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The aim of the article is to study the best foreign practices and models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational and higher education, identify opportunities for their adaptation to Ukrainian realities and develop recommendations for productive use of foreign experience in this area. The theoretical significance of the article is that it is analyzed the semantic content of the basic concepts related to public-private partnership in the foreign scientific space; it is identified the prerequisites for the development of public-private partnership in vocational education abroad (at the national, institutional (vocational education institution), production (enterprise) levels; it is analyzed the challenges to vocational education and training in foreign countries which the public-private partnership is aimed to solve; criteria for typification of partnerships (number of participants, areas of partnership, integrated criterion «project financing — provision of educational services», integrated criterion «breadth of partnership and depth of interaction between partners», integrated criterion «degree of coordination of interaction — volume of investment») are identified; the author's typology of partnerships in the field of education in foreign countries is substantiated.The practical significance of the article is that the authors developed recommendations for deepening public-private partnership in vocational and higher education institutions of Ukraine based on the study of foreign experience, suggested directions for its further development in Ukraine. It is determined that in the foreign conceptual and terminological field, in addition to the concept of «public-private partnership» uses a number of concepts (Private Finance Initiative, PFI) (UK), Service Provision Project (SPP) (Mexico), Alternative Financing and Procurement (Canada), Private Sector Participation (PSP) (World Bank). The common essential features of these concepts are singled out: cooperation of different stakeholders, complexity of the purpose, focus on the result, parity of responsibility, long-term nature of interaction, formality of relations. Criteria for distinguishing types of partnerships in foreign practice are proposed: number of participants, areas of partnership, integrated criterion «project financing — provision of educational services», integrated criterion «breadth of partnership and depth of interaction between partners», integrated criterion «degree of coordination of interaction — volume of investment». The peculiarities of the types of partnerships in vocational education, which were singled out on the basis of the criteria proposed by the authors, are characterized: bilateral and multilateral; infrastructure, private management of public institutions, outsourcing of educational services, outsourcing of non-educational services, innovation and research partnerships, vouchers and subsidies; private initiatives, sponsorship, mixed projects, government programs; broad partnership, in-depth partnership; liberal, solidarity, paternalistic, consortium types of partnerships. Based on the analysis of the best practices of public-private partnership, the probable effective directions of public-private partnership in the field of vocational and higher education in Ukraine were singled out: strengthening the participation of companies in the processes of professional training; outlining a clear and concise division of responsibilities in the partnership; development of national standards of vocational education; gradual introduction of elements of dual education; promoting the prestige of vocational education as an attractive alternative to academic education; facilitating the learning trajectory between vocational and higher education; forecasting skills. It was developed recommendations for the development of public-private partnership in the field of vocational and higher education in Ukraine in the context of: formalization of interaction (conclusion of agreements and memorandums of partnership), management of interaction (establishment of qualitative and quantitative indicators for monitoring the activities of private providers and vocational education institutions; periodic reviews of vocational education institutions to bring them in line with the standards set in the contract), development of partnership effectiveness (clear criteria for quality and effectiveness), technologicalization of interaction (in particular, use of algorithm of of interaction between vocational education institutions and partners for public-private interaction initiatives). The need to study such models of partnerships in the field of education as the Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Germany, the Sectoral Council for Industrial Training (Canada), centers of excellence in vocational education (Netherlands), industrial centers or clusters (Tuscany in Italy and Baden-Württemberg in Germany), the National Skill Development Corporation (India) was actualized. ; Мета статті — вивчення кращих зарубіжних практик і моделей розбудови публічно-приватного партнерства у сфері професійної та академічної освіти як передумови зростання регіональних ринків праці, виявлення можливостей їх адаптації до українських реалій та обгрунтування рекомендацій щодо продуктивного використання зарубіжного досвіду в цій царині. Теоретичне значення статті полягає в тому, що в ній проаналізовано зміст основних понять, пов'язаних із публічно-приватним партнерством, у зарубіжному науковому просторі, у контексті семантики; визначено передумови розвитку публічно-приватного партнерства в освіті за кордоном [на національному, інституційному (рівні закладу)], виробничому (рівні підприємства); проаналізовано виклики перед сферою професійної освіти і навчання у країнах світу, на вирішення яких спрямоване публічно-приватне партнерство; визначено критерії типізації партнерств (напрями партнерства, інтегрований критерій «фінасування проєктів – надання освітніх послуг», інтегрований критерій «широта охоплення партнерства та глибина взаємодії між партнерами», кількість учасників, інтегрований критерій «ступінь координації взаємодії — обсяг інвестування»); запропоновано авторську типологію партнерств у сфері освіти в зарубіжних країнах. Практичне значення статті полягає в тому, що на основі вивчення зарубіжного досвіду запропоновано рекомендації щодо поглиблення публічно-приватного партнерства в закладах професійної та вищої освіти України; запропоновано перспективні напрями розвитку публічно-приватного партнерства в Україні. Визначено, що в зарубіжному поняттєво-термінологічному полі, крім поняття «публічно-приватне партнерство», використовується низка понять (Private Finance Initiative, PFI) (Великобританія), «проєкт надання послуг» (Service Provision Project, SPP) (Мексика), «альтернативне фінансування закупівель» (Alternative Financing and Procurement) (Канада), «участь приватного сектору» (Рrivate sector participation, PSP) (Світовий банк). Виокремлено спільні сутнічні ознаки цих понять: співпраця різних стейкхолдерів, комплексність мети, орієнтованість на результат, паритет відповідальності, довгостроковий характер взаємодії, формальність відносин. Запропоновано критерії виокремлення типів партнерств у зарубіжній практиці: кількість учасників, напрями партнерства, інтегрований критерій «фінасування проєктів публічно-приватного партнерства — надання освітніх послуг», інтегрований критерій «широта охоплення партнерства i глибина взаємодії між партнерами», інтегрований критерій «ступінь координації взаємодії — обсяг інвестування». Схарактеризовано особливості типів партнерств у професійній та академічній освіті, які були виокремлені на основі запропонованих авторами критеріїв: двосторонні та багатосторонні; інфраструктурні, приватне управління державними закладами, аутсорсинг освітніх послуг, аутсорсинг послуг неосвітнього характеру, інноваційні та дослідницькі партнерства, ваучери та субсидії; приватні ініціативи, спонсорство, змішані проєкти, державні програми; широке партнерство, поглиблене партнерство; ліберальний, солідарний тип, патерналістський тип, консорціумний типи партнерств. На основі аналізу кращих практик публічно-приватного партнерства було виокремлено ймовірні ефективні напрями публічно-приватного партнерства у сфері освіти в Україні: посилення участі компаній у процесах професійної підготовки кадрів; окреслення зрозумілого і чіткого розподілу обов'язків у партнерстві; розбудова національних стандартів професійної освіти; поступове впровадження елементів дуальної освіти; сприяння зростанню престижності професійної освіти як привабливої альтернативи академічній освіті; полегшення траєкторії навчання між професійною i вищою освітою; прогнозування навичок. Запропоновано рекомендації щодо розбудови публічно-приватного партнерства у сфері професійної та вищої освіти в Україні в контексті: формалізації взаємодії (укладення угод і меморандумів про партнерство), управління взаємодією (встановлення якісних і кількісних індикаторів для моніторингу діяльності приватного провайдера і закладів освіти; постійний моніторинг та оцінювання, періодичні огляди діяльності закладів професійної / вищої освіти для приведення його у відповідність до встановлених у контракті стандартів), розвитку результативності партнерства (чіткі критерії якості й результативності діяльності), технологізації взаємодії (зокрема, використання алгоритму взаємодії закладів професійної / вищої освіти з партнерами для реалізації проєктів публічно-приватного партнерства). Актуалізовано необхідність вивчення таких моделей партнерств, як торгово-промислові палати в Німеччині, Секторальна рада з навчання на виробництві (Канада), центри передового досвіду професійної освіти (Нідерланди), промислові центри або кластери (регіон Тоскана в Італії та Баден-Вюртемберг у Німеччині), Національна корпорація з розвитку навичок (National Skill Development Corporation) (Індія).

Les forêts sont caractérisées par les nombreuses fonctions et les biens et services qu'elles offrent à la société. Toutefois, les diverses utilisations du territoire forestier posent un défi fondamental : la cohabitation des acteurs. Généralement associée à des conflits d'usages, mais aussi à des utilisations complémentaires, la diversité des biens et services de la forêt met en exergue la complexité associée à la gestion forestière. La gestion intégrée des ressources et du territoire (GIRT) est un concept théorique qui tente de faciliter l'utilisation multiple du territoire forestier. Cependant, la GIRT intègre à son tour plusieurs concepts qui, pris individuellement, sont tous aussi complexes les uns que les autres. Pensons notamment au processus de gestion coopératif, à la concertation, au développement du territoire, à la conservation, à la mise en valeur des ressources et des fonctions du milieu, aux bénéfices et retombées économiques, aux collectivités forestières et à l'optimisation de l'utilisation des ressources qui sont inclus dans la définition de la GIRT. Cette thèse permet ainsi de démystifier la GIRT en explorant les différentes facettes, théoriques et appliquées, tout en se basant sur les perceptions des acteurs qui sont au cœur même de cette approche. Avant tout, la GIRT est un concept englobant qui prend forme grâce à la dynamique des acteurs sur le territoire forestier. Cette thèse, divisée en quatre chapitres, considère la perception de ces acteurs, passés et actuels, qui ont été impliqués dans la mise en œuvre de la GIRT. Premièrement, dans le but de comprendre le concept et ses origines, un bilan des trente dernières années, soit depuis le changement de régime forestier en 1986, a été dressé pour le Québec. Ce sont ici les experts d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, issus de différents secteurs du milieu forestier, qui ont été mobilisés. Ainsi, les conclusions s'appuient sur leurs témoignages, sur l'analyse de documents gouvernementaux, d'actes de colloques et de la littérature scientifique. Deuxièmement, pour comprendre les subtilités, les enjeux et les opportunités associés à la mise en œuvre de la GIRT telle que définie dans la législation forestière québécoise, une étude de la perception des professionnel(le)s responsables de son implantation a été menée. Au moyen d'entrevues semi-dirigées, il a été possible d'identifier les principaux défis et de proposer une nouvelle définition du concept pour mieux correspondre aux enjeux contemporains. Troisièmement, au-delà du concept théorique, la GIRT est avant tout un concept pratique qui s'intéresse aux multiples utilisations du territoire forestier. Ce sont donc les acteurs qui utilisent le territoire forestier qui sont au cœur de la GIRT. Cette thèse vise à connaître leurs perceptions de la mise en œuvre de la GIRT. Au moyen d'un sondage réalisé en ligne et destiné aux membres des Tables locales de gestion intégrée des ressources et du territoire (TLGIRT) et qui sont les représentants officiels des acteurs présents sur le territoire forestier, il a été possible d'identifier les forces et les faiblesses associées à la GIRT. Bien que tout soit en place pour faciliter une prise en compte équitable des acteurs, des écarts sont toujours observés. Quatrièmement, la GIRT se déploie localement sur l'ensemble des forêts publiques et elle prend en compte les retombées générées par l'utilisation des ressources. Le dernier chapitre permet de cartographier la valeur économique des usages directs dans des territoires ciblés où cohabitent plusieurs usagers, soit les réserves fauniques. Les résultats permettent ainsi de visualiser la GIRT en fonction des caractéristiques biophysiques et anthropiques du territoire, dans le but de développer des scénarios d'aménagement qui facilitent la cohabitation des utilisations dans le temps et dans l'espace. En conclusion, les résultats de cette thèse proposent un nouveau modèle théorique de la GIRT qui met en lumière l'importance des relations qui se sont bâties entre les acteurs au fil du temps. Afin de faire face aux défis que pose la présence d'intérêts multiples, il faut s'appuyer sur des approches qui prennent en compte les enjeux sociaux en amont de la planification forestière. Pour y arriver, il faut octroyer aux parties prenantes impliquées sur le territoire forestier un pouvoir décisionnel en matière de gestion intégrée et ultimement d'aménagement forestier intégré. ; Forests are characterized by the many goods and services they provide to the society. However, the various uses of the forest territory pose a fundamental challenge: the cohabitation of actors. Usually related to usage conflicts, but also with complementary uses, the diversity of goods and services highlights the complexity associated with forest management. Integrated land and resource management (ILRM) is a theoretical concept that aims to achieve multiple uses of forest lands. The ILRM definition also includes various concepts that, analyzed individually, are as complex as ILRM itself. This includes the cooperative management process, concertation, land development, conservation, enhancement of forest resources and functions, economic benefits, forest communities, and optimization of resource use. This thesis demystifies ILRM by exploring its different facets, theoretical and applied, while focusing on the perceptions of stakeholders that represent the very heart of this approach. Above all, ILRM is an all-encompassing concept that takes shape through the dynamics of the actors in the forest territory. This thesis, divided into four chapters, considers the perceptions of these actors, past and present, who have been involved in the implementation of ILRM. First, in order to understand the concept and its origins, a review of the last thirty years was made for Quebec. Experts from the past and present, from different sectors of the forestry industry, were mobilized. Thus, the conclusions are based on their testimonies, on the analysis of government documents, symposium proceeding sand scientific literature. Secondly, in order to understand the subtleties, issues and opportunities associated with the implementation of IWRM as defined in Quebec's forestry legislation, a study of the perceptions of the professionals responsible for its implementation was conducted. Through semi-directed interviews, it was possible to identify the main challenges to propose a new definition of the concept to better correspond to contemporary issues. Thirdly, beyond the theoretical concept, ILRM is above all a practical concept that focuses on the multiple uses of the forest territory. It is therefore the actors who use the forest territory who are at the heart of ILRM. This thesis aims to fin out their perceptions of the implementation of IRTWM. By means of a survey carried out online and intended for the members of the Integrated land and resource management panels (ILRMP), who are the official representatives of the actors present on the forest territory, it was possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses associated with ILRM. Although everything is in place to facilitate equitable consideration of stakeholders, gaps are still observed. Fourth, ILRM is being implemented locally across the public forest and is considering the benefits generated by resource use. The last chapter maps the economic value of direct uses in targeted areas where several users coexist, i.e. wildlife reserves. The results allow us to visualize the ILRM according to the biophysical and anthropic characteristics of the territory, with the aim of developing management scenarios that facilitate the cohabitation of uses in time and space. In conclusion, the results of this thesis propose a new theoretical model of IWRM that highlights the importance of the relationships that have been built between actors overtime. To address the challenges posed by the presence of multiple interests, it is necessary to rely on approaches that take social issues into account at the beginning of forest planning. To achieve this, stakeholders involved in the forest area must be given decision making power in integrated management and ultimately in integrated forest management.

