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The author of the article shows the difficulties in defining the problem of relativism, which expresses itself through the willingness declared by its supporters to abandon the question of truth. Since such readiness is un-precedented in the history of philosophy, the recognition of its solidness implies profound changes in the founda-tions of Western philosophy. An example of such changes can be the change in the ratio of absolute and relative, implied by the very literal meaning of the concept of «relativism», when the latter remains by itself. On the one hand, the doubt about the possibility of such a change strengthens the position of the opponents of relativism, who insist that there can be no relative without connection with the absolute. But on the other hand, in modern philos-ophy, a change in the status of the absolute is already being discussed, as a result of which it can no longer per-form its former functions in cognition. Thus, what appears to be an «in-demand» idea in the speculative realism of K. Meyasu and the constructive realism of E. Agazzi is the idea about a potentially infinite reality as non-actualized transfinite, which is the result of a rethinking by modern philosophy of previous ideas about the abso-lute. The author of the article shows that such a change in the status of the absolute is precisely due to the changes in the possibilities of cognition noted by relativism, when some of them are lost (the possibility of speaking about truth in cognition), and others arise (the possibility of statements assumed by relativism that exclude each other according to the law of non-contradiction). The author shows that the possibility of radicalization of the problem of epistemological relativism associated with potential infinity is assumed even by those approaches (relationism), on the basis of which, on the contrary, philosophers seek to smooth out the problem or exclude it altogether, but which turn out to be even more vulnerable. In conclusion, the author points out the prospects of modern episte-mology associated with the anthropic cosmological principle.

The article presents the issues related to the importance of historical memory in a small town, which is one of the integral parts of the national identity. In this context, the author refers to the research carried out in 2018-2020 in the city of Slavuta. It is a small town located in the north of Khmelnytsky Oblast, which has not been significantly explored by researchers so far. The author refers to the concept of microhistory, presenting the legitimacy of treating a place as a basic structure through which it is possible to learn about complex and multifaceted structures. The hypothesis that has been verified was that each town, regardless of its size, has its own unique history, which is necessary to study and understand the history of a particular state as a whole, on which the process of forming national identity is based. In order to verify the hypothesis, the author used a number of research methods characteristic of the social sciences. He based the research process on the semi-structured interview method. In addition, applied the historical-comparative and phenomenological methods. The results of the research presented by the author show that the inhabitants of Slavuta believe that the most valuable period in the history of the city was the reign of the Sanguszko family over the town. Local history is an inseparable element of the history of the state in general, it is necessary to implement this historical memory of the city into a wider historical context, which is the basis for shaping the national identity. Nevertheless, it is worth remembering that the exploration of historical space is possible through the implementation of specific activities. The article contains suggestions of such educational and cultural activities.Summarizing the considerations contained in the article, it is necessary to emphasize the considerable importance of restoring the historical memory of the place, and then its implementation into a wider historical context. Work financed by a subsidy of the Faculty of International and Political Studies of Jagiellonian University in Cracow (Poland) allocated to research activities.

