéologique de la communication. Son approche critique de la communication le conduit à considérer la communication comme, tour à tour, « religion, théorie et action confondues » (Musso, 1997 : 10). Le lien entre les sciences et les technologies de l'information et de la communication s'avère complexe car « la communication joue sa partition à la fois sur un front « empirique », celui de la stratégie des acteurs, et sur un front « théorique », celui des discours et représentations qui accompagnent et légitiment ces stratégies » (Musso, 1997 : 9). Nous nous proposons d'éclairer un aspect de ce questionnement général en présentant les premiers résultats d'une recherche collective qui révèle l'importance des logiques institutionnelles et des logiques discursives à propos de l'intégration des TIC dans le champ de l'enseignement supérieur. Notre définition des TIC en tant que technique et discours sur ces techniques inclut la radio, l'audiovisuel, l'informatique, le multimédia et leurs différentes applications. Quelles sont les logiques institutionnelles, économiques, politiques et sociales que l'on peut observer dans les discours institutionnels du supérieur d'intégration des TIC ? Comment saisir ces logiques ? Que nous apporte l'analyse de discours ? Ces questions s'inscrivent dans le champ des SIC et elles s'y confondent. La prudence méthodologique ...

La thématique de ce XIIIème congrès met l'accent sur l'intérêt scientifique d'un questionnement méthodologique et théorique sur les « objets » propres aux SIC et en particulier, sur leurs modalités d'articulation aux Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC). Une première remarque s'impose : ces deux expressions si proches d'un point de vue lexical posent la question des liens entre sciences et technologies. Les TIC semblent à ce point liées à la communication que pour certains auteurs comme Pierre Musso (1997), la métaphore du réseau, au cœur des discours et des pratiques sur les TIC, n'est en fait qu'une technologie de l'esprit, versant technique et idéologique de la communication. Son approche critique de la communication le conduit à considérer la communication comme, tour à tour, « religion, théorie et action confondues » (Musso, 1997 : 10). Le lien entre les sciences et les technologies de l'information et de la communication s'avère complexe car « la communication joue sa partition à la fois sur un front « empirique », celui de la stratégie des acteurs, et sur un front « théorique », celui des discours et représentations qui accompagnent et légitiment ces stratégies » (Musso, 1997 : 9). Nous nous proposons d'éclairer un aspect de ce questionnement général en présentant les premiers résultats d'une recherche collective qui révèle l'importance des logiques institutionnelles et des logiques discursives à propos de l'intégration des TIC dans le champ de l'enseignement supérieur. Notre définition des TIC en tant que technique et discours sur ces techniques inclut la radio, l'audiovisuel, l'informatique, le multimédia et leurs différentes applications. Quelles sont les logiques institutionnelles, économiques, politiques et sociales que l'on peut observer dans les discours institutionnels du supérieur d'intégration des TIC ? Comment saisir ces logiques ? Que nous apporte l'analyse de discours ? Ces questions s'inscrivent dans le champ des SIC et elles s'y confondent. La prudence méthodologique ...