Purpose. To determine sustainable development conditions according to the criteria of emissions of harmful substances and waste generation when modelling impact factors of the parameters and general environmental situation in Ukraine.Methods. In the research general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes have been used.Results. For modelling of national sustainable development parameters by the parameters of emissions of harmful substances and waste generation it has been proposed to apply sectoral approach and the model of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). It has been proved that the EKC model should be used not only to model parameters of emissions of harmful substances, but also for waste generation. Besides, it has been proved that it is necessary to take into account not only national level indicators, but also the contribution of the leading sectors driving national economy. Modelling has been carried out for the following industries: processing; mining and quarry development; agriculture, forestry and fisheries; supply of electricity, gas, steam and conditioned air; transport, warehousing, post and courier services. The models are based on correlation between GDP, average nominal income per capita, environmental costs, waste generation and emissions of harmful substances at the national level and by its leading industries. It has been determined that reaching the "turning point" on sectoral EKCs correlates waste generation and emissions with industry`s rate of remuneration, value added (sectoral GDP) and sectoral investment in environmental protection in the context of industry`s specifics. It has been demonstrated that in Ukraine the "turning point" on the EKC has been provided by 20% of economically active population in industries that generate 46% of emissions amid country's average nominal income per employee and steady growth of environmental expenses for at least two years.Conclusions. It has been proved that the EKC for Ukraine should be analyzed by the sectors of national economy. To form effective national environmental policy, sectoral EKCs should be applied to determine emissions of harmful substances and waste generation. It has been determined that the key factor to ensure country`s sustainable development is environmental investment both at the national level and by its driving economic sectors. Thus, the sectoral EKC reflects the progress towards industries` sustainable development that form main revenue receipts of the government and determine the rate of remuneration in the real sector. Modelling of the EKC parameters for waste and emissions of harmful substances fully corresponds to the trends of sustainable economic growth and its transition to the innovative type of development. ; Цель. Определение условий обеспечения устойчивого развития по критериям выбросов вредных веществ и образования отходов с моделированием факторов влияния на эти параметры и общую экологическую ситуацию в Украине.Методы. В процессе проведения исследования использованы общенаучные (анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция, аналитическое группировки) и специальные (абстрагирование, моделирование и т. д.) методы изучения экономических явлений и процессов.Результаты. Моделирование параметров устойчивого развития национального хозяйства по параметрам выбросов вредных веществ и образования отходов предложено использовать отраслевой подход и модель экологической кривой Кузнеца (ЭКК). Доказано, что модель ЭКК целесообразно использовать не только для моделирования параметров выбросов вредных веществ, но и для объемов образования отходов. Кроме того, доказано, что необходимо учитывать показатели не только на уровне страны, но и с учетом вклада ведущих отраслей национального хозяйства. Моделирование осуществлено для таких отраслей: перерабатывающая; добывающая и разработки карьеров; сельское, лесное и рыбное хозяйство; поставки электроэнергии, газа и кондиционированного воздуха; транспорт, складское хозяйство, почта и курьерская служба. Модели строились на основе взаимосвязи между ВВП, средним номинальным доходом на одного работающего, расходами на охрану окружающей среды и объемами образования отходов и количеством вредных вещественных на уровне национальной экономики и ее ведущих отраслей. Установлено, что достижение «поворотной точки» на отраслевых ЭКК для образования отходов и выбросов вредных веществ зависит от уровня оплаты труда в отрасли, величины добавленной стоимости (отраслевого ВВП), объемов отраслевых инвестиций в охрану окружающей среды и зависит от специфики отрасли. Доказано, что в Украине «поворотная точка» на ЭКК была обеспечена 20% работающего населения страны в отраслях, которые создают 46% выбросов вредных веществ при достижении среднего по стране уровня номинальных доходов на одного работающего и устойчивого повышения темпов роста расходов на охрану окружающей среды в течение как минимум двух лет.Выводы. Доказано, что ЭКК для Украины необходимо анализировать с позиции отраслей национального хозяйства. Для построения эффективной экологической политики в стране целесообразно использовать отраслевые ЭКК как для определения объемов выбросов вредных веществ, так и для образования отходов. Доказано, что важным фактором обеспечения устойчивого развития страны являются инвестиции в природоохранные мероприятия как на уровне страны, так и на уровне ведущих отраслей национального хозяйства. Таким образом, отраслевая ЭКК отражает прогресс на пути к устойчивому развитию отраслей, которые формируют основные поступления в бюджет и определяют уровень оплаты труда в реальном секторе экономики. Моделирование параметров ЭКК для отходов и выбросов вредных веществ в полной мере соответствуют тенденциям устойчивого роста экономики и перехода ее на инновационный путь развития. ; Мета. Визначення умов забезпечення сталого розвитку за критеріями викидів шкідливих речовин та утворення відходів із моделюванням факторів впливу на ці параметри та загальну екологічну ситуацію в Україні. Методи. Використані загальнонаукові (аналіз та синтез, індукція та дедукція, аналітичне групування) та спеціальні (абстрагування, моделювання і т. ін.) методи вивчення економічних явищ і процесів.Результати. Моделювання параметрів сталого розвитку національного господарства за параметрами викидів шкідливих речовин та утворення відходів запропоновано використати галузевий підхід та модель екологічної кривої Кузнеця (ЕКК). Доведено, що модель ЕКК доцільно використовувати не тільки для моделювання параметрів викидів шкідливих речовин, а й для обсягів утворення відходів. Крім того, доведено, що необхідно враховувати показники не тільки на рівні країни, а й з урахуванням внеску провідних галузей національного господарства. Моделювання здійснене для таких галузей: переробна; добувна і розроблення кар'єрів; сільське, лісове та рибне господарство; постачання електроенергії, газу, пари та кондиційованого повітря; транспорт, складське господарство, пошта та кур'єрська служба. Моделі будувались на основі взаємозв'язку між ВВП, середнім номінальним доходом на одного працюючого, витратами на охорону навколишнього середовища та обсягами утворення відходів та кількістю шкідливих речових на рівні національної економіки та її провідних галузей. Встановлено, що у досягнення «поворотної точки» на галузевих ЕКК для утворення відходів та викидів шкідливих речовин залежить від рівня оплати праці в галузі, величини доданої вартості (галузевого ВВП) та обсягів галузевих інвестицій в охорону навколишнього середовища і залежить від специфіки галузі. Доведено, що в Україні «поворотна точка» на ЕКК була забезпечена 20% працюючого населення країни у галузях, що створюють 46% викидів шкідливих речовин за умови досягнення середнього по країні рівня номінальних доходів на одного працюючого та стійкого підвищення темпів зростання видатків на охорону навколишнього середовища впродовж як мінімум двох років.Висновки. Доведено, що ЕКК для України необхідно аналізувати с позиції галузей національного господарства. Задля побудови ефективної екологічної політики у країні необхідно доцільно використовувати галузеві ЕКК як для визначення обсягів викидів шкідливих речовин, так і для утворення відходів. Доведено, що важливим фактором щодо забезпечення сталого розвитку країни є інвестиції у природоохоронні заходи як на рівні країни, так і на рівні провідних галузей національного господарства. Таким чином, галузева ЕКК відбиває прогрес на шляху до сталого розвитку галузей, які формують основні надходження до бюджету та визначають рівень оплати праці в реальному секторі економіки. Моделювання параметрів ЕКК для відходів та викидів шкідливих речовин повною мірою відповідають тенденціям сталого зростання економіки та переходу її на інноваційний шлях розвитку.

Maltreatment of children has become a global problem. It occurs in the form of deliberately inflicted physical trauma, neglect, emotional and sexual abuse. In most cases children suffer from more than one type of abuse such as a physically abused child may also be neglected and emotionally deprived of love and care during the times when he/she needs it most.1 One of the unfortunate situations a paediatrician may come across is having to deal with children who have been intentionally harmed by someone closer to them such as their own parents, family members or relatives. In a minority of cases the perpetrator is not among family members. In either case, the physical, psychological and social trauma children suffer in these circumstances has a profound impact on their growth, intellectual development, cognitive abilities, behavioural maturation and academic achievements. Paediatricians act as advocates for children's health and they have a greater responsibility in identifying child abuse and raising awareness about the scale of this problem among general public.2 However, it is also true that "safeguarding children is everybody's business" and it is this sense of combined responsibility that makes any child protection strategy, successful. Other health professionals such as general practitioners/family physicians, emergency department doctors, dentists and those health workers who come in contact with children and their families in community and hospital also share the same responsibility of being able to recognise features of child abuse and their role in its management. This article highlights the roles and responsibilities of all those who have a duty of care towards children either directly or indirectly. Roles and Responsibilities The following group of people share the responsibility of safeguarding children, and they all need to work collectively and closely to recognise child abuse and implement effective child protection policies: Parents: The safest place for a child is his/her home. It is an instinct for parents to care for their young ones. Parents would go extra mile to protect, feed, love and nurture their children. Our personal experiences and day to day observations are witness to the fact that majority of parents would do everything in their capacity to provide the best possible home, food, clothing, comfort, and education to make children healthy and useful members of society. However, it is also a sad reality that in most confirmed child abuse cases one or both parents are found to be responsible for abuse. Fortunately, such parents are in a minority. Certain personal, social, and medical factors among abusive parents put children at high risk of abuse. Parental stress and mental health disorders may make a child prone to abuse. Alcohol and drug abuse also play an important role in breaking the family dynamics making children vulnerable and unsafe in their own home.3 Financial difficulties and social isolation may also contribute to child abuse in certain families. It is a moral, ethical and legal responsibility of other family members, society and relevant state departments to identify such parents and provide them with necessary social, financial and psychological support they deserve in order to protect the children who are looked after by such parents. People (Society): Although a child lives with his/her parents, he/she is also part of a wider society. Besides their close family members, children interact with many people around them. This interaction may be direct (with neighbours, friends, distant relatives, common public) or indirect (electronic and social media). Children learn and develop their skills by interacting with others. It is therefore a collective responsibility of each and every adult to understand their role in protecting and nurturing children in a positive manner. Any act of omission or commission by the members of a society affects children accordingly. Children who witness or experience abuse are more likely to become abusers later in life4 Strong bonds among society members, regular interactions and reaching out to each other during the times of need not only strengthens the ties among people but also helps to eliminate the relevant risk factors of child abuse such as social isolation and low family income.5 Paediatricians: By and large, Paediatricians are considered to be the most competent to spot cases of child abuse. They are expected to possess the necessary knowledge and skills to help them identify cases of child abuse and to differentiate between accidental and non-accidental injuries in children of various age groups. Their role involves interactions with children, parents, family physicians and other government agencies such as social services and police. Therefore, it is a mandatory requirement that all paediatricians of different grades go through regular training pertaining to child protection.6 It is also vitally important that the paediatricians maintain their skills by regularly attending training courses every few years. Besides identifying child abuse, paediatricians also have a legal responsibility to liaise with the relevant agencies such as children social care and police, in order to protect children from further harm and safeguarding other vulnerable children who may be at risk of abuse if a timely intervention is not made. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) have published a detailed document outlining the competencies required of the paediatric health professionals with regard to safeguarding children and young people.7 Professionals (other): In addition to Paediatricians, any other professionals related to healthcare or otherwise, have a duty to report suspected child abuse cases to relevant agencies. Children who experience abuse may be known to professionals in education (teachers), social care (social workers) and community health professionals (family physicians, health visitors, midwives, dentists, opticians). Local safeguarding procedures should be followed when concerns are raised about the welfare of a child, and these must be communicated to the relevant professionals.8 Non-medical professionals such as sports coaches and nursery staff may also become aware of situations where children are felt to be either maltreated or at a potential risk of abuse. They should also take appropriate measures and follow their local children safeguarding policies. Police (& Judiciary): Police usually work in collaboration with health professionals and social services when a concern is raised about a child's welfare. Their role in the context of child protection is to assist the judiciary in suspected child abuse cases in order to detect the offenders and protect other children who may be at risk of abuse. They are also responsible to gather relevant information, investigate the suspects and give evidence in court to bring perpetrators to justice according to the local law.9 In the light of police investigations and presented evidence the judiciary applies the appropriate law. A robust legal punishment helps protect children by acting as a deterrent against child abuse.10 Children and young people are the most vulnerable members of a society. Parents have a responsibility to nurture and protect their children until they become independent members of the society. Other people in the society also bear a moral responsibility to protect children from harm. Paediatricians and other health workers have a professional duty to identify child abuse and report it to social services and in some cases to police. Family physicians and other community health practitioners need to work as a team and should always discuss their concerns with relevant professionals when welfare of a child is compromised. Safeguarding children is also a job of professionals working in educational institutions. In summary, protecting children is a collective responsibility of everyone in the society and safeguarding young people is everybody's business.

