Suchergebnisse

Arsenic is an element present in all compartments of the environment, and seafood constitutes a major source of exposure to arsenic through human consumption. Although there is currently no legislation on arsenic in food in France, government agencies generally assess the safety of food items based solely on the total concentration of the element, without taking into account its different species or their bioaccessibility. Therefore, the development of speciation analysis methods is particularly relevant in the context of risk assessment. The first part of this thesis focuses on the properties of arsenic, its occurrence in the different compartments of the environment and its toxicity, and a literature review of existing analytical methods to study the speciation of arsenic in food matrices, especially seafood products (extraction and separation / detection). Different approaches for evaluating its bioaccessibility and that of other trace metals of interest are also presented.The second part of this work concerns the validation of a speciation analysis method for major arsenic species in seafood (As (III), MA, DMA, As (V), AsB, TMAO, AsC) by coupling ion exchange chromatography (IEC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Evaluation of the analytical performance of the method, internal and external quality controls in place and applications of the method, particularly occurrence data of arsenic species in seafood most consumed by the French population are presented and discussed. In the third part, the maximum bioaccessibility of arsenic and other elements of interest is assessed using a continuous leaching method (involving the real-time measurement by ICP-MS of the fraction released by the different artificial digestive fluids). By coupling this leaching method with the above validated speciation analysis method, the bioaccessibility of different arsenic species is also assessed. ; L'arsenic est un élément présent dans tous les compartiments de l'environnement, et les produits de la pêche représentent une source majeure d'exposition à l'arsenic par le biais de l'alimentation. Même s'il n'existe pas à ce jour de législation sur les teneurs en arsenic dans les aliments en France, les agences gouvernementales évaluent généralement les risques liés à la présence d'arsenic dans les produits de la pêche en se basant essentiellement sur la concentration totale de l'élément, sans tenir compte des différentes espèces présentes ni de leur bioaccessibilité. Par conséquent, le développement de méthodes d'analyse de spéciation revêt un intérêt particulier dans le cadre de l'évaluation des risques. La première partie de ce mémoire présente des informations générales sur les propriétés de l'arsenic, son occurrence dans les différents compartiments de l'environnement et sa toxicité, ainsi qu'une étude bibliographique des méthodes analytiques existantes pour étudier la spéciation de l'arsenic dans les matrices alimentaires, en particulier les produits de la pêche (extraction et séparation/détection). Les différentes approches pour l'évaluation de sa bioaccessibilité et de celle d'autres éléments traces métalliques d'intérêt sont également présentées. La deuxième partie de ces travaux porte sur la validation d'une méthode d'analyse de spéciation des principales espèces d'arsenic dans les produits la pêche (As(III), MA,DMA, As(V), AsB, TMAO, AsC) par couplage entre la chromatographie d'échange d'ions (IEC) et la spectrométrie de masse à plasma induit (ICP-MS) après extraction assistée par micro-ondes (MAE). L'évaluation des performances analytiques de la méthode, les contrôles qualités internes et externes mis en place et les différentes applications, en particulier les données d'occurrence des différentes espèces d'arsenic dans les produits de la pêche les plus consommés par la population française sont présentés et discutés. Dans la troisième partie, la bioaccessibilité maximale de l'arsenic et d'autres éléments d'intérêt est estimée à l'aide d'une méthode de lixiviation en ligne (impliquant la mesure en temps réel par ICP-MS de la fraction libérée par les différents fluides digestifs artificiels). La combinaison de ce procédé avec la méthode d'analyse de spéciation validée permet ainsi d'estimer la bioaccessibilité des différentes espèces d'arsenic.

En el año 2011, después de cuatro años de cabildeo y forcejeo político, Colombia aprobó la Ley 1448, más conocida como la Ley de Víctimas. Los objetivos perseguidos por esta ley son bastante amplios, en la medida en que pretende ser una regulación comprensiva para enfrentar los efectos que el conflicto armado ha infligido en la población civil. En este sentido, la ley incluye las reformas legales que fueron consideradas como necesarias para restablecer el estado de derecho a través de la protección y cumplimiento de los derechos de las víctimas. Actualmente, el gobierno, la sociedad civil y la academia se han enfocado en el análisis de los dilemas y grandes temas de la ley. Sin embargo, esta nueva regulación, con sus 208 artículos, es más amplia y compleja, razón por la cual es indispensable hacer un análisis más detenido de sus múltiples provisiones. Una de estas, que parece no haber llamado la atención y que, por lo tanto, no ha sido objeto de estudio pormenorizado es el artículo 46. A primera vista, este parece estar encaminado a reforzar la investigación y juzgamiento de las personas jurídicas relacionadas con violaciones de derechos humanos y derecho internacional humanitario en el contexto colombiano. Este texto examina específicamente los alcances reales y dilemas del artículo, y propone algunas soluciones para llenar la laguna que existe actualmente en el país en la materia. ; No ano 2011, depois de quatro anos de lóbi e forcejo político, a Colômbia aprovou a Lei 1448, mais conhecida como a Lei de Vitimas. Os objetivos perseguidos por esta lei são bastante amplos, conforme pretende ser uma regulação compreensiva para enfrentar os efeitos que o conflito armado tem infligido na população civil. Neste sentido, a lei inclui as reformas legais que foram consideradas como necessárias para restabelecer o estado de direito através da proteção e cumprimento dos direitos das vitimas. Atualmente, o governo, a sociedade civil e a academia se têm enfocado na análise dos dilemas e grandes temas da lei. No entanto, esta nova regulação, com seus 208 artigos, é mais ampla e complexa, razão pela qual é indispensável fazer uma análise mais cuidadosa de suas múltiplas provisões. Uma destas, que parece não ter chamado a atenção e que, portanto, não tem sido objeto de estudo pormenorizado é o artigo 46. A primeira vista, este parece estar encaminhado a reforçar a pesquisa e julgamento das pessoas jurídicas relacionadas com violações dos direitos humanos e direito internacional humanitário no contexto colombiano. Este artigo examina específicamente os alcances reais e dilemas do artigo e propõe algumas soluções para encher a lacuna que existe atualmente no país na matéria. ; In 2011, after four years of lobbying and political wrangling, Colombia approved Law 1448, commonly known as the Victims Law. Its aims are broad: to be the comprehensive body of law to address civilian population claims related to the armed conflict, and therefore to include the necessary legal reforms to restore the rule of law through the enforcement of victims' rights. Currently, government, civil society and scholars are focused on the major issues of the Law, specifically land restitution and assistance for victims. However, this new body of Law, with its 208 provisions, is broader than that, and a close review of its articles is urgently needed. One little-studied and apparently forgotten provision is Article 46, which appears to put in place a specific directive to enhance the prosecution of juridical persons for violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. However, a thorough analysis of its wording and history reveals that Article 46 is incapable of establishing links between businesses and human rights and humanitarian law violations in Colombia. This article specifically examines the scope and shortcomings of Article 46, and sets forth some possible solutions that require further investigation to fill the lacuna that already exist in the country in this subject.

In 2011, after four years of lobbying and political wrangling, Colombia approