Suchergebnisse

In the studies on labour market change and transformation of employment relations, the growth of new forms of self-employment, including platform work, has raised a broad debate about how to define, classify, and analyse the wide range of positions within the heterogeneous category of self-employed workers. This article analyses the emergent methodologies used in European comparative labour statistics to identify forms of dependency in self-employment. Using the 6th wave of the 2015 European Working Condition Survey and the 2017 ad hoc module on self-employment from the European Labour Force Survey, this article discusses how the representation of dependent self-employment changes by adopting a different operationalization of economic and operational dependency. Findings show how different indicators of dependency change the representation of self-employment in different economic sectors, affecting our understanding of the transformation of working arrangements within self-employment and the boundaries between employment and self-employment.

A recent concern in the debate on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries relates to the tension between demands for CSR compliance found in many global value chains (GVCs) and the search for locally appropriate responses to these pressures. In this context, an emerging and relatively understudied area of interest relates to small firm industrial clusters. Local clusters offer the potential for local joint action, and thus a basis for improving local compliance on CSR through collective monitoring and local governance. This article explores the interrelationship between global governance, exercised through GVC ties, and local governance, via cluster institutions, in ensuring compliance with CSR pressures. It undertakes a comparative analysis of two leading export-oriented football manufacturing clusters in South Asia that have both faced common challenges on child labour. The article shows that both forms vertical and horizontal governance have played a part in shaping the response of the two clusters on child labour. Moreover, these two distinct forms of governance have also led to quite differentiated outcomes in terms of forms of work organization and child labour monitoring. This raises broader questions on how global CSR demands can locally be better embedded and the conditions under which football stitchers labour in these new work forms. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

У статті розглядається проблема інтернаціоналізації забезпечення якості вищої освіти (ЗЯВО) в Україні. Мета дослідження полягає в аналізі й узагальненні шляхів та підходів до інтернаціоналізації ЗЯВО в Україні в контексті історичного дискурсу. Для реалізації поставленої мети було використано методи ретроспективного, системно-логічного, структурно-функціонального аналізу. Результатами проведеного дослідження стало обґрунтування авторської періодизації розвитку інтернаціоналізації ЗЯВО в Україні, визначення провідних тенденцій досліджуваного процесу на кожному з виокремлених етапів. Практичне значення дослідження полягає у використанні його теоретичних положень та висновків при розробці національних, регіональних, інституційних стратегій розвитку ЗЯВО в Україні, у викладанні навчального курсу з педагогіки вищої школи у процесі підготовки магістрів у закладах педагогічної освіти. ; The article focuses on the issue of internationalization of higher education quality assurance in Ukraine. The goal of the study is to distinguish the stages of the development of internationalization of higher education quality assurance in Ukraine in the context of formation of the European Higher Education Area and to identify the leading trends of the process under study at each of the selected stages. The methods of retrospective, systemic, structural and functional analysis have been used to achieve the goal to be sought. The results of the study conducted are defining and justifying (according to such criteria as legislative environment, organizational and procedural approaches) the author's periodization of development of internationalization of higher education quality assurance in Ukraine, which consists of the following stages: formative (1996-2004), law-making (1996-2004), Bologniazation (2005-2009), accumulation (2010-2014), modernization (2014 - up to now); determining of the leading trends of the process under study at each of the selected stages. The practical significance of the study. The materials and results of research can be used in the process of development of national, regional, institutional strategies for the HEQA development in Ukraine, in the delivery of higher education pedagogy courses in the process of the Master's training in pedagogical institutions. The study of the genesis of the HEQA internationalization development in Ukraine testifies that it is becoming a key factor of the integration into the European Higher Education Area, although it tends to come inconsistently, at a fairly slow pace. The main factors that hinder development of the phenomenon under study include the excessive centralization, formalization, regulation of quality assurance processes, implemented by the Ministry of Education of Ukraine, which exercise full control over HEQA processes and mechanisms via its structural units. The main forms of HEQA internationalization are cooperation with international organizations and education institutions, participation in international programs such as ERASMUS, 1ЕР (EUA), academic mobility programs, provision of educational services to foreign citizens, internationalization of educational and scientific programs. HEQA internationalization is considered as a policy (comes under review in key political documents), an object of research in the field of higher education theory (philosophy of education, political studies, sociology of education, economics of education, education management, higher education didactics, comparative education, etc.), an educational practice of particular universities aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of HEIs, their autonomy, and using transparent quality assurance procedures while taking into account the European standards and recommendations. The study of the above mentioned issue does not cover all the aspects of the problem under research. A comparative study of the HEQA procedures and mechanisms in European countries may be particularly important.