There is broad consensus on the value of entrepreneurship as a driver of enhancing productivity, social equality and mobility in society. Likewise, there is growing importance placed upon measuring and communicating social value in the United Kingdom (UK) construction industry (Raiden et al., 2019). Burke (2015) stated that in this industry, freelance workers increasingly using entrepreneurial and innovative practices to circumvent Government policies that would eliminate their crucial economic contribution. In light of the current skills shortage burdening the construction industry, this research engages with the concept of enhancing social and public value by promoting effective, innovative entrepreneurial practices that can help improve the employment horizon by offering valuable skills to aspects of society that would have otherwise remained under-utilised. This also supports the current Social Mobility Commission's agenda of promoting nationwide equity through meaningful employment and encompasses the 'levelling up' agenda presented in the 2021 Queen's Speech. The construction industry has received constant criticism regarding innovation and productivity for decades; for example, The Famer Report (2016) 'Modernise or Die' criticised the industry for its lack of innovative practices in improving productivity and the sector as a whole. Moreover, inefficiencies of this sector were also highlighted in both Latham Report (1994) and the Egan (1998) report, indicating poor communication, lack of collaboration amongst project teams, and an absence of safe and decent working conditions. However, such reports have yet spurned the intended improvements for the industry. With an increased level of complexity, the industry has become more fragmented. For tax purposes, the industry evolved to create self-employment techniques whereby small and micro construction firms were presented as independent contractors while working for the same principal contractors from project to project. This was labelled as bogus or false self-employment. Thus, the responsibility of a small or micro firm surviving lies on the owner-managers as they try to survive in the gig economy, i.e., every project, as a result, becomes a 'solo gig' they must execute while looking for their next project. Specifically, Burke (2012) considers freelancers remain under-studied and under-appreciated economic actors in the current British economy despite their critical economic roles, due to their pivotal role has just emerged in the past three decades in the knowledge and innovation-driven economy. Although freelancers share certain characteristics with project managers and site managers, their entire economic function is not adequately represented when examined as subsets of either group. Burke (2011) argued that freelancers are distinct economic actors who perform economic tasks which neither project managers nor site managers perform. Hence, this paper aims to explore innovation and innovative practices adopted by freelancers (small and micro firms) in the UK construction sector. It also uncovers challenges faced by the industry and the freelancers in the 'gig economy'. As self-employed teams, the small and micro firms operate hypothetically as freelancers, but most seek to establish long-term working relationships with main contractors who can offer the sustainable work needed to stay afloat and thrive as a business. We explore the complex relationships that exist in the industry between small working teams and, more importantly, the relationships among the actors in this ecosystem (e.g. professionals, architects, project managers, quantity surveyors and skilled trades: bricklayers, joiners, electricians). Some of the subtle nuances in such relationships are the recruitment strategies implemented, performance review processes, trust and support amongst teams and ensuring longevity. While previous research have overlooked the innovative approaches adopted by a small or micro firm to thrive in such a competitive industry, this research endeavours to theorise such strategies. Furthermore, practices of small and micro construction firms are often classified as informal and, as such, tend to be discounted as innovative and effective. Using a qualitative research approach, multiple ethnographic case studies were conducted on seven different construction projects. Data collection instruments included semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations and focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was conducted using QSR NVivo in generating codes for the in-depth data analysis, including themes reviewed from the literature and emerging themes identified through the data collection process and initial data analysis. Initial findings on innovative practices adopted by small and micro firms include experienced workers utilising tacit knowledge in delivering experiential learning to newer workers on less complex tasks. Hence, circumventing the traditional formal training systems and processes, which are often bureaucratic and less efficient, while ensuring productivity is not significantly affected. Safety practices on site are designed to be reflective of emerging situations, thereby allowing pragmatic solutions to be implemented immediately. In contrast, atypical safety issues on larger projects and their potential solutions require authorisation from managers who are often removed from the situations and lack the familiarity of the ongoing issues. This creates a two-fold issue, i.e., firstly, the time lost in gaining approval for the solution and secondly, a solution that may not address the problem appropriately. Moreover, unorthodox recruitment methods prior to the formal contractual processes were used to ensure that the 'right' workers who are already vetted through techniques were recruited. 'Word of mouth' is crucial in the recruitment phase, and a worker can fail based on the recommendation (or lack of) from other workers. In addition, the owner-mangers of these small firms build informal alliances with project managers and site managers in order to ensure a long-term relationship can sustain further project awards. As subcontractors, they have to submit tenders to be included in bids; however, their established relationships with the principal contractors often result that they can be offered a lenient review on the bureaucratic aspects as they are known to be able to execute the jobs successfully even though their 'paperwork' may have gaps. Furthermore, the small and micro firms form working bonds with other teams on site and support each other to move from project to project collaboratively and ensure the continuity of the established familiarity and networks. The key challenges to innovative practices adopted by the small and micro firms are the lack of recognition by principal contractors and policymakers. This thus suppresses their 'good' practices from being included in best practice conversations. Large principal contractors have often argued that the inability to capture the informal practices used by small and micro firms gives way to liabilities as there is less scrutiny on their work practices. This includes the accountability that comes with formalised work procedures. This paper offers a much-needed contribution to the construction industry by exploring the critical insight of innovative practices adopted, which may benefit other fields with relatable characteristics. It uncovers the employment challenges, especially the aspects of skills shortage faced by the industry and have often been overlooked despite it accounts for more than 90% of the workforce and employs 7% of the national labour force. It also has implications for policymakers seeking to improve employment in general and in the construction sector, in particular. It also offers theoretical contributions to the academic understanding of innovative practices adopted by freelancers in small and micro firms as they endeavour to thrive in the construction sector. The findings contribute to the government's 'levelling up' agenda, which seeks to improve employment records and enhance social mobility, significantly being adversely impacted by BREXIT and coronavirus pandemic. Moreover, such an understanding may be applicable to other sectors that rely heavily on freelancers, e.g., the events industry.

Εισαγωγή: Η πολυνοσηρότητα ορίζεται ως η συνύπαρξη δύο ή περισσότερων χρόνιων ασθενειών. Καθώς το προσδόκιμο ζωής αυξάνεται, το ίδιο ισχύει και για τον επιπολασμό της πολυνοσηρότητας. Ο εντοπισμός των παραγόντων που σχετίζονται είτε με υψηλή είτε με χαμηλή πολυνοσηρότητα στον πληθυσμό είναι σημαντικός. Υπάρχουν περιορισμένες ενδείξεις σχετικά με τη συσχέτιση της Μεσογειακής διατροφής με την ύπαρξη πολυνοσηρότητας σε ένα άτομο. Οι στόχοι αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν: α) να εκτιμηθεί ο επιπολασμός της πολυνοσηρότητας στην Κύπρο και να εντοπιστούν οι πιο συχνές χρόνιες ασθένειες, β) να εξεταστεί η απήχηση της Μεσογειακής διατροφής στον ενήλικο γενικό πληθυσμό της Κύπρου και η σχέση της με την πολυνοσηρότητα, και γ) να υπολογιστεί η ποιότητα του ύπνου στην Κύπρο και να αξιολογηθεί η σχέση της με την πολυνοσηρότητα. Μέθοδοι: Η μελέτη ήταν συγχρονική και εφαρμόστηκε στρωματοποιημένη δειγματοληψία. Ένα αντιπροσωπευτικό δείγμα ατόμων άνω των 18 ετών ερευνήθηκε κατά την περίοδο 2018-2019 στις πέντε επαρχίες της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας που βρίσκονται υπό τον έλεγχο της Κυπριακής κυβέρνησης. Δημογραφικά στοιχεία, πληροφορίες για τη διατροφή, δεδομένα για την ποιότητα του ύπνου, το κάπνισμα και τη σωματική δραστηριότητα, καθώς και η παρουσία χρόνιων, κλινικών και ψυχικών ασθενειών συλλέχθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας ένα επικυρωμένο ερωτηματολόγιο. Οι ασθένειες ταξινομήθηκαν σύμφωνα με τη διεθνή ταξινόμηση των ασθενειών, 10η αναθεώρηση (ICD-10). Αποτελέσματα: Η μέση ηλικία των 1140 συμμετεχόντων ήταν 41 ± 17 έτη, 56% από αυτούς ήταν γυναίκες, 76% ήταν κάτοικοι αστικής περιοχής, 54% ήταν παντρεμένοι, 64% είχαν ανώτερη εκπαίδευση και το 50% είχαν ετήσιο μέσο εισόδημα €6,500- €19,500. Ο τυποποιημένος ως προς την ηλικία και το φύλο επιπολασμός της πολυνοσηρότητας ήταν 28.6%. Η πολυνοσηρότητα σχετίζεται με την ηλικία (p <0.01), με το υψηλότερο ποσοστό να παρατηρείται σε άτομα ηλικίας 65 ετών και άνω (68.9%). Η πολυνοσηρότητα ήταν υψηλότερη στις γυναίκες παρά στους άνδρες (28.2% έναντι 22.5%, p <0.01), ενώ τα ποσοστά ήταν παρόμοια στις αστικές και στις αγροτικές περιοχές (26.4% έναντι 23.8%, p = 0.40). Οι πιο διαδεδομένες χρόνιες ασθένειες μεταξύ ατόμων με πολυνοσηρότητα ήταν η υπερλιπιδαιμία (44.7%), ακολουθούμενη από υπέρταση (37.5%), γαστρική παλινδρόμηση (23.9%) και ασθένειες του θυρεοειδούς (22.2%), ενώ οι πιο συνηθισμένοι συνδυασμοί ασθενειών ήταν στο κυκλοφορικό και ενδοκρινολογικό σύστημα. Το προφίλ του ατόμου με πολυνοσηρότητα δείχνει ένα άτομο μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας, με υψηλότερο δείκτη μάζας σώματος, που είναι καπνιστής και έχει υψηλότερο μισθό. Η μέση βαθμολογία της Μεσογειακής Διατροφής ήταν 15.5 ± 4.0 με τους άνδρες και τους κατοίκους των αγροτικών περιοχών να έχουν μεγαλύτερη συμμόρφωση στη Μεσογειακή Διατροφή σε σύγκριση με τις γυναίκες και τους κατοίκους των αστικών περιοχών, αντίστοιχα (p<0.05). Το να έχει ένα άτομο μεγαλύτερη συμμόρφωση στη Μεσογειακή Διατροφή σχετίζεται με χαμηλότερες πιθανότητες πολυνοσηρότητας και αυτό το αποτέλεσμα ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικό ακόμη και μετά την προσαρμογή των αποτελεσμάτων για την ηλικία, το φύλο, τις συνήθειες καπνίσματος και τη σωματική δραστηριότητα (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.99). Η μέση βαθμολογία ποιότητας ύπνου των συμμετεχόντων ήταν 5 (q1=3, q3=7) με τη μέγιστη βαθμολογία να είναι 17. Οι γυναίκες, οι κάτοικοι της Πάφου και οι παντρεμένοι είχαν χαμηλότερη ποιότητα ύπνου (p <0.05). Η καλύτερη ποιότητα ύπνου συσχετίστηκε με χαμηλότερες πιθανότητες πολυνοσηρότητας, ακόμη και μετά την προσαρμογή για δημογραφικούς και κοινωνικοοικονομικούς παράγοντες καθώς και τρόπο ζωής (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.55, 3.16). Συμπεράσματα: Περισσότερο από το ένα τέταρτο του γενικού πληθυσμού της Κύπρου έχει πολυνοσηρότητα και το ποσοστό αυτό είναι σχεδόν 70% μεταξύ των ατόμων άνω των 65 ετών. Η πολυνοσηρότητα είναι σχετικά συχνή ακόμη και σε νεότερες ηλικίες. Η συμμόρφωση στη Μεσογειακή διατροφή και η καλύτερη ποιότητα του ύπνου σχετίζονται με χαμηλότερο κίνδυνο πολυνοσηρότητας. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης υπογραμμίζουν την ανάγκη για στρατηγικές πρόληψης και προγράμματα ευαισθητοποίησης για την υγεία για ολόκληρο τον πληθυσμό. Προγράμματα πρόληψης και οδηγίες πρακτικής δημόσιας υγείας στην Κύπρο και αλλού θα πρέπει να λάβουν υπόψη τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα και θα πρέπει να αναπτυχθούν κατευθυντήριες γραμμές για τη δημόσια υγεία υπογραμμίζοντας τη σημασία της τήρησης της Μεσογειακής διατροφής και της καλής ποιότητας του ύπνου και της συσχέτισης τους με την πολυνοσηρότητα. ; Introduction: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-existence of two or more chronic conditions. As life expectancy is increasing so does the prevalence of multimorbidity. Identifying the factors associated with the presence of multimorbidity is important. Furthermore, limited evidence exists on the association of Mediterranean Diet or of quality of sleep with the development of multimorbidity in an individual. The aim of this PhD dissertation work was: a) to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in Cyprus and identify the most prevalent diseases; b) to evaluate the level of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in the adult general population of Cyprus and investigate its relationship with multimorbidity; and c) to assess the quality of sleep in Cyprus and examine its association with multimorbidity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and a stratified sampling procedure was implemented. A representative sample of individuals over 18 years old was surveyed during 2018-2019 in the five government-controlled municipalities of the Republic of Cyprus. Demographic data, dietary information, data on sleep quality, smoking, physical activity, stress, and quality of life, as well as the presence of chronic, clinical, and mental conditions were collected using a validated questionnaire. Diseases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Results: The mean age of the n=1140 participants was 41 ± 17 years old, 56% of them were women, 76% lived in an urban area, 54% were married, 64% had completed a higher education, and 50% had a yearly average income in the range €6,500 - €19,500. The age and sex standardized prevalence of multimorbidity was 28.6%. Multimorbidity was associated with age (p<0.01), with the highest rate observed among people aged 65 years old or older (68.9%). Multimorbidity was higher in women than men (28.2% vs. 22.5%, p<0.01) but similar in urban and rural regions (26.4% vs. 23.8%, p=0.40). The most prevalent chronic diseases among people with multimorbidity were hyperlipidemia (44.7%), followed by hypertension (37.5%), gastric reflux (23.9%), and thyroid diseases (22.2%), while the most common combinations of diseases were in the circulatory and endocrine systems. The profile of the multimorbid individual indicated this to be a person at an older age, with a higher BMI, being a current smoker, and having a higher salary. The average Mediterranean Diet score was 15.5 ± 4.0 with men and residents of rural regions being more adherent to the Mediterranean Diet, compared to women and residents of urban regions, respectively (p<0.05). Being in the higher tertile of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was associated with lower odds of multimorbidity, compared to the lower tertile, and this result was statistically significant even after adjusting for age, sex, smoking habits, and physical activity (adjusted OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.99). The median Pittsburgh Sleep Quality score of the participants was 5 (q1=3, q3=7) with the maximum score being 17. Women, residents of Paphos, and married people had a poorer quality of sleep (p<0.05). Having a better quality of sleep was associated with lower odds of multimorbidity, even after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors (adjusted OR=2.21, 95% CI: 1.55, 3.16). Conclusions: More than one quarter of the general population of Cyprus has multimorbidity, and this rate is almost 70% among the elderly, with multimorbidity being relatively common even in younger ages too. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and better quality of sleep were associated with lower risk of multimorbidity. The results of the study underline the need for prevention strategies and health awareness programs for the entire population, including in relation to dietary and sleeping habits. Prevention programs and public health guidelines in Cyprus and elsewhere should take these results into account and public health guidelines should be developed in regards to the importance of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and good quality of sleep, highlighting their association with multimorbidity. Further research on multimorbidity should be carried out, including in specific subgroups of the population. ; Completed

Early childhood development (PAUD) is a fundamental investment that is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Previous research has shown that ECD investment in Indonesia, and its financial governance remains a challenging issue. Through a qualitative approach to a case study method design, this study aims to examine the state of PAUD financial management in Panggungharjo Village, Yogyakarta. This study uses in-depth interviews and desk research as data collection techniques. The instrument was developed from the SABER-ECD World Bank Assessment and ECD Financial Profiling Tools. The results showed that PAUD financial management in established villages had innovative financing, budget management and institutional development resulted in a blueprint for managing PAUD financing in other villages in Indonesia. Important policy objectives in all aspects, including the legal framework, cross-sectoral coordination, program coverage, coverage, equity, data availability, quality standards, and compliance with standards, the vision of financing early childhood development will be more achievable for future research. Keywords:Early Childhood, Financial Governance, Village References: Alatas, H., Brinkman, S., Chang, M. C., Hadiyati, T., Hartono, D., Hasan, A., Hyson, M., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Pradhan, M., & Roesli, R. (2013). Early childhood education and development services in Indonesia. In Education in Indonesia (pp. 82–108). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Ambang.Yudanto. (2019). Analisis Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Desa dalam Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa: Studi Kasus Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul [Analysis of Village Head Transformational Leadership in Village Owned Enterprise Management: A Case Study of Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul]. 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M., Primo, L. H., & Reedy, T. D. (2020). The World Bank's SABER: A Critical Analysis. Comparative Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1086/706757 Kurniawati, S., Suryadarma, D., Bima, L., & Yusrina, A. (2018). Education in Indonesia: A white elephant? Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2e Magnuson, K., & Duncan, G. J. (2016). Can early childhood interventions decrease inequality of economic opportunity? Rsf, 2(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.2.05 Mizwar Hasyim, N. (2019). Peningkatan Kemandirian Desa Panggungharjo Melalui Komunikasi Pembangunan [Increasing the Independence of Panggungharjo Village through Development Communication]. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran Dan Dakwah Pembangunan, 3(2), 352–376. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2019.032-06 Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Maika, A., & Pradhan, M. (2021). 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Forskerparker (Science and Technology Parks - STP) har tiltrukket sig en betydelig forskningsmæssig og politisk interesse på grund af deres potentielle bidrag til udviklingen af økonomien i den region, hvor de er placeret. På trods af deres potentiale er forskerparker blevet kritiseret for at have svært ved at opfylde forventningerne. Den videnskabelige litteratur har antydet, at en af grundene hertil er deres manglende integration i den regionale økonomi. Der mangler en systematisk forståelse af hvordan den regionale kontekst (f.eks. lokale universiteter og forskningsinstitutioner, industriel struktur og normer) påvirker forskerparkers bidrag til den regionale udvikling. Denne manglende systematiske forståelse gør det vanskeligt at designe forskerparkstrategier, der passer til de konkrete regionale udfordringer. Denne afhandling undersøger derfor den rolle, som de regionale kontekstuelle faktorer har for forskerparkers bidrag til den regionale økonomiske udvikling. Det konkrete formål med afhandlingen er tredobbelt. For det første er det formålet at konceptualisere de regionale kontekstuelle faktorers betydning for forskerparkers mulighed for at bidrage til den regionale udvikling. Det gøres igennem en systematisk litteraturgennemgang. Resultatet af den systematiske litteraturgennemgang er en konceptuel ramme for resten af afhandlingen. Det andet formål er ved hjælp af denne konceptuelle ramme at give en empirisk indsigt i de regionale kontekstuelle faktorers betydning for udvikling af forskerparker i en konkret kontekst; nemlig regioner i et udviklingsland. Konkret drejer det sig om Thailand og især den sydlige Songkhla provins. For det tredje er det målet at anvise konkrete strategier for udvikling af en forskerpark med udgangspunkt i den konceptuelle ramme og indsigten i den konkrete kontekst. Afhandlingens overordnede konceptuelle udgangspunkt er eksisterende teoridannelser for regionale innovationssystemer, innovationssystemer i udviklingslande, smart specialisering, teknologisk fremsyn samt evolutionær økonomisk geografi generelt. Metodemæssige bygger afhandlingen på dels en systematisk gennemgang af litteraturen, dels en empirisk undersøgelse af det aktuelle regionale innovationssystem og tilhørende forskerpark, samt dels et teknologisk fremsyn for at identificere mulige måder til at forbedre den aktuelle situation. Analysen er baseret på semistrukturerede interviews, sekundære data samt Delphi-spørgeskemaer. De sekundære datakilder dækker regionale statistiske rapporter, nationale policy rapporter, forskerparkernes interne rapporter samt offentlige hjemmesider og nyheder. Afhandlingens bidrag er også tredobbelt. Det første bidrag er en bedre forståelse af forskerparkers dynamik i deres regionale kontekst, hvilket mangler i eksisterende studier af forskerparker. Afhandlingen opstiller en omfattende ramme af regionale faktorer, der har indflydelse på forskerparkernes bidrag til den regionale udvikling. Afhandlingen giver dermed en ny indsigt i den betydning som regionale kontekstuelle faktorer (dvs. grad af urbanisering, industriel struktur, regionale institutioner og kultur, universitets- og forskningsinstitutter og økonomiske ressourcer) har på forskerparkernes udvikling. For det andet giver afhandlingen indblik i det nationale og regionale innovationssystem i en thailandsk kontekst. Det sammenlignende casestudie af tre forskerparker i Thailand konkluderer, at de forskellige innovationssystemer i de tre regioner har afgørende betydning for forskerparkernes bidrag til den regionale udvikling, selvom de alle opererer under det samme nationale innovationssystem. Denne konklusion understøtter ideen om, at det regionale niveau er det optimale niveau i analysen af innovationspolitisk intervention. I thailandsk sammenhæng er en national politikformulering til forbedring af støttebetingelser og koordinering af politiske forbindelser på regionalt niveau imidlertid en anden afgørende betingelse. Desuden viser afhandlingen, at den regionale innovationskultur i form af tillid, samarbejde og interaktion er afgørende for forskerparkernes udvikling, da den er grundlaget for innovation i regionen. Afhandlingens tredje bidrag er metodemæssig. Afhandlingen demonstrerer en fremsynsproces (technology foresight) som et værktøj til implementering af en smart specialiseringsstrategi (S3), hvor forskerparkers strategi tilpasses den regionale kontekst. Afhandlingen konkluderer, at systematisk brug af et teknologisk fremsyn i høj grad kan bidrage til den regionalpolitiske intervention ved at muliggøre en systemisk vurdering af regionale innovationsøkosystemer og deres teknologiske kapaciteter og derefter oversætte den til en politisk (policy) prioritering. Afhandlingen anviser en praktisk fremgangsmåde for implementering af en smart specialiseringsstrategi under begrænset tid og ressourcer. Samlet giver afhandlingen en omfattende ramme og foreslår innovationspolitiske værktøjer for forskerparker; værktøjer, der er mere specifikke i forhold til en regional kontekst. Håbet er, at resultaterne af denne forskning vil bidrage til en dybere forståelse af regional innovationspolitisk intervention; nærmere bestemt forskerparker i udviklingslande. ; Science and technology parks (STPs) have gained significant academic and political interest for their potential to develop regional economies. Despite their popularity, STPs receive criticism for their inconclusive contributions. Increasing numbers of studies argue that the performance capacity of STPs relies both on STPinternal factors and the regional conditions where the STP is located. While most research focus on STPinternal factors, literature on the linkages between the STP performance and the regional context is still lacking, raising the challenge of designing STP strategies in response to regional specificities. The thesis takes up this call by exploring the role of regional contextual factors in STPs' performance. The aims of this thesis are threefold. First, the thesis aims to conceptualise the role of regional contextual factors and STP performance by conducting a systematic literature review, the outcome of which is a conceptual framework. Second, the thesis aims to use the framework to provide empirical insight into regional contextual factors and STP development in a developing-country context. Third, the thesis aims to concretise a route from the theoretical to a practical application of STPs' innovation strategies by integrating STP functions with the concept of smart specialisation strategy (S3) using innovation system foresight. The overall conceptual framework of the thesis builds on the field of regional innovation systems, innovation systems in developing countries, smart specialisation, foresight studies and the broader perspective of evolutionary economic geography. Thailand is the case study for drawing on empirical experiences. The research approach builds on a systematic review of the literature, empirical investigation of the current practice of regional innovation systems and STPs in the Thai context and a foresight exercise to identify possible ways to improve the current situation. The data collected from semi-structured interviews, secondary data and a Delphi questionnaire provide the basis for the analysis. The secondary data sources cover regional statistical reports, national policy reports, science-park internal reports, government websites and news. The contributions of this thesis are threefold. First, from the theoretical perspective, the purpose of developing a systematic literature review was to contribute to better understanding the dynamics of STPs in their regional context, which is still lacking in STP studies. The thesis offers a comprehensive framework of regional factors that influence STP performance, providing new insight into the role of regional factors (i.e. degree of urbanisation, industrial structure, regional institutions and culture, university and research institutes and financial resources) for STP development. Second, from the empirical perspective, the study offers insights into national (NIS) and regional innovation systems (RIS) in the Thai context. The comparative case study from Thailand presents different regions demonstrating different levels of RIS capacity and, thus, STP performance, although the same national innovation system encompasses the establishment of them all. These findings support the idea that the regional level is optimal for analysing innovation policy intervention. However, in Thailand's context, a national policy formulation to improve supportive conditions and coordinate policy linkages at the regional level is another crucial condition. Moreover, the empirical findings also suggest that regional innovation culture in the form of trust and local collaboration is a foundation for STP development. Third, from the methodological point of view, the thesis proposes the foresight process as a tool for implementing S3, where STPs align their functions with a regional context. The thesis presents the rationale use of foresight that has greatly contributed to regional policy intervention by enabling a systemic assessment of regional innovation ecosystems and their technological capabilities, then translating it to a policy-priority setting. The suggested approach eases S3 implementation with limited time and resources. Taken together, this thesis provides a comprehensive framework and proposes a tool for designing STPs that are more specific and sensitive to regional context. The author hopes that this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of regional innovation policy intervention—more specifically, STPs in the context of developing countries.

In 2017, the Central American Agricultural Council (CAC), with the support of CCAFS, CIAT, IICA, FAO, ECLAC and CATIE, formulated and adopted the Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (EASAC) for the Central American Integration System (SICA) region. This regional strategy aims at promoting climate-smart agriculture (CSA) at scale and is an original example of regional policy. This communication presents the first results of an assessment process of the EASAC outcomes three years after its launch. We carried out a methodology mobilizing the theory-based assessment (Delahais and Toulemonde 2012; Lemire, et al. 2012, Maine, 2008) applied to a policy innovation, in this case, the EASAC. Theory-based approaches have been designed to provide systematic, robust approaches to understand whether the intended outcomes of an intervention have been achieved (or not), and the importance of the intervention's contribution under consideration, relative to that of other alternative causes. This assessment process encompasses three steps: (i) the formulation of the EASAC Theory of Change (ToC), (ii) the identification of changes aligned with the ToC and (iii) the analysis of EASAC's contribution to some of these identified changes. In this communication, we present the results of the two first above mentioned steps. To establish the EASAC ToC, we first reformulated the EASAC into a ToC vocabulary/thinking starting from the policy document (CAC, 2017) and adjusting it through an iterative process of consultation and validation with 8 key actors (EASAC formulators). Once the ToC validated, we conducted 44 semi-directed interviews with actors involved in CSA related actions or interventions at regional and national level of the 8 countries of SICA. The objective of these interviews was to understand what expected changes identified in the EASAC ToC have occurred so far. Finally, the changes were analyzed and compared across and among countries. The EASAC ToC is structured along four routes: (1) policy route, (2) institutional, (3) financing and (4) communication. The four routes aim through the formulation and implementation of CSA policies (policy route); the creation and promotion of spaces for CSA dialogue and partnerships and the strengthening of CSA capacities of actors (institutional route); the development of a portfolio of CSA projects to apply to competitive international funds (financial route); the implementation of communication campaigns to foster the implementation of the EASAC (communication route) to a final outcome: the adoption of CSA practices, services and technologies by local farmers and thus achieve a great impact focused on a more productive, adapted and resilient agriculture in the face of climate change (CC). Results related to the identification of changes aligned with the ToC show that, although the EASAC was launched only 3 year ago, 252 changes related to the four EASAC ToC routes were identified in all countries of SICA and at the regional level to date, attesting of a great dynamic toward CSA scaling in the region. A total of 225 changes occurred in the eight countries in the SICA region. Costa Rica and Guatemala stand out with the highest number of changes identified. Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua show with an average progress, and finally Panamá, the Dominican Republic and Belize exhibit the lowest number of changes observed. The remaining 27 identified changes were exclusively at the regional level. The policy route is the strongest and most profuse as it concentrates the largest number of changes identified (182 changes) that mostly (98) correspond to the formulation and implementations of CSA conducive policies at regional, national and/or subnational levels concentrated in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. The remaining changes (84) are local implemented CSA conducive projects that respond to regional programs (sometimes 'jumping' the national level) such as EUROCLIMA+, FAO-EU FLEGT - Latin America, REDD+, RECLIMA, RELIVE, BIOCLIMA, ARAUCLIMA, AGROINNOVA, PROCAGICA, among others. However, the CSA approach has yet to be incorporated further into the planning, research, monitoring and evaluation processes of the agricultural sector at both the regional and national levels. The institutional route, although less developed than the policy route, presents a total of 45 changes distributed in three dimensions: i) the creation and promotion of coordination initiatives, alliances and CSA dialogue spaces at regional and national levels, ii) the strengthening of CSA capacities of governments, research actors and extension systems at national level and iii) financial services designed and implemented through specific programs, mainly supported by regional cooperation (ECLAC). Most of the changes in this route corresponds to CSA dialogue spaces and alliances mainly in Costa Rica, Guatemala and El Salvador. However, there is a gap between countries in the creation and diversification of coordination initiatives, alliances and spaces for dialogue for the promotion and follow-up of the CSA approach. Moreover, there is a lack of institutionalization of the programs for research actors, public officials and extensionists to strengthen their capacities to formulate and implement CSA practices, services and technologies. The financing route has been strengthened mainly through technical and financial support from international cooperation agencies with 25 changes identified at the regional and national levels mostly impulse by a regional initiative from FAO in partnership with the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI) that seeks to facilitate access to climate finance and strengthen the national capacities of the countries to create a portfolio of CSA projects in the region. Even though there are advances in this route, some aspects pointed out in the EASAC are still missing or are partly implemented. A consolidated portfolio of CSA projects and an updated database on sources of climate financing need to be consolidated. Besides, more work must be done on the creation of alliances to promote financial services and, to consolidate a common agenda of CSA climate action in Central America. Finally, regarding the communication route, no changes were observed so far. Considering the orientation of changes both at regional and country levels, the emphasis of the changes has been oriented more towards adaptation to CC (137) than mitigation (36), although the CSA approach integrate both adaptation and mitigation. The agricultural sectors most prioritized have been cattle raising (73), coffee (44), and some basic grains: corn (15), rice (14) and beans (13). In addition, the predominant issues on the sector's policy agenda in the countries have been water resource sustainability (45), food and nutritional security (FNS) and family agriculture (95). Finally, it is worth noting that the changes identified tends to be geographically concentrated in the Central American Dry Corridor, although the aim of the intervention is to expand the scope of these measures to other areas of the region. The first results of the evaluation of the effect to date of the EASAC provides original insights to the discussion on the effectiveness of scaling up CSA through a regional policy framework, on the effectiveness of EASAC ToC and its implementation features. To go deeper into this, a rigorous and systematic analysis must be conducted in a second phase of this study to assess the degree of contribution of the EASAC to these identified changes. However, these first results of the assessment process is of interest to regional and national stakeholders in particular CAC executive secretariats well as scholars and practitioners as they enable to draw preliminary recommendations to support the implementation of EASAC in the region and lessons learned for strengthening enabling policy environments to achieve CSA goals in the region and other parts of the world.

The current thesis takes place within the context of the projects MAT2016-80045-R "Aplicaciones industriales de compuestos y mezclas basados en REX-PLA" and the project "PLAIABS Blends: Recydability and weight reduction" financially supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanis h Government and SEAT res pectively. The main objective was to improve the properties of poly lactic acid (PLA) in arder to make it suitable for long-lasting applications where emphasis is de\Qted to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the renewable raw materiaIs content. Among the different routes to enhance PLA properties, blending was used, as it is easily scalable bythe industry. Dueto its good balance of properties, ABS was considered a suitable polymer to be used together with PLA However, dueto their immiscibili ty, a coupling agent (ABS-g -MAH) was introduced. Apart of brittl ness, another PLA problem is its relatively easy degradation during process ing. Previous studies of the Group indicated that PLAdegradation could be limited using a multi epoxide reactive agent that a110ids the loss in molecular weight and increases the PLA melt visc osity, which, on the other hand, facilitates processing . Moreover, it was believed that the unreacted chain extender epoxide groups could also form covalent bonding with the coupling agent improving ABS and PLA compatibility. Using foams both the total weight and carbon dioxide generation of components can be diminished. For these reasons, different techniques for physicallyfoaming the blends either during injection (MuCell) or through a batch process were object of research. The effect of the above mentioned chain extender and the effect of a tale filler on the batch-foaming behavior of PLAwas studied. The first step of the research consisted in obtained the base materiaIs by reactive extrusion (REX) at a pilot plant seale (50 kg.). A conventional injection molding process was then employed to obtain standard samples that were used for the thermo­ mechanical characterization ofthe blends. The thermal stabilitywas studied bythe Kissinger 's method. The results showed that it was improved when the amount of ABS-g-MAH was increased. From the DSC analysis, it was found that in comparison to more perfect REX-PLA structures, crystals with a smaller lamellar thickness were formed in the blends. The differences in crystallinitywere small and do not influence the mechanical properties. The presence of ABS in the compositions led to a decrease ofthe blend 's storage modulus. Nonetheless, the ABS phase was found to playthe role of scaffold for the PLA phase that can undergo re­ crystallization, being thus able to support a certain amount of loading during heating. The physical foaming ofthe different injected blends was difficult to be achieved. The optimization ofthe foaming conditions required several triaIs and a large quantityof material. As the amount of each blend was limited, only a partial number of the proposed experiments were possible. The obtained blends contained a few large cells as well as a certain population of small sized cells. Although a complete micro-cellular structure was not achieved, the obtained one was similar to that of previous works found in literature. lt was, however, demonstrated that this technique can be used byindustryto generate lighter components. Batch foaming using CO2 in supercritical conditions resulted in successful foams with cell sizes below 100 microns and very high cell densi ties. In comparison to PLA, dueto its higher viscosity and melt resistance, using REX-PLA resulted in improved level offoaming which prevents from cell coalescence and collapse. The presence of ABS in the blends allowed broadening the range of pressure and temperatures in which foams can be produced. Tale was found to actas a nucleating agent leading to smaller cell sizes and higher cell densities in the foamed blends. ; La presente tesis se enmarca en los proyectos MAT2016-80045-R "Aplicac iones industriales de compuestos y basados en REX-PLA'' y "PLA / ABS Blends: Reciclabilidad y reducción de peso" que han sido subvencionados por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España y SEAT respectivamente. El objetivo principal que se persigue es mejorar las propiedades del ácido poliláctico (PLA) de forma que pueda emplearse en aplicaciones de larga duración, donde la reducción de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y el contenido de materias primas renovables toma mayor importancia con respecto a la biodegradabilidad . Entre las diferentes rutas para mejorar las propiedades del PLA se seleccionado el mezclado ya que es facilmente reproducible por la industria. Debido a su buen equilibrio de propiedades, el ABS se consideró una opción adecuada para ser utilizado junto con PLA si bien fue necesario introducir un compatibilizante . Aparte de la fragilidad , el PLA puede degradar durante su procesado . En estudios previos del Grupo de investigación se ha visto que dicha degradación puede limitarse utilizando un agente reactivo multiepóxido que limita la pérdida de peso molecular y aumenta la viscosidad del PLA. Además, los grupos epóxido remanentes se cree que pueden ser capaces de reaccionar con el agente de acoplamiento mejorando así la compatibilidad. La espumación es un método que permite disminuir tanto el peso como la huella de carbono de un cierto componentes. Por estas razones , se estudiaron diferentes técnicas para espumar físicamente las mezclas , bien durante la inyección (MuCell) o bien usando un proceso discontinuo . En este sentido se estudió el efecto del extensor de cadena mencionado así como el efecto del talco durante la espumación discontinua. El primer paso de la investigación consistió en obtener los materiales base, por extrusión reactiva (REX) a nivel de planta piloto (50 kg.) . Posteriormente se empleó la inyección convencional para obtener muestras para la caracterización termomecánica de las mezclas. La estabilidad térmica se estudió mediante el método de Kissinger. Los resultados mostraron el incremento de ABS-g-MAH contribuye a una may0r estabilidad. A través de DSC, se vió que en las mezclas se formaron cristales con un espesor !amelar más pequeño en comparación con el REX-PLA Las diferencias en cristalinidad fueron pequeñas y no influyeron en las propiedades mecánicas. La presencia de ABS en las mezclas condujo a una disminución del módulo de almacenamiento. No obstante, se encontró que la fase ABS juega el papel de andamio para la fase PLAque puede sufrir recristalización durante el calentamiento, pudiendo así soportar una cierta cantidad de esfuerzo. La espumación física de las diferentes mezclas inyectadas fue difícil de conseguir. La optimización de las condiciones requirió divserdas pruebas yel empleo de una gran cantidad de material. Como la cantidad de cada mezcla era limitada, solo fue posible realizar una parte de los experimentos propuestos . No obstante lo anterior, las piezas inyectadas y espumadas contenían algunas celdas grandes , así como una cierta población de células de pequeño tamaño. Aunque no se logró una estructura microcelular completa, la obtenida fue similar a la de trabajos previos encontrados en la literatura. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que esta técnica puede ser utilizada para generar componentes aligerados . La formación de espuma en batch usando CO2 dio como resultado espumas con tamaños de celda por debajo de 100 micras y densidades de celda muy altas. En comparación con el PLA, el REX-PLA resultó en un may0r nivel de es pum ación debido a su mayor viscosidad y resistencia en fundido, lo que evitó la coalescencia y el colapso celular. La presencia de ABS en las mezclas permitió asimismo ampliar el rango de presiones y temperaturas en las que se pueden producir las espumas. Se descubrió que Tale actúa como un agente nucleante que conduce a tamaños celulares más pequeños y densidades celulares más altas en las mezclas espumadas. ; Postprint (published version)

The necessity of a sustainability transition i.e. large scale transformation to solve grand societal challenges at all levels is not debated. How to go about achieving these necessary transitions is the question. The role and contribution of economic sectors to sustainability is an important aspect to consider for management and policy-making. This thesis is comprised of two different but interconnected streams of research explored in five papers on how economic sectors contribute to sustainability both in terms of their impacts (positive and negative) and in terms of their management of impacts. Paper I sought to contribute to the conceptual understanding of the synergies and trade-offs between a sector and its performance across the 169 targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study examined the tourism sector's contribution to the SDGs with a specific focus on revealing synergies and trade-offs. Synergies, i.e. co-benefits of tourism positively contributing to the fulfilment of one or more SDG targets were found in 32 instances. Tradeoffs, i.e. drawbacks of tourism activities negatively affecting the fulfilment of one or more SDG targets were found in 11 instances. Findings were classified through a ranking system for easily accessible and comprehensive results targeted to policy-makers and managers. Paper II reviewed and applied a previously developed, national-level environmental sustainability indicator set to the Icelandic tourism sector in order to determine whether sectoral environmental impacts can be discerned on the national level. Capturing these impacts is important in terms of the environmental performance of the nation as a whole. Data gaps were found in most thematic categories applied to the tourism sector indicating the need for increased efforts in the collection of pertinent environmental data for Iceland's sustainability performance assessment. The tourism sector's impact was discernible albeit underestimated due to the lack of data Paper III explored the perspectives of high level managers of medium and large tourism companies and relevant organizations in Iceland in relation to the tourism sector's management of environmental issues. The study attempted to determine the factors influencing organizational change in the tourism sector in Iceland in response to environmental issues. The study found that the policy and regulatory framework in the tourism sector had been slow to develop in an iv exceedingly fast-growing sector. Complicated institutional frameworks and increased societal pressure to address key environmental issues created difficulties not easily overcome by the sector alone. Paper IV explored the perspectives of high level management among medium and large companies and relevant organizations in the fisheries sector of Iceland and Norway to determine the factors (drivers and barriers) that enable blue growth, i.e. economic growth through sustainable use of aquatic resources. The study found that strict fisheries management regimes constituted a necessary requirement for sustainable growth stimulating value-added activities. However, both industries were still mired in debates on equitable social outcomes which the concept of blue growth has not adequately addressed. Governance of shared aquatic resources also emerged as an important aspect of blue growth in a rapidly changing world. Paper V explored stakeholders' views on policy tools for achieving sustainability transition in European food systems. The study's aim was to explore and analyse stakeholders' proposed solutions for creating sustainable agri-food systems. The proposed solutions were then categorized by the use of an adapted policy tools' typology into five categories: direct activity regulations, market-based, knowledge-related, governance and strategic policy tools. The findings were, then, used to derive policy recommendations targeted to three stakeholder groups: government, food value chain actors (ranging from primary producers to retailers), and civil society. This thesis contributed to research on sectoral approaches to sustainability with the aim of informing policy and management for achieving sustainability transitions. Future research could provide a more in-depth investigation of the interactions among sustainability policies across different sectors and systems. ; Nauðsyn umbreytinga í átt að sjálfbærni eru óumdeild, en þá er átt við umbreytingar af þeirri stærðargráðu sem leysir úr viðamiklum samfélagslegum áskorunum. Spurningin er aftur á móti, hvernig er gerlegt að ná fram nauðsynlegum breytingum. Við stjórnun og stefnumörkun er mikilvægt að huga að hlutverki og framlagi atvinnugreina til sjálfbærni. Ritgerð þessi samanstendur af tveimur mismunandi, en samtengdum, rannsóknaráherslum. Í fimm fræðigreinum er fjallað um það hvernig atvinnugreinar stuðla að sjálfbærni bæði hvað varðar áhrif þeirra (jákvæð og neikvæð) og stjórnun þeirra á áhrifum. Niðurstöður í grein I stuðla að þekkingu á samlegðaráhrifum og fórnarkostnaði á milli atvinnugreinar og frammistöðu hennar hvað varðar 169 undirmarkmið heimsmarkmiða Sameinuðu þjóðanna um sjálfbæra þróun. Í rannsókninni var kannað framlag ferðaþjónustunnar til heimsmarkmiðana með sérstakri áherslu á að leiða í ljós samlegðaráhrif og fórnarkostnað. Samlegðaráhrif, þ.e.a.s. gagnkvæmur ávinningur af ferðaþjónustu sem stuðlar jákvætt að því að uppfylla eitt eða fleiri undirmarkmið heimsmarkmiðanna fannst í 32 tilvikum. Fórnarkostnaður, þ.e.a.s. neikvæð áhrif tengd ferðaþjónustustarfsemi sem dregur úr því að eitt eða fleiri undirmarkmið heimsmarkmiðanna náist, fannst í 11 tilvikum. Notað var matskerfi til að flokka niðurstöðurnar þannig að þær væru aðgengilegar fyrir stefnumótendur og stjórnendur. Í grein II voru vísar fyrir umhverfíslega sjálfbærni á landsvísu skoðaðir og aðlagaðir fyrir ferðaþjónustuna til að ákvarða hvort greina mætti umhverfisáhrif atvinnugreinarinnar á landsvísu. Mikilvægt er að ná utan um áhrif einstakra atvinnugreina þegar árangur þjóða í tengslum við umhverfislega sjálfbærni er mældur. Í flestum þemaflokkum sem tengjast ferðaþjónustunni skorti gögn, en þessi vöntun á gögnum dregur fram mikilvægi aukinnar gagnaöflunar um umhverfislega stöðu mála þegar meta á umhverfislega sjálfbærni Íslands. Áhrif ferðaþjónustunnar á umhverfislega sjálfbærni Íslands voru greinanleg, en þó vanmetin, vegna skorts á viðeigandi gögnum. Í grein III er greint frá sjónarmiðum stjórnenda meðalstórra og stórra ferðaþjónustufyrirtækja, og tengdra atvinnugreinasamtaka, á Íslandi varðandi stjórnun umhverfismála hjá ferðaþjónstunni. Í rannsókninni var reynt að ákvarða þætti sem hafa áhrif á skipulagslegar breytingar hjá fyrirtækum í ferðaþjónustunni í tengslum við umhverfismál. Rannsóknin leiddi í ljós að stefna og regluverk í ferðaþjónustunni hefur þróast hægt og ekki í takt við hraðan vöxt í atvinnugreinarinni. Flókin stofnanaumgjörð og aukinn aukinn samfélagslegur þrýstingur til að takast á við umhverfismál skapaði erfiðleika sem atvinnugreinin ein og sér getur ekki yfirstigið. Í grein IV var kannað sjónarmið stjórnenda meðalstórra, og stórra fyrirtækja og tengdra atvinnugreinasamtaka, í sjávarútvegi á Íslandi og í Noregi til að ákvarða þætti (drifkrafta og hindranir) sem stuðlað geta að 'bláum vexti', þ.e.a.s. hagvexti sem byggist á sjálfbærri nýtingu sjávarafurða. Rannsóknin leiddi í ljós að ströng fiskveiðistjórnunarumgjörð sé nauðsynleg undirstaða sjálfbærs vaxtar sem örvað getur virðisaukandi starfsemi. Aftur á móti var sjávarútvegurinn á Íslandi og í Noregi að kljást við samfélagslegan ágreining um sanngjarna skiptingu arðs af auðlindinni, sem hugtakið 'blár vöxtur' tekur ekki á með fullnægjandi hætti. Stjórnun sameiginlegra sjávarafurða kom einnig fram sem mikilvægur þáttur í tengslum við 'bláan vöxt' í síbreytilegum heimi. Í grein V voru könnuð sjónarmið hagsmunaaðila til stefnumótunaraðferða sem stuðla að umbreytingu í átt að sjálfbærni í Evrópskum matvælakerfum. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að kanna og greina áformaðar lausnir hagsmunaaðila til að skapa/þróa sjálfbær matvælakerfi. Lausnirnar sem fram komu voru flokkaðar samkvæmt fimm stefnumótunaraðferðum. Þær eru beinar reglugerðir, markaðstengdar aðferðir, þekkingartengdar aðferðir, stjórntæki og stefnumarkandi aðferðir. Niðurstöðurnar voru síðan nýttar til að útfæra tillögur fyrir þrjá hópa hagsmunaaðila, þ.e. stjórnvöld, hagsmunaaðila innan aðfangakeðja matvæla (frá frumframleiðendum til smásala) og félagasamtaka. Með rannsókn á áherslum og aðgerðum atvinnugreina varðandi sjálfbærni dregur ritgerðin fram þekkingu sem nýtist við mótun stefnu til að ná fram umbreytingum í átt að sjálfbærni. Frekari rannsóknir gætu kafað dýpra í samspil mismunadi þátta stefnunnar og ólíkra atvinnugreina.

Funding text #1 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-C?cile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #2 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-Cécile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #3 The following authors received support for work unrelated to this study: MPGvdL has received grants from Pfizer, Merck, and the Robert Koch Institut; RB has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; MC has received grants from Pfizer; SAC has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; SD has received a grant from Pfizer; SJG did contract research (carriage studies) for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer) on behalf of Public Health England, but received no personal remuneration; MH has received grants from Pfizer and the Federal Office of Public Health, and personal fees (for being on an advisory board) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; HH has received grants from Astellas and Pfizer; KAJ has received a grant from Wellcome Trust and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline; SNL has done contract research for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur) on behalf of St. George's University of London, but received no personal remuneration; DJL has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; SM has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; CM-A has received grants from Quiastat, Roche, Pfizer, and Genomica, and personal fees from Roche, Pfizer, and Qiagen; LS has received a grant from GlaxoSmithKline; H-CS has received a grant from Pfizer; MI has received non-financial support from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, personal fees from Pfizer (speaker fees) and Merck Sharp & Dohme (speaker fees), and grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme; M-KT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur; ASk has received grants and non-financial support from Pfizer, and personal fees from Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Sanofi Pasteur; CLS has received grants from Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline for investigator-led research; EV has received grants on behalf of her institution (Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; MT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; NKF's institution (Public Health England) has received funding for investigator-initiated research from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Affinivax, but NKF received no personal remuneration; AvG has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; NMvS has received a grant from Pfizer, a fee for service paid to their institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme and GlaxoSmithKline, and also has a patent (WO 2013/020090 A3) on vaccine development against Streptococcus pyogenes, unrelated to this study, with royalties paid to University of California San Diego, CA, USA; and MKT has a patent (630133) for a vaccine for serogroup X meningococcus with GlaxoSmithKline. All other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license ; Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27–0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14–0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. Funding: Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France). ; Peer reviewed