The paper provides a retrospective analysis of the European Union's policy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and its possible outcomes for BiH progress towards positive sovereignty amid growing international tensions in the Western Balkans. The paper draws on a vast body of both Russian and Western academic literature on the collapse of Yugoslavia, BiH under the Dayton Agreements, the possibilities of democracy building in divided societies, as well as on a range of official documents adopted by various EU institutions. On that basis the author assesses the prospects for BiH to survive in its current administrative-territorial borders. The paper examines the outcomes of the Bosnian War, as well as the main effects of the external governance mechanisms implementation in BiH. This allows the author to trace the evolution of the EU policy towards BiH and to reassess the country's progress in terms of Eurointegration. Since the EU has refused to grant countries, which do not meet the Copenhagen criteria, the status of a member state 'in advance', the main conclusions on the prospects of the BiH accession to the EU are drawn from the European Commission's 2020 Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the logic and the structure of the report, the author assesses the BiH efforts to meet the set targets and criteria, such as establishing a stable democratic political system, promoting the development of civil society institutions and the rule of law, combating corruption and organized crime, ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms, migration management, strengthening economy and regional cooperation. The report of the European Commission clearly hints that most obstacles for BiH progress towards EU membership arise from the lack of support from the Republika Srpska and that it is impossible to overcome its obstruction within the framework of Dayton Agreements. However, the author argues that this fixation on revision of the Dayton Agreements, accompanied by excessive pressure on the Serbian community in BiH may provoke protective reaction of the Serbian community, resulting in a rising nationalism and disintegration of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This paper is a detailed review of the article by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov 'The Carnival Time: Russian Higher School and Science in the Postmodern Era'. The author considers the main problems shown in this article. In order to study these problems the author uses a method of analysis of inverse relations in hierarchical systems as a theoretical basis. System inversion is a form of relations in hierarchical systems, in which the lowest element receives the dominant value in the system, formally remaining in the same subordinate position. This situation can occur both in the social hierarchy and, for example, in the hierarchy of values. As a result of the developed inversion, contradictions accumulate in the system, which can lead to the collapse of this system or to a radical transformation. Such processes can be observed in modern education. This is why there is a priority of the visible over the existent, as it happens in the situation of 'carnival'. The article by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov examines the postmodern cultural context in which modern education functions. In this regard, the author presents an interpretation of the postmodern situation from the point of view of analyzing system inversions. The current state of the educational sector is determined by the resolution of inversion in the system of human activity. This inversion covers the instrumental and symbolic aspects of human activity. Due to this, there are features of educational activities related to the introduction of digital technologies, which P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov pay special attention to. The authors of the article describe the status of the modern teacher's activity as 'spiritual prostitution'. Indeed, the activities of some teachers can be described by this term. However, this happens when both the teacher and the student experience a value inversion (as is the case with ordinary prostitution). Instead of this model of behavior, the author suggests another one, more worthy, – a 'soldier of culture'. 'Soldiers of culture' do not 'provide educational services', they have a mission to broadcast and enrich culture, which is the highest, terminal value.

Introduction. The author analyzes the problems and prospects of studying the phenomenon of childhood, justifies the specific features and advantages of philosophical approaches, makes an attempt to explicate the optimal methods and strategies of scientific inquiry, correlating with epistemological, ontological, axiological goals and assumptions of the modern paradigm, within which this phenomenon is problematized and reflexively comprehended. The purpose of the work is to identify the specific features of studying the phenomenon of childhood in the context of the philosophical approach. Methods. The author makes use of general scientific research methods such as analysis and synthesis, serving as philosophical tools. Theoretical reconstruction and comparative analysis, as well as the hermeneutic method of reading texts were used to reveal the peculiarities of studying the phenomenon of childhood, its problems and prospects. Scientific novelty of the study. The study highlights the specific features of studying the phenomenon of childhood; the advantages of philosophical methods and approaches focused on understanding and describing the object under study, creating an integrative idea about it; the author determines development prospects associated with eliminating asymmetric methods of interaction in scientific discourse, and forming interdisciplinary ties. Results. During the research, the author identifies the current problems of studying the phenomenon of childhood philosophically, as well as the prospects for their solution related to the need to form an integrative idea of childhood in the context of interdisciplinary synthesis, using philosophical methods and approaches which make it possible to integrate children's experience into research discourse, without going beyond the framework of scientific strategies. Conclusions. The philosophical study of the phenomenon of childhood covers a wide range of problems, the solution of which involves searching for answers related, first, to the epistemological and methodological aspects of learning childhood experience; secondly, with ontological, existential and axiological contexts of research. Strategies of philosophical research are aimed at systemic learning the phenomenon of childhood, at tracing the relations between methods, epistemological, ontological, axiological and other assumptions on which cognition is based, and the formation of conceptual ideas about childhood, participating in the constitution of the "adult – child" relations, educational practices in society and culture.

Financial markets have shown that there is a growing interest in funding investments that help address the climate challenge alongside financial returns. As the market has developed, so too has the need to cover a wider sector of the global economy. High carbon emitters, however, are still absent and this presents an opportunity for financial actors to support their sustainable transition towards a greener economy through transition bonds. Transition bonds represent an evident market opportunity to provide financing to companies, whose business is not environmental-friendly today, but who have plans to become sustainable in the future. The study followed an inductive design method to explore the determinants for using transition bonds and the outlook towards the instrument. Moreover, it aimed at identifying the practitioners' approach in valuing transition bonds. The author of this dissertation undertook a qualitative exploration through interviews with investment practitioners to assess what constructs are considered to understand investments in and the issuance of transition bonds. The analysis found that sustainability-linked incentives for engagement with transition bonds are the most cited determinants, signalling the willingness to support the transition plans of brown industries. The establishment of clear standards and disclosure was perceived to be of crucial importance to enhance the credibility of transition bonds. Moreover, practitioners confessed to not yet being equipped with the specific tools and knowledge to measure and report transition objectives. The findings further highlighted that supportive policy and regulation were considered to play an enabling role for the success of transition bonds. The author recommends intensifying the development of transition bond guidelines, enhancing disclosure and implement measurement and reporting procedures. The author also urges public and private institutions to cooperate in the establishment of appropriate institutional arrangements that facilitate the growth of transition bonds. The author suggests expanding the geographical scope of the research and widen the segments of market participants, thus incorporating practitioners residing in other regions and retail investors. Another area of research would be to gain insights into the transition measurement techniques. Future research could also explore the emergence of a pricing premium compared to traditional bond instruments and any pricing discrepancies with green bonds.

The article substantiates that the mechanism of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens in the field of national security at the current stage of building the rule of law has become especially relevant. The author noted that despite the theoretical validity and frequent use of the term "security mechanism", it is not used in national security legislation. The article explores and analyzes various considerations on the essence of the mechanism of human rights in general. The variety of interpretations on the definition of the concept of human rights mechanism allows the author to argue that the mechanism of human rights protection can be defined as a unified system of interacting socio-legal and other means by which the state influences legal relations between legal entities to recognize, observance and realization of human rights. Based on the analysis of scientific views on the essence of the concept of "human rights mechanism", the author concludes that the mechanism of human rights in the field of national security is a set of legal means, as well as the activities of authorized bodies (state and non-state) system of national security, independent actions of a person to protect and defend his rights and legitimate interests to exercise his right to security. The main structural elements of the mechanism of human rights in the field of national security are highlighted, namely: legal norms; activities of state bodies and officials, non-governmental organizations; activities of a person to exercise his right to security; guarantees of protection and protection of human rights. The author concluded that the organizational basis of the human rights mechanism is a system of public authorities at all levels that have the necessary material and organizational means to influence public relations in the field of human security, as well as the individual and public associations, and other institutions which have rights and responsibilities to ensure their own safety. The normative basis of the mechanism of ...

The purpose of the article is a teleological and formal analysis of the related to municipal reform constitutional-conceptual documents approved by public authorities. This topic is relevant to the contemporary urgent constitutional problems, because at the beginning of 2020 President of Ukraine announced his plans to initiate changes to the Constitution 1996 about the local government. The main methods of the research include classical legal science methods. The author uses formal analysis, synthase, inductive and deductive approach to the problems, covered by the article. While looking at the text of Ukrainian Basic Law 1996 and other documents, the author uses the most common methods of legal interpretation (original intention method, purposivism and other). Results. The author analyzes the constitutional basis of the ongoing Ukrainian municipal reform, that was launched in 1998. Since that time, the Head of the Ukrainian state (President), the Parliament of Ukraine (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine) and the Government of Ukraine (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine) participated in the regulation of this reform. Their actions can't be characterized as concerted, that is why the biggest part of the documents aim the same results (efficient local self-government according to the European municipal standard and best foreign practices). But the ways of reaching this result differs a lot – it might be revision of the administrative-territorial division, it might be decentralization of the public power, it might be deconcentrating of the local self-government bodies' competence. Conclusion. The author recommends, firstly, to revise the concepts of the local self-government reform in Ukraine – as some of the documents, that are really out-of-the-date, should be cancelled. Secondly, all of the existed documents should be analyzed, and in case if there is some interesting and perspective proposal – it can be included to the last version of the Municipal Reform Concept. Thirdly, like the last Concept, they should include not only actions, but actions accompanied by the timeline.