Настоящая статья представляет собой одну из немногих работ, посвященных компаративному анализу уголовно-правовых запретов в сфере корпоративных отношений. В качестве объекта сравнительноправового исследования выступает уголовное законодательство государств — участников Содружества Независимых Государств: Азербайджана, Армении, Беларуси, Казахстана, Кыргызстана, Молдовы, Таджикистана, Туркменистана, Украины. Основное внимание в статье уделяется законодательству тех стран, которое наиболее близко к отечественному праву: Казахстана, Беларуси, Украины и Молдовы. По результатам анализа делается вывод, что в рамках СНГ наблюдается конвергенция уголовно-правовых запретов (незаконное лишение прав на участие (членство) в юридическом лице, злоупотребление полномочиями при корпоративном управлении, различные нарушения, связанные с реестром владельцев ценных бумаг, с порядком раскрытия или предоставления информации участникам) посредством их унификации. Автор обращает внимание, что большая часть исследуемых запретов впервые появилась в России в начале XXI века и впоследствии была реципирована иными государствами посредством криминализации соответствующих деяний. Показывается, что указанное сходство присутствует не только в составе запретов, но и в законодательной технике их изложения. Выявлено, что для Молдовы характерен наиболее высокий уровень уголовно-правовой репрессии: криминализированы даже те деяния, которые по отечественному праву могут рассматриваться исключительно как гражданско-правовые деликты, но не как преступления. В частности, это касается совершения крупных сделок и сделок с заинтересованностью при отсутствии надлежащего корпоративного одобрения. В ряде рассмотренных стран подмечена явная антирейдерская направленность значительной части уголовно-правовых средств ввиду тенденции к распространению рейдерства (Россия, Казахстан, Украина и Молдова). В то же время изучение законодательного материала Армении, Азербайджана, Кыргызстана, Туркменистана и Узбекистана показало, что уголовные кодексы этих государств не содержат описания деяний, которые можно было бы квалифицировать как уголовно-правовые запреты в сфере корпоративных отношений. Автор статьи отстаивает позицию, что основная причина такой уголовноправовой ситуации объясняется невысоким уровнем развития экономики, бизнеса и, главным образом, отсутствием в указанных государствах массового нарушения прав участников корпоративных отношений. ; The article is devoted to an insufficiently developed topic of the comparative analysis of criminal law prohibitions in corporate relations. The object of the comparative legal research is the criminal legislation of the CIS countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine). The focus is made on the legislations with the similarity to Russian law: Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. The research has shown that the CIS countries have the convergence of criminal law prohibitions (unlawful deprivation of rights to participate in a legal entity, abuse of power in the corporate governance, various violations associated with the register of securities holders, disclosure procedures and providing information to participants). Most of the prohibitions first appeared in Russia early in the 21st century and were subsequently included in the legislations of the other states. The similarity is seen not only in the prohibitions, but the legislative mechanics of presentation. Moldova has the highest level of criminal law repression. Some actions recognized as crimes may only be considered as torts in Moldova. This also concerns majour transactions and the related-party transactions in the absence of a proper corporate approval. Criminal law tools in many countries have an anti-raider trend. At the same time, the analysis of the legislations of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan lack the description of actions which could be qualified as criminal law prohibitions in corporate relations. The author holds the view that the reason for the situation in criminal law may be accounted for an insufficient level in the development of economics, business and high-profile cases when the rights of participants are violated.

This work aims to identify fundamentally new features in the spatial organization of e-grocery and ready-made food trade in a Russian city, distinct from those typical of traditional food retail enterprises. Focusing on St Petersburg, the article describes the emergence of a completely different system of requirements imposed by new forms of online food retail in the space of a large Russian city, compared with traditional industries and retail organization methods. The spatial and temporal parameters of the new shopping model are considered, and a comparative analysis of its spatial competition with already established models is presented. The spatial organization of new online food retail is demonstrated in the context of the placement system of new types of offline objects, the emergence of new flows, their impact on urban development and the effect on the outdoor and transit advertising markets, as well as on the labor market. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that new-type physical objects such as distribution warehouses, warehouse stores (fulfilment centres) and dot-com objects are placed according to entirely different principles. If the location of a service point is no longer a competitive advantage as seen by the buyer, faster delivery, hidden from the consumer, emerges as a critical factor in new competition. The paper also analyses the significance of spatial organization principles associated with this factor.