Das Internet und darauf aufbauende Infrastrukturen haben sich als zentrale Medien zum weltweiten Abruf und Austausch von Informationen etabliert. Im Zuge dessen ist das Internet ein wichtiges Werkzeug zur globalen Vernetzung von Aktivisten und Journalisten geworden, welche dieses zudem als Plattform zur Veröffentlichung von Rechercheergebnissen und Beweismaterial verwenden. Um den Zugang zu kompromittierenden oder als unerwünscht erachteten Informationen über das Internet zu unterbinden, haben jedoch Regierungen weltweit weitreichende technische Zensurmaßnahmen implementiert. Um diesen Maßnahmen entgegenzuwirken sind Betroffene darauf angewiesen, ihre digitale Kommunikation über Geräte von Drittanbietern zu leiten, welche sich außerhalb des Einflussbereichs des Zensors befinden und deren Rolle als Umgehungsknoten für den Zensor schwer zu detektieren ist. Eine vielversprechender Ansatz zur Realisierung solcher Gegenmaßnahmen sind Friend-to-Friend (F2F) Overlay-Netzwerke. Ähnlich zu Anonymisierungsnetzwerken wie Tor und AN.ON setzen sich F2F Overlays aus den Knoten von mehreren Betreibern zusammen, wodurch ein Single Point of Failure vermieden wird. Um gegen Unterwanderung zu schützen wird jedoch die Kommunikation zwischen den Knoten in F2F Overlays auf jene Paare beschränkt, deren Betreiber sich gegenseitig vertrauen. Folglich erfordert das Aufdecken der Knoten eines F2F Overlays die Identifizierung und Kompromittierung deren Betreiber durch den Zensor mit Hilfe von Social-Engineering-Methoden. Um Anwendungsfälle wie anonymes Blogging zu unterstützen, benötigen F2F Overlays ein Routing-Protokoll, welches Datenübertragungen zwischen Knoten ohne wechselseitig vertraute Betreiber ermöglicht. Aufgrund seiner hohen Effizienz und Ausfalltoleranz gilt Routing anhand von Rooted Spanning Tree (RST) Embeddings hierfür als besonders vielversprechender Kandidat. Dabei wählen die teilnehmenden Knoten zunächst einen Knoten als Wurzel und formen, ausgehend von diesem, einen virtuellen Wurzelbaum über das F2F Overlay. Anschließend wird jedem Knoten eine virtuelle Adresse zugewiesen, welche dessen Position in dem zuvor erzeugten Wurzelbaum eindeutig repräsentiert. In F2F Overlays muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass ein Zensor, welcher einen Teil der Knotenbetreiber kompromittieren konnte, mit Hilfe eigener Knoten aktive Angriffe auf das Routing durchführt, um die Verbreitung von Inhalten zu unterbinden. Bisherige Forschung zu Routing anhand von RST Embeddings konzentriert sich jedoch primär auf die Steigerung dessen Effizienz sowie der Verbesserung dessen Robustheit gegenüber permanenter Ausfälle. In dieser Arbeit werden bisher unbekannte Angriffe auf RST-Embedding-basierte Routing-Protokolle vorgestellt, welche von bösartigen F2F-Overlay-Teilnehmern mit geringem Aufwand durchgeführt werden können. Ergänzend stellen wir anschließend Maßnahmen vor, welche derartige Routing-Protokolle inhärent robuster gegen Fehlverhalten machen. Ein wesentlicher Einflussfaktor bezüglich der Effektivität der identifizierten Angriffe ist die Tatsache, ob der gewählte Wurzelknoten ein Knoten des Angreifers ist oder nicht. Während die von uns vorgestellten Schutzmaßnahmen die Auswirkung der Angriffe auch in dem Fall begrenzen, dass der Wurzelnoten sich bösartig verhält, so erfordert das Routing von Nachrichten dabei nichtsdestotrotz erhöhten Aufwand bei gleichzeitig reduzierter Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit. Die Wurzelwahlverfahren bisheriger RST-Embedding-basierter Routing-Protokolle können in F2F Overlays jedoch nicht auf sichere Weise umgesetzt werden, so dass ein Angreifer mit geringem Aufwand erreichen kann, dass einer seiner Knoten als Wurzel gewählt wird. Während es in F2F Overlays allgemein nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, dass ein bösartiger Knoten als Wurzel gewählt wird, so ist es dennoch erstrebenswert, die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wahl eines nicht-bösartigen Knotens zu erhöhen. Da bisherige Verfahren zur sicheren, verteilten Wahl eines Knotens nicht effektiv in F2F Overlays umgesetzt werden können, wird in dieser Arbeit ein neues Wurzelwahlverfahren vorgestellt. Dieses basiert auf lokalen, randomisierten Mehrheitsentscheidungen, um einen Konsens auf einen einzelnen Knoten herbeizuführen. Ergänzend dazu werden Ergebnisse einer Simulationsstudie anhand realer sozialer Graphen vorgestellt, welche belegen, dass dieser Ansatz einer Unterwanderung widersteht, wenn der Angreifer eine geringe Anzahl von Teilnehmern kompromittieren konnte. Gleichzeitig legen die Ergebnisse der Studie nahe, dass dieses Verfahren auch in F2F Overlays mit zehntausenden von Knoten in kurzer Zeit eine Einigung auf einen gemeinsamen Wurzelknoten für den Großteil der Knoten erreicht. Zur Effizienzsteigerung leiten aktuelle RST-Embedding-basierte Routing-Protokolle die Addressen anhand von Breitensuchbäumen ab. Der Aufbau derartiger Bäume erfordert jedoch, dass jeder Knoten seinem Nachbarn die eigene Hop-Distanz zum Wurzelknoten mitteilt. Dabei können Angreiferknoten gezielt inkorrekte Distanzwerte versenden, um die Anzahl der gutartigen Knoten zu maximieren, welche diese als Elternknoten wählen und folglich von anschließenden Angriffen betroffen sind. Um derartige Angriffe zu unterbinden, wird in dieser Arbeit zudem ein verteilter, selbststabilisierender Algorithmus zum Aufbau von Breitensuchbäumen vorgestellt. Dieser verwendet kryptografische Signaturen in Kombination mit Zeitstempeln, um inkorrekte sowie veraltete Distanzwerte erkennbar zu machen. Die Nutzung von RST Embeddings birgt neben Angriffen auf deren Verfügbarkeit das Risiko, dass ein interner Angreifer Informationen über die Topologie des zugrundeliegenden Netzwerkes gewinnen kann. Im Kontext von F2F Overlays ist dies problematisch, da deren Struktur dem sozialen Netzwerk deren Teilnehmern entspricht. Erlangt ein Angreifer einen Schnappschuss der Topologie eines F2F Overlays oder eines Teils davon, so kann er diesen mit der Topologie anderer sozialer Netzwerkgraphen abgleichen, um bisher unbekannte Teilnehmer aufzudecken. Das konkrete Ausmaß, in dem RST Embeddings sowie das darauf aufbauende Routing Rückschlüsse über die Topologie des Netzwerkes zulassen wurde bisher jedoch nicht untersucht. Der vierte Beitrag dieser Dissertation besteht daher aus einer detaillierten Analyse bezüglich der konkreten Informationen, welche ein interner Angreifer anhand der durch RST-Embedding-basierte Routing-Protokolle propagierten Daten gewinnen kann. ; Today, the Internet plays a vital role in enabling activists and journalists to collaborate and to publish critical information on a global scale. As a consequence, governments around the globe have implemented technical censorship measures to keep citizens from accessing content that is deemed inappropriate or compromising. To address such censorship measures, a circumvention infrastructure is needed that allows affected individuals to route their online communication through third-party servers that are outside of the censor's influence and whose use for circumvention is difficult to detect for the censor. A promising substrate to realize such an infrastructure are Friend-to-Friend (F2F) overlay networks. Similar to anonymization networks like Tor and AN.ON, F2F overlay nodes may be operated by different individuals, thus avoiding a single point of failure. To protect against infiltration, F2F overlays additionally restrict communication between participating devices to those pairs whose operators mutually trust each other. Thus, censors need to perform social engineering in order to discover operators and their nodes. To realize use cases that require communication between nodes of participants without mutual trust, such as distributed and redundant content storage or anonymous blogging, F2F overlays require a routing protocol suitable for large, dynamic networks. Among the current research on routing protocols for F2F overlays, routing based on rooted spanning tree (RST) embeddings emerged as the most promising candidate due to its high efficiency and fault tolerance. In this approach, nodes collaboratively determine a rooted spanning tree over the overlay topology and, starting from the elected root node, assign each node a virtual address that encodes its unique position in the tree. Given that a censor may compromise a fraction of the participants of an F2F overlay, it is likely that the censor will use nodes under their control to actively attack the routing protocol in order to disrupt communication. However, existing research on RST embeddings concentrates on their efficient implementation as well as resilience to permanent faults, thus leaving open in which ways such routing protocols can be attacked. Towards this end, this thesis presents previously unknown attacks that malicious participants of an F2F overlay can easily perform against state-of-the-art routing protocols. As these attacks cannot be reliably attributed to malicious nodes, we propose countermeasures that improve the inherent resilience of such protocols against misbehaving nodes. A fundamental risk that cannot completely be avoided in F2F overlays is that a malicious node may be chosen as the root node of the embedding, giving it a particularly strong position for attacks. While our proposed countermeasures limit the impact of malicious root behavior, routing in such a scenario nonetheless comes at the cost of increased routing overhead and an increased chance of routing failure. Since existing routing protocols based on RST embeddings employ insecure root election schemes, it is desirable to increase the likelihood that a benign node is chosen as root. Because existing secure protocols for node election cannot be used effectively in F2F overlays, we propose a novel root election protocol that leverages local voting algorithms to reach consensus on a single node. Simulations on real-world social graphs show that in F2F overlays, the protocol is able to reach consensus among a large fraction of nodes quickly and, in contrast to election protocols used by state-of-the-art routing algorithms, resists compromise by malicious nodes. To improve efficiency, state-of-the-art protocols embed breadth-first-search (BFS) trees for address assignment, whose formation relies on the truthful reporting of hop distances. In the presence of a benign root node, malicious nodes may deliberately propagate incorrect distance values to maximize the number of benign nodes that choose them as parent, thus increasing the impact of subsequent attacks. To defend against such misbehavior, we furthermore propose a self-stabilizing BFS formation algorithm that leverages cryptographic signatures to make incorrectly reported distances detectable. Additional to the risk of attacks aiming at the disruption of communication, RST embeddings and the routing based on them inherently leaks information about the topology of the underlying network to its participants. Such leakage is problematic in F2F overlays, as topology snapshots can be linked with graph data from further sources in order to identify participants. However, the concrete inferences malicious participants can make from the routing control data propagated by state-of-the-art protocols has not been investigated so far. The fourth contribution of this thesis therefore lies in the analysis of which information about the topology of an F2F overlay malicious participants can infer from the control data propagated by RST embedding algorithms as well as the resulting routing of messages.

Over the past decades, natural hazards, many of which are aggravated by climate change and reveal an increasing trend in frequency and intensity, have caused significant human and economic losses and pose a considerable obstacle to sustainable development. Hence, dedicated action toward disaster risk reduction is needed to understand the underlying drivers and create efficient risk mitigation plans. Such action is requested by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR), a global agreement launched in 2015 that establishes stating priorities for action, e.g. an improved understanding of disaster risk. Turkey is one of the SFDRR contracting countries and has been severely affected by many natural hazards, in particular earthquakes and floods. However, disproportionately little is known about flood hazards and risks in Turkey. Therefore, this thesis aims to carry out a comprehensive analysis of flood hazards for the first time in Turkey from triggering drivers to impacts. It is intended to contribute to a better understanding of flood risks, improvements of flood risk mitigation and the facilitated monitoring of progress and achievements while implementing the SFDRR. In order to investigate the occurrence and severity of flooding in comparison to other natural hazards in Turkey and provide an overview of the temporal and spatial distribution of flood losses, the Turkey Disaster Database (TABB) was examined for the years 1960-2014. The TABB database was reviewed through comparison with the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), the Dartmouth Flood Observatory database, the scientific literature and news archives. In addition, data on the most severe flood events between 1960 and 2014 were retrieved. These served as a basis for analyzing triggering mechanisms (i.e. atmospheric circulation and precipitation amounts) and aggravating pathways (i.e. topographic features, catchment size, land use types and soil properties). For this, a new approach was developed and the events were classified using hierarchical cluster analyses to identify the main influencing factor per event and provide additional information about the dominant flood pathways for severe floods. The main idea of the study was to start with the event impacts based on a bottom-up approach and identify the causes that created damaging events, instead of applying a model chain with long-term series as input and searching for potentially impacting events as model outcomes. However, within the frequency analysis of the flood-triggering circulation pattern types, it was discovered that events in terms of heavy precipitation were not included in the list of most severe floods, i.e. their impacts were not recorded in national and international loss databases but were mentioned in news archives and reported by the Turkish State Meteorological Service. This finding challenges bottom-up modelling approaches and underlines the urgent need for consistent event and loss documentation. Therefore, as a next step, the aim was to enhance the flood loss documentation by calibrating, validating and applying the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) loss estimation method for the recent severe flood events (2015-2020). This provided, a consistent flood loss estimation model for Turkey, allowing governments to estimate losses as quickly as possible after events, e.g. to better coordinate financial aid. This thesis reveals that, after earthquakes, floods have the second most destructive effects in Turkey in terms of human and economic impacts, with over 800 fatalities and US$ 885.7 million in economic losses between 1960 and 2020, and that more attention should be paid on the national scale. The clustering results of the dominant flood-producing mechanisms (e.g. circulation pattern types, extreme rainfall, sudden snowmelt) present crucial information regarding the source and pathway identification, which can be used as base information for hazard identification in the preliminary risk assessment process. The implementation of the UNDRR loss estimation model shows that the model with country-specific parameters, calibrated damage ratios and sufficient event documentation (i.e. physically damaged units) can be recommended in order to provide first estimates of the magnitude of direct economic losses, even shortly after events have occurred, since it performed well when estimates were compared to documented losses. The presented results can contribute to improving the national disaster loss database in Turkey and thus enable a better monitoring of the national progress and achievements with regard to the targets stated by the SFDRR. In addition, the outcomes can be used to better characterize and classify flood events. Information on the main underlying factors and aggravating flood pathways further supports the selection of suitable risk reduction policies. All input variables used in this thesis were obtained from publicly available data. The results are openly accessible and can be used for further research. As an overall conclusion, it can be stated that consistent loss data collection and better event documentation should gain more attention for a reliable monitoring of the implementation of the SFDRR. Better event documentation should be established according to a globally accepted standard for disaster classification and loss estimation in Turkey. Ultimately, this enables stakeholders to create better risk mitigation actions based on clear hazard definitions, flood event classification and consistent loss estimations. ; In den letzten Jahrzehnten verursachten Naturgefahren hohe humanitäre und wirtschaftliche Verluste, wobei viele dieser Ereignisse durch den Klimawandel verstärkt werden und einen zunehmenden Trend in Häufigkeit und Schwere aufweisen. Daher sind gezielte Verfahren zur Reduzierung von Katastrophenrisiken erforderlich, um zugrundeliegende Treiber zu verstehen und effektive Risikominderungspläne zu erstellen. Solche Verfahren werden durch das Sendai-Rahmenwerk für Katastrophenvorsorge 2015-2030 (SFDRR) eingefordert. Das SFDRR ist, ein internationales Rahmenwerk, das 2015 verabschiedet wurde und prioritäre Maßnahmen festlegt, z.B. eine Verbesserung der Wissensgrundlagen zum Katastrophenrisiko. Die Türkei ist eines der SFDRR-Vertragsländer und wurde in der Vergangenheit von vielen Naturgefahren, insbesondere Erdbeben und Überschwemmungen schwer getroffen. Über die Hochwassergefahren und -risiken in der Türkei ist jedoch vergleichsweise wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wird daher zum ersten Mal eine umfassende Analyse der Hochwassergefahren in der Türkei durchgeführt, von den auslösenden Ursachen bis hin zu den Auswirkungen. Ziel ist es, das Verständnis über Hochwasserrisiken zu verbessern, Studien zur Minderung des Hochwasserrisikos anzuregen und das Monitoring der Fortschritte und Zielerreichung bei der Umsetzung des SFDRR zu erleichtern. Um das Auftreten und die Stärke von Überschwemmungen im Vergleich zu anderen Naturgefahren in der Türkei zu untersuchen und einen Überblick über die raumzeitliche Verteilung von Hochwasserschäden, wurde die Turkey Disaster Database (TABB) für den Zeitraum 1960 bis 2014 ausgewertet. Die TABB Datenbank wurde durch Vergleiche mit der Emergency Events Datenbank (EM-DAT), der Dartmouth Flood Observatory Datenbank, wissenschaftlicher Literatur und Nachrichtenarchive überprüft. Zudem wurden die stärksten Überschwemmungen zwischen 1960 und 2014 identifiziert. Diese bildeten die Basis für eine Analyse der Auslösemechanismen (bspw. atmosphärische Zirkulationsmuster und Niederschlagsmengen) und verstärkende Wirkungspfade (z.B. topographische Eigenschaften, Größe der Einzugsgebiete, Landnutzung und Bodeneigenschaften). Dafür wurde ein neues Verfahren entwickelt, und die Ereignisse wurden mithilfe von hierarchischen Clusteranalysen klassifiziert, um die Haupteinflussfaktoren pro Ereignis zu identifizieren und zusätzliche Informationen über die dominanten Wirkungspfade bei schweren Überschwemmungen bereitzustellen. Die grundlegende Idee dieser Arbeit bestand darin, bei den Ereignisauswirkungen als Bottom-up-Ansatz zu beginnen und die Ursachen für Schadensereignisse zu identifizieren, anstatt eine Modellkette mit Langzeitreihen als Eingabe anzuwenden und darin nach potenziellen Schadensereignissen zu suchen. Bei der Häufigkeitsanalyse von hochwasserauslösenden Zirkulationsmustern wurde jedoch festgestellt, dass einige schwer Niederschlagsereignisse nicht in der Liste der schwersten Hochwasserereignisse waren, d.h., ihre Auswirkungen waren nicht in nationalen und internationalen Schadensdatenbanken dokumentiert, wurden jedoch in Nachrichtenarchiven erwähnt und vom türkischen staatlichen Wetterdienst gemeldet. Dieses Erkenntnis stellt den Bottom-up-Modelansatz in Frage und unterstreicht die Dringlichkeit einer konsistenten Ereignis- und Schadensdokumentation. Daher wurde im nächsten Schritt gezielt das Schadenmodell der Vereinten Nationen für Katastrophenvorsorge (UNDRR) für kürzlich aufgetretene starke Flutereignisse (2015-2020) angepasst, validiert und angewendet. Damit wurde ein konsistentes Hochwasserschadenmodell für die Türkei bereitgestellt, das es den Behörden ermöglicht, Verluste so schnell wie möglich nach Ereignissen abzuschätzen, zum Beispiel um eine bessere Koordination von finanziellen Hilfen zu gewährleisten. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Überschwemmungen mit mehr als 800 Todesfällen und 885,7 Millionen US Dollar wirtschaftlichen Schaden zwischen 1960 und 2020 nach Erdbeben den zweit höchsten zerstörerischen Effekt in der Türkei in Bezug auf humanitäre und wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen haben. Daher sollte dieses Thema mehr Aufmerksamkeit auf nationaler Ebene erhalten. Die Cluster-Ergebnisse der dominanten hochwasser-auslösenden Mechanismen (z.B. Zirkulationsmuster, Starkniederschlag, plötzliche Schneeschmelze) erhalten wichtige Informationen zur Quell- und Pfad-Identifikation, welche als Basisinformation für Gefahren-identifikation in der vorläufigen Risikoeinschätzung dienen kann. Die Implementierung des UNDRR-Schadenmodells zeigt, dass das Modell mit länderspezifischen Parametern, kalibrierten Schadensgraden und ausreichender Ereignisdokumentation (d.h. physischer geschädigte Einheiten) empfohlen werden kann, um erste Schätzungen zur Höhe der direkten wirtschaftlichen Schäden bereitzustellen -- auch unmittelbar nach Eintreten von Ereignissen, da die Modellschätzungen im Vergleich mit dokumentierten Verlusten gut übereinstimmten. Die präsentierten Ergebnisse können dazu beitragen, die nationale Schadensdatenbank der Türkei zu verbessern, und somit ein besseres Monitoring der nationalen Fortschritte und Erfolge im Hinblick auf die Ziele des SFDRR ermöglichen. Zusätzlich können die Ergebnisse für eine bessere Charakterisierung und Klassifizierung von Hochwasserereignissen verwendet werden. Informationen zu den zugrundeliegenden Einflussfaktoren und verstärkenden Wirkungspfaden unterstützen die Auswahl geeigneter Risikomanagementstrategien. Alle Eingabevariablen dieser Arbeit wurden aus öffentlich verfügbaren Daten bezogen. Die Ergebnisse sind zugänglich und können für die weitere Forschung verwendet werden. Insgesamt konnte festgestellt werden, dass die konsistente Erfassung von Schadensdaten und eine bessere Ereignisdokumentation mehr Beachtung finden muss, um die Implementierung des SFDRR verlässlich zu überwachen. Bessere Ereignisdokumentationen sollten nach einem weltweit anerkannten Standard für Gefahrenklassifizierung und Schadensabschätzung in der Türkei etabliert werden. Letztendlich ermöglicht dies den Verantwortlichen auf Basis von eindeutigen Gefahrendefinitionen, Hochwasser-Ereignisklassifizierungen und konsistenten Schadenschätzungen bessere Maßnahmen zur Risikominderung zu erarbeiten.

The study of the history of primary education in Azerbaijan expands the boundaries of pedagogical thinking. The re-introduction of the progressive aspects of the historical and pedagogical heritage of the 20th century into scientific circles plays an important role in the formation of modern educational culture. Historical and pedagogical heritage is a source of renewal of pedagogical knowledge, acquisition of qualitatively new content, as well as its sustainability. It is important to study the history of primary education, as it helps to solve two problems that are closely related to each other. Firstly, what happened when one first examined the historical pedagogical heritage? How did it happen? Why did it happen and what was the result? What was the significance of what happened during that period and further development? Secondly, by referring to the historical pedagogical heritage, it is possible to understand the theory and practice of today's education, the problems of modern pedagogical thinking and worldview. The article examines and compares the role of tradition and innovation in the development of the theory of primary education in Azerbaijan in the 1920s. For this purpose, the article analyzes the educational technologies used in that period, general scientific approaches, curricula and content of textbooks prepared for primary schools, and quality criteria in teacher training. It is argued that this period was politically complex, economically difficult, characterized by a general decline in the common cultural and educational level of the population, but was interesting in terms of the building of a new society and a new state. Reforms in the field of education in Russia were repeated in Azerbaijan. Although experiments in the field of education were aimed at raising the cultural level of society, eliminating illiteracy, establishing new approaches to education, innovations (application of "complex" approach, use of active learning methods, application of project method, etc.), they did not improve the quality of education. The introduction of innovations sometimes led to the denial and oblivion of traditions. The new teaching methods applied in Azerbaijani schools without any expertise, as they were brought from European and American schools, created serious problems in the formation of education because the new technology denied the tradition. The class-lesson system with strict regulations, exhaustive structure and function, and rich traditions were replaced by the laboratory-brigade method. The results of incorrect experiments became a serious obstacle to the development of education. For this reason, in the early 1930s, official government decisions banned experiments that hindered the development of education. ; El estudio de la historia de la educación primaria en Azerbaiyán amplía los límites del pensamiento pedagógico. La reintroducción de los aspectos progresivos del patrimonio histórico y pedagógico del siglo XX en los círculos científicos juega un papel importante en la formación de la cultura educativa moderna. El patrimonio histórico y pedagógico es fuente de renovación del conocimiento pedagógico, adquisición de contenidos cualitativamente nuevos, así como de su sostenibilidad. Es importante estudiar la historia de la educación primaria, ya que ayuda a resolver dos problemas estrechamente relacionados entre sí. En primer lugar, ¿qué sucedió cuando se examinó por primera vez el patrimonio histórico pedagógico? ¿Como paso? ¿Por qué sucedió y cuál fue el resultado? ¿Cuál fue el significado de lo que sucedió durante ese período y el desarrollo posterior? En segundo lugar, al referirse a la herencia histórica pedagógica, es posible comprender la teoría y la práctica de la educación actual, los problemas del pensamiento pedagógico moderno y la cosmovisión. El artículo examina y compara el papel de la tradición y la innovación en el desarrollo de la teoría de la educación primaria en Azerbaiyán en la década de 1920. Para ello, el artículo analiza las tecnologías educativas utilizadas en ese período, los enfoques científicos generales, los planes de estudio y el contenido de los libros de texto elaborados para las escuelas primarias, y los criterios de calidad en la formación docente. Se argumenta que este período fue políticamente complejo, económicamente difícil, caracterizado por un declive general en el nivel cultural y educativo común de la población, pero fue interesante en términos de la construcción de una nueva sociedad y un nuevo estado. Las reformas en el campo de la educación en Rusia se repitieron en Azerbaiyán. Aunque los experimentos en el campo de la educación tenían como objetivo elevar el nivel cultural de la sociedad, eliminar el analfabetismo, establecer nuevos enfoques de la educación, innovaciones (aplicación de un enfoque "complejo", uso de métodos de aprendizaje activos, aplicación del método de proyectos, etc.), no mejoraron la calidad de la educación. La introducción de innovaciones a veces condujo a la negación y al olvido de las tradiciones. Los nuevos métodos de enseñanza aplicados en las escuelas azerbaiyanas sin ningún conocimiento, ya que fueron traídos de escuelas europeas y americanas, crearon serios problemas en la formación de la educación porque la nueva tecnología negaba la tradición. El sistema de lecciones de clase con regulaciones estrictas, estructura y función exhaustivas y ricas tradiciones fue reemplazado por el método de brigada de laboratorio. Los resultados de experimentos incorrectos se convirtieron en un serio obstáculo para el desarrollo de la educación. Por esta razón, a principios de la década de 1930, las decisiones gubernamentales oficiales prohibieron experimentos que obstaculizaran el desarrollo de la educación. ; O estudo da história da educação primária no Azerbaijão expande os limites do pensamento pedagógico. A reintrodução dos aspectos progressivos do patrimônio histórico e pedagógico do século 20 nos círculos científicos desempenha um papel importante na formação da cultura educacional moderna. O patrimônio histórico e pedagógico é uma fonte de renovação do conhecimento pedagógico, de aquisição de conteúdo qualitativamente novo, bem como de sua sustentabilidade. É importante estudar a história da educação primária, pois ela ajuda a resolver dois problemas que estão intimamente relacionados um com o outro. Em primeiro lugar, o que aconteceu quando se examinou pela primeira vez o patrimônio histórico pedagógico? Como isso aconteceu? Por que aconteceu e qual foi o resultado? Qual foi o significado do que aconteceu durante esse período e do desenvolvimento posterior? Em segundo lugar, referindo-se ao patrimônio histórico pedagógico, é possível compreender a teoria e a prática da educação atual, os problemas do pensamento pedagógico moderno e a visão do mundo. O artigo examina e compara o papel da tradição e da inovação no desenvolvimento da teoria da educação primária no Azerbaijão nos anos 20. Para este fim, o artigo analisa as tecnologias educacionais utilizadas naquele período, abordagens científicas gerais, currículos e conteúdo de livros didáticos preparados para escolas primárias, e critérios de qualidade na formação de professores. Argumenta-se que este período foi politicamente complexo, economicamente difícil, caracterizado por um declínio geral no nível cultural e educacional comum da população, mas foi interessante em termos da construção de uma nova sociedade e de um novo estado. Reformas no campo da educação na Rússia foram repetidas no Azerbaijão. Embora as experiências no campo da educação visassem elevar o nível cultural da sociedade, eliminando o analfabetismo, estabelecendo novas abordagens para a educação, inovações (aplicação de abordagem "complexa", uso de métodos de aprendizagem ativa, aplicação de método de projeto, etc.), elas não melhoraram a qualidade da educação. A introdução de inovações às vezes levou à negação e ao esquecimento das tradições. Os novos métodos de ensino aplicados nas escolas azerbaijanesas sem nenhum conhecimento especializado, pois foram trazidos de escolas européias e americanas, criaram sérios problemas na formação da educação porque a nova tecnologia negou a tradição. O sistema de aulas de classe com regulamentos rigorosos, estrutura e função exaustivas e ricas tradições foram substituídos pelo método de brigada de laboratório. Os resultados de experimentos incorretos se tornaram um sério obstáculo ao desenvolvimento da educação. Por esta razão, no início dos anos 30, as decisões oficiais do governo proibiram os experimentos que dificultavam o desenvolvimento da educação.