The article deals with the linguistic and cultural sketches in the book "A Voyage to Japan, Kamtchatka, Siberia, Tartary and various parts of the coast of China; in H.M.S. Barracouta" (1859) by John M. Tronson. The travel notes of the English author remain almost unknown in Russia. The only exception is the reference to this book by Peter Leopold von Schrenck in "Essay on Physical Geography of the Northern Sea of Japan" (1869). The linguistic and cultural content of the book presents to readers various descriptions of the Chinese, Manchu, Japanese, Korean languages, as well as the language of the Tungusic people (mistakenly taken for the Nivkh (in the book — Gilyak) language by John M. Tronson). At the same time, the interest is attracted by the Peoples of "Japan, Kamtchatka, Siberia, Tartary and China" perception of English as a mean of communication with the representatives of the European civilization. The author´s reference to the words from Japanese, Chinese, Korean and other languages is being perceived as a pioneering stage in creating in the middle of the XIX century European awareness for the culture of the Russian Far East Peoples (chiefly concerned with living environment). Regardless of being episodic, the linguistic and cultural descriptions in John M. Tronson´s travel notes are essential for the similar literature genres. The notes of the English author are regarded as the part of other travel works on Russian Far East, i.e. "Frigate 'Pallada'" (1853-1857) by Ivan A. Goncharov. The Russian author provides not only personal observations but also scientific information on the emergence and evolution of the other Peoples languages. John M. Tronson introduces the words of foreign sound and origin, and familiarizes his readers with the realities that are absolutely new and unusual for European conscience. By acquainting with "new" world (through the reproduction of what we see, hear and interpret) different educational tasks that are bound to travelling and its genre varieties (travel notes, sketches, essays, adventures and others) are realized.

The purpose of the article is a teleological and formal analysis of the related to municipal reform constitutional-conceptual documents approved by public authorities. This topic is relevant to the contemporary urgent constitutional problems, because at the beginning of 2020 President of Ukraine announced his plans to initiate changes to the Constitution 1996 about the local government. The main methods of the research include classical legal science methods. The author uses formal analysis, synthase, inductive and deductive approach to the problems, covered by the article. While looking at the text of Ukrainian Basic Law 1996 and other documents, the author uses the most common methods of legal interpretation (original intention method, purposivism and other). Results. The author analyzes the constitutional basis of the ongoing Ukrainian municipal reform, that was launched in 1998. Since that time, the Head of the Ukrainian state (President), the Parliament of Ukraine (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine) and the Government of Ukraine (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine) participated in the regulation of this reform. Their actions can't be characterized as concerted, that is why the biggest part of the documents aim the same results (efficient local self-government according to the European municipal standard and best foreign practices). But the ways of reaching this result differs a lot – it might be revision of the administrative-territorial division, it might be decentralization of the public power, it might be deconcentrating of the local self-government bodies' competence. Conclusion. The author recommends, firstly, to revise the concepts of the local self-government reform in Ukraine – as some of the documents, that are really out-of-the-date, should be cancelled. Secondly, all of the existed documents should be analyzed, and in case if there is some interesting and perspective proposal – it can be included to the last version of the Municipal Reform Concept. Thirdly, like the last Concept, they should include not only actions, but actions accompanied by the timeline.

Received 06.02.2021. The article focuses on the Indian version of the Indo-Pacific concept. The author notes that the Russian attitude towards Indo-Pacific is ambiguous, and argues that the reason is the vague and unstructured concept as such. The article analyzes the origin and history of the term Indo-Pacific itself. The author traces its history back 170 years and describes in detail how it was transformed during these years, consistently evolving from an exclusively geographical name to a geopolitical construct, then to an oceanographic term, then to a geopolitical construct again. Further, the author analyzes in detail the preconditions in the political, cultural, economic and security spheres, that had developed by the time of the emergence of the Indo-Pacific concept: India's desire to form a sphere of political influence within the borders of the Indian Ocean region, confirming its status as a great power; concerns about Chinese expansion and the alleged "String of Pearls" strategy in the Indian Ocean; the desire to restore the cultural and civilizational unity of the Indosphere; an attempt to build a comprehensive economic strategy that would allow India with relying on regional organizations, bilateral ties and trade megablocks to catch up with China economically. Because of these preconditions the idea of the Indo-Pacific, proposed by the experts, was immediately accepted by the political elites of India and turned into one of the pillars of Indian foreign policy. The author identifies two main visions of the Indo-Pacific in Indian discourse: as an anti-Chinese concept and as a broader cultural and civilizational concept, which should serve as a basis for India's further expansion into the Pacific. However, economic problems may prevent this concept from being further strengthened and turned into a full-fledged initiative. Nevertheless, India is unlikely to abandon the idea of the Indo-Pacific, so Russia should develop its own version of the Indo-Pacific concept, which would be combined with the Indian one and at the same time correspond to the interests of Russia.

The paper discuses one of the most commented topic in the contemporary science of canon law, that is the bill of subjective rights and obligations set by the ecclesiastical legislator in the Code of canon law for the Western Church. The author analyses the concept of those rights and obligations in the light of the Principles of revision elaborated by the first Synod of Bishops held in 1967. One of the commission's first actions was to draft a set of principles to guide the work of rethinking the Code, especially the significance of rights and obligations of the Christian faithful. Given the nature of the Catholic Church developed by the Second Vatican Council (communion and participation), the examination of this document let the author to affirm that the main goal was to emphasise the exercise of authority that should have appear more clearly as service and should be free from abuse rather to define and safeguard the rights of persons. Furthermore, it was also possible to determine the correct intention of the Synod Fathers whose idea was to define the subjective rights in term of liberties in the same way in which they are obtainable in catalogues of human rights. Eventually, the author demonstrates consequences related to the new vision of rights and obligations highlighting for example the clear priority of obligations over rights. ; The paper discuses one of the most commented topic in the contemporary science of canon law, that is the bill of subjective rights and obligations set by the ecclesiastical legislator in the Code of canon law for the Western Church. The author analyses the concept of those rights and obligations in the light of the Principles of revision elaborated by the first Synod of Bishops held in 1967. One of the commission's first actions was to draft a set of principles to guide the work of rethinking the Code, especially the significance of rights and obligations of the Christian faithful. Given the nature of the Catholic Church developed by the Second Vatican Council (communion and ...