Der vorliegende Band fasst die Beiträge zusammen, die im Rahmen des 6. deutsch-koreanischen Symposiums zum Verwaltungsrechtsvergleich 2013 vorgetragen wurden. Das Symposium, das am 18. und 19. Oktober 2013 in Speyer stattfand, hatte zum Ziel, Ursachen von Systemkrisen und Faktoren, die zur Stabilisierung von Systemvertrauen geeignet sind, vergleichend für beide Länder zu analysieren und zu diskutieren. Die Beiträge analysieren anhand verschiedener Problembereiche die Ursachen fehlenden Vertrauens in das jeweilige Regierungs- und Verwaltungssystem sowie Ansätze zur Überwindung daraus eventuell resultierender krisenhafter Zuspitzungen. »Systemic Crises and Systemic Trust« This publication is aiming at carrying out the comparative analyses and discussing the reasons leading to system crises and the factors that are suitable to stabilize systemic trust for both countries. Based on the various problem areas the contributions analyze the reasons for lacking trust in the respective governance and administrative system as well as approaches to overcome a possibly resulting escalation of crises. Ziel des Bandes ist es, Ursachen von Systemkrisen und Faktoren, die zur Stabilisierung von Systemvertrauen geeignet sind, vergleichend für beide Länder zu analysieren und zu diskutieren. Die Beiträge untersuchen anhand von verschiedenen Problembereichen die Ursachen fehlenden Vertrauens in das jeweilige Regierungs- und Verwaltungssystem sowie Ansätze zur Überwindung daraus eventuell resultierender krisenhafter Zuspitzungen. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jan Ziekow: Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere Allgemeines und Besonderes Verwaltungsrecht an der Universität Speyer; Direktor des Deutschen Forschungsinstituts für öffentliche Verwaltung; Präsident der Deutschen Sektion des IIAS; Mitglied des UN Committee of Experts on Public Administration; Mitglied des Beirats Verwaltungsverfahrensrecht beim Bundesministerium des Innern und diverser Experten- und Enquetekommissionen.

This thesis evaluates the economic impact of quality-related-to-origin policies using evaluation methods adapted to the specificity of such certifications, in particular, the spatial dimension. First, we analyze the effect of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) adoption on price and production costs of PDO milk producers in Franche-Comté using a Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design. Secondly, we use propensity matching methods to analyze regional heterogeneity in Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, and Franche-Comté before focusing on the effect of the PDO adoption at a national level. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the adoption of a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) on prices paid to Colombian coffee producers using synthetic control methods. Overall, we find that PDO and/or PGI adoption is associated with positive effects on farmers' economic performances. However, these effects are not homogeneously distributed. ; Cette thèse évalue l'impact économique des politiques de qualité liée à l'origine en mobilisant des méthodes d'évaluation que nous adaptons à la spécificité des démarches de certification, notamment à leur dimension spatiale. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l'effet de l'adoption d'une Appellation d'Origine Protégée (AOP) sur le prix ainsi que sur les coûts de production des producteurs de lait AOP en Franche-Comté, en exploitant la discontinuité géographique à la frontière (Geographic Regression Discontinuity). Dans un second temps, nous utilisons les méthodes d'appariement statistique pour analyser les hétérogénéités régionales en termes de prix et de coûts de production entre les régions Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes et Franche-Comté avant de nous intéresser aux effets à une échelle nationale. Enfin, nous évaluons l'effet de l'adoption d'une Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) sur les prix payés aux producteurs de Café de Colombie à l'aide des méthodes comparatives (synthetic control methods). En moyenne, les résultats montrent un effet positif de l'adoption de l'indication ...

This thesis evaluates the economic impact of quality-related-to-origin policies using evaluation methods adapted to the specificity of such certifications, in particular, the spatial dimension. First, we analyze the effect of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) adoption on price and production costs of PDO milk producers in Franche-Comté using a Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design. Secondly, we use propensity matching methods to analyze regional heterogeneity in Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, and Franche-Comté before focusing on the effect of the PDO adoption at a national level. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the adoption of a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) on prices paid to Colombian coffee producers using synthetic control methods. Overall, we find that PDO and/or PGI adoption is associated with positive effects on farmers' economic performances. However, these effects are not homogeneously distributed. ; Cette thèse évalue l'impact économique des politiques de qualité liée à l'origine en mobilisant des méthodes d'évaluation que nous adaptons à la spécificité des démarches de certification, notamment à leur dimension spatiale. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l'effet de l'adoption d'une Appellation d'Origine Protégée (AOP) sur le prix ainsi que sur les coûts de production des producteurs de lait AOP en Franche-Comté, en exploitant la discontinuité géographique à la frontière (Geographic Regression Discontinuity). Dans un second temps, nous utilisons les méthodes d'appariement statistique pour analyser les hétérogénéités régionales en termes de prix et de coûts de production entre les régions Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes et Franche-Comté avant de nous intéresser aux effets à une échelle nationale. Enfin, nous évaluons l'effet de l'adoption d'une Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) sur les prix payés aux producteurs de Café de Colombie à l'aide des méthodes comparatives (synthetic control methods). En moyenne, les résultats montrent un effet positif de l'adoption de l'indication géographique sur la performance économique des exploitations. Cependant, cet effet est hétérogène entre les filières et les régions d'origine des produits.

Cet article est issu d'une contribution des auteurs au rapport L'évaluation du droit du travail : problèmes et méthodes, Institut International pour les Etudes Comparatives - DARES (appel d'offres L'évaluation économique du droit du travail), février 2008. ; International audience ; The article aims at providing an original contribution to the economic assessment of labour law issue. It is based on a theoretical framework shared by economists and jurists which unable an assessment of employment protection legislation in a dynamic perspective focusing on implementation of law and enforcement issues. The article focuses on activation and use of legal rights instead on their sole nominal content. It considers litigation as a relevant basis for assessment of law which permits a reconsideration of both procedures and motives of individual and collective layoffs. The litigation viewpoint is also the basis of a critical assessment of employment protection indicators owing to the fact that they do not capture nor judicial enforcement of labour law nor courts rulings in dismissal cases. An empirical quantitative analysis is then conducted in order to try to explain why labour contract litigation in France decreases sharply since several years. The reasons can be found in two factors: first, a huge trend of job creation in small firms; second, a decrease of the average length of service of fired workers. Finally, the report scrutinizes the argument that a strict regulation of dismissals for economic motives leads the employers to strategically use individual dismissal procedures. The "substitution effect" does not seem to be supported by empirical evidence in the French case. ; Le but de cet article est d'apporter une contribution originale à l'évaluation du droit du travail. Il repose sur un cadre théorique commun à des juristes et des économistes qui permet d'évaluer le droit du travail de manière dynamique, du point de vue de son application. Il considère le contentieux comme un instrument d'évaluation du droit, ce qui ...

Cet article est issu d'une contribution des auteurs au rapport L'évaluation du droit du travail : problèmes et méthodes, Institut International pour les Etudes Comparatives - DARES (appel d'offres L'évaluation économique du droit du travail), février 2008. ; International audience ; The article aims at providing an original contribution to the economic assessment of labour law issue. It is based on a theoretical framework shared by economists and jurists which unable an assessment of employment protection legislation in a dynamic perspective focusing on implementation of law and enforcement issues. The article focuses on activation and use of legal rights instead on their sole nominal content. It considers litigation as a relevant basis for assessment of law which permits a reconsideration of both procedures and motives of individual and collective layoffs. The litigation viewpoint is also the basis of a critical assessment of employment protection indicators owing to the fact that they do not capture nor judicial enforcement of labour law nor courts rulings in dismissal cases. An empirical quantitative analysis is then conducted in order to try to explain why labour contract litigation in France decreases sharply since several years. The reasons can be found in two factors: first, a huge trend of job creation in small firms; second, a decrease of the average length of service of fired workers. Finally, the report scrutinizes the argument that a strict regulation of dismissals for economic motives leads the employers to strategically use individual dismissal procedures. The "substitution effect" does not seem to be supported by empirical evidence in the French case. ; Le but de cet article est d'apporter une contribution originale à l'évaluation du droit du travail. Il repose sur un cadre théorique commun à des juristes et des économistes qui permet d'évaluer le droit du travail de manière dynamique, du point de vue de son application. Il considère le contentieux comme un instrument d'évaluation du droit, ce qui ...

Cet article est issu d'une contribution des auteurs au rapport L'évaluation du droit du travail : problèmes et méthodes, Institut International pour les Etudes Comparatives - DARES (appel d'offres L'évaluation économique du droit du travail), février 2008. ; International audience ; The article aims at providing an original contribution to the economic assessment of labour law issue. It is based on a theoretical framework shared by economists and jurists which unable an assessment of employment protection legislation in a dynamic perspective focusing on implementation of law and enforcement issues. The article focuses on activation and use of legal rights instead on their sole nominal content. It considers litigation as a relevant basis for assessment of law which permits a reconsideration of both procedures and motives of individual and collective layoffs. The litigation viewpoint is also the basis of a critical assessment of employment protection indicators owing to the fact that they do not capture nor judicial enforcement of labour law nor courts rulings in dismissal cases. An empirical quantitative analysis is then conducted in order to try to explain why labour contract litigation in France decreases sharply since several years. The reasons can be found in two factors: first, a huge trend of job creation in small firms; second, a decrease of the average length of service of fired workers. Finally, the report scrutinizes the argument that a strict regulation of dismissals for economic motives leads the employers to strategically use individual dismissal procedures. The "substitution effect" does not seem to be supported by empirical evidence in the French case. ; Le but de cet article est d'apporter une contribution originale à l'évaluation du droit du travail. Il repose sur un cadre théorique commun à des juristes et des économistes qui permet d'évaluer le droit du travail de manière dynamique, du point de vue de son application. Il considère le contentieux comme un instrument d'évaluation du droit, ce qui ...

Studies have investigated the equalizing effect of childcare provision and parental leave schemes on gendered work patterns. However, as the relationship between policies and individual time allocations to paid work is complex and challenging to empirically assess, previous research has clarified single aspects of this complexity. The present study theoretically and empirically combines a household perspective by considering the work behaviours of two partners within one household (i.e. a household's lived family model) with a comparative approach to systematically analyse relationships between specific policy designs and households' paid work patterns in a large sample. The findings imply that extensive childcare policies are systematically related to an egalitarian household organization, mostly among those with small children. This association can be observed across households with varying levels of egalitarian norms. Conversely, the findings suggest that the current design of parental leave policies in the 21 European countries does not allow for a true assessment of the potential of leave schemes to influence the within-household division of labor.

"In recent years, interest in the large group of skilled immigrants coming from India to the United States has soared. However, this immigration is seen as being overwhelmingly male. Female migrants are depicted either as family migrants following in the path chosen by men, or as victims of desperation, forced into the migrant path due to economic exigencies. This book investigates the work trajectories and related assimilation experiences of independent Indian women who have chosen their own migratory pathways in the United States. The links between individual experiences and the macro trends of women, work, immigration and feminism are explored. The authors use historical records, previously unpublished gender disaggregate immigration data, and interviews with Indian women who have migrated to the US in every decade since the 1960s to demonstrate that independent migration among Indian women has a long and substantial history. Their status as skilled independent migrants can represent a relatively privileged and empowered choice. However, their working lives intersect with the gender constraints of labor markets in both India and the US. Vijaya and Biswas argue that their experiences of being relatively empowered, yet pushing against gender constraints in two different environments, can provide a unique perspective to the immigrant assimilation narrative and comparative gender dynamics in the global political economy. Casting light on a hidden, but steady, stream within the large group of skilled immigrants to the United States from India, this book will be of interest to researchers in the fields of political economy, anthropology, and sociology, including migration, race, class, ethnic and gender studies, as well as Asian studies"--Provided by publisher

International trade is an important factor affecting competition in domestic markets. Considering the vastness of Russian territory, one can expect the pro-competitive effect to vary from region to region. This analysis tests the hypothesis that the unique geographical position and economic status of the Kaliningrad region contribute to the rapid development of international trade, which, in turn, exerts competitive pressure on regional prices. The study incorporates two major lines of analysis: a) a comparison of the international trade growth rates of different Russian regions; b) an assessment of the influence of Russian and European prices on the consumer price index as well as prices for particular tradable goods in the Kaliningrad region. Rosstat and Eurostat serve as the main data sources. To test their hypothesis, the authors use the methods of statistical and econometric analysis. The status of the free economic zone and unique geographic position of the Kaliningrad region do not result in high growth rates of international trade in the region, but rather lead to a structural shift towards import thus exerting additional competitive pressure on domestic prices. The analysis did not confirm the hypothesis about the considerable influence of European prices on the short run dynamics of the regional consumer prices index or prices for certain imported goods. Nevertheless, indirect evidence of competitive effects of foreign trade was found in the course of a comparative analysis of price levels in the regions of the Northwest Federal district: the cost of the standard set of consumer goods and services in the Kaliningrad region is lower than the level defined by the regional per capita income.

Almost all comparative research on the effects of employment protection legislation of regular
employees (EPLR) is based on the index of the OECD. This study argues that this index is methodologically flawed and proposes a new EPLR index, following a theory-driven formative index construction approach. To demonstrate the implications using the OECD EPLR index versus the new index, we use two empirical applications: First, the effects of EPLR on perceived job insecurity, using multi-level models with data from the European Social Survey, the European Working Condition Survey, and the European Quality of Life Survey. Secondly the temporary employment risk for new hires, using multi-level models with data from the European Labour Force Survey. Whereas the results based on the OECD EPLR index significantly deviate from the hypotheses in the literature, the results using the new EPLR index is compliant with the hypotheses in the literature. This demonstrates higher criterion validity of the theory-driven new EPLR index and also calls for replications of previous research that is based on the index of the OECD.