Introduction. Nowadays, the pension system in Ukraine is being transformed, which necessitates analytical research on the activities of private pension funds, namely, open-ended, identifying problems of their activities and finding ways for further effective development.Methods. In the article author uses methods of analysis and synthesis, graphic research methods, economic and statistical methods for information collection and processing, in particular, sample surveys, groupings, statistical comparisons, trend analysis - in the process of evaluating the activities of private pension funds in Ukraine, and the method of logical generalization in formulating conclusions.Results. Author did an analytical assessment of indicators that characterize both the quantitative side of the activities of private pension funds in Ukraine and the qualitative side of their effectiveness in the domestic financial market. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of the structure of the portfolio of open non-state pension funds and it is concluded that the biggest quote (about 95%) in it belongs to cash on bank deposits and government securities. Author analyzed the indicators of profitability of the five most profitable open pension funds of Ukraine (according to the results of 2020) and their comparative characteristics, both in terms of the level of profitability and with the inflation rate. The tendency to decrease the profitability of investment portfolios during the analyzed period is noted. It was found that the structure of the portfolio of the most profitable open private pension funds is practically the same as the general structure of all pension funds of Ukraine. Discussion. Author proposed to form the portfolio structure of a private pension fund based on the characteristics of its depositors, and for the part of the portfolio with the largest investment horizon include risky instruments: direct investment funds, venture funds and real estate funds. This will allow using part of the pension savings as a long-term investment resource for the modernization of the domestic economy.Prospects for further research necessitate consideration of the main methods used in the process of selecting an asset management company, the administrator of a private pension fund, and assess the effectiveness of its asset management of private pension funds.

The article is devoted to a relatively poorly studied page in the history of the Ukrainian diaspora, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN), an anti-communist organization of the period of the Cold War. The author identifies the reasons for the emergence and formation of the ABN, which restored its operation on April 16, 1946 in Munich. Later, almost 20 diaspora groups from Eastern Europe and Central Asia were merged into this structure. The author analyzes the reasons for the participation of Eastern European and Ukrainian diasporas in the formation of the bloc. In particular, the author analyzes the materials of already existing studies on various types of anti-communist movements. The article focuses on the fact that the Eastern European anti-communist movement represented by the ABN was primarily anti-Bolshevik and differed from other anti-communist organizations, first of all, in the idea of establishing independent national states after the disintegration of the USSR. Special attention is paid to the role of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Bandera) – OUN(B) in the creation of the concept of joint struggle of enslaved nations. Some other similar Eastern European projects and their cooperation with the ABN, in particular, the Polish emigrant organization ―Prometheus‖ and representatives of the Russian ―White‖ movement, are also considered. The research also emphasizes that the concept of joint struggle of subjugated nations against imperial rule, which emerged in Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 19th century, lasted, respectively, until the 20th century. At the beginning of the Cold War, when anti-communism became an integrative ideology of Western countries, the ABN, led by Yaroslav Stetsko, managed to establish contacts with representatives of Asian and Latin American anti-communist organizations. This allowed them to become part of a transnational anti-communist network. The stages of formation and entry of the ABN into the transnational anti-communist network are determined. Recent researches and publications on the outlined problem are analyzed. The author bases his study on unpublished documents and materials.

The article substantiates the assertive flaw in the theoretical platform of the market economy, proves the inevitability of the historical degeneration of both itself and the consumer society created on its foundation. The author characterizes the insoluble contradictions of the market economy – between labor and capital, exchange and use value of the technosphere and the biosphere; reveals the essence of the fetishization of money and the mechanism of functioning of the banking system as the legal successor of usury; substantiates the state of the limit of capitalism as the final phase of its development. The author emphasizes that commodity-money relations create an objective impossibility of harmonizing the interests of all members of society and lead to the dominance of the plutocracy class, which has subordinated all its natural, financial and labor resources. The author shows the unsightly role of the state in the decorum: it concentrated all its efforts on supporting the wealthiest strata of the population and actually left its least socially protected part to the mercy of fate. Attention is drawn to the fact that the transformation of money into capital, which increases simultaneously with the growth of the size of commercial activity, led to a complete alienation from labor and doomed workers to poverty and misery. The author shows that, under the conditions of private ownership, the utilitarian purpose of the goods, which is expressed in use value, is replaced by the parameter of its prestige, reflecting mainly exchange value, which distorts the normal balance of supply and demand in society, and is a source of unproductive consumption. The article proves the inefficiency and social injustice of distribution relations in the field of environmental management, which leads to the concentration of rent payments in the hands of the oligarchy and the elimination of the institution of public consumption funds. The abrasion of the market economy is substantiated, within which the internal contradictions accumulated over time cannot be resolved and lead to a breakdown of the model of production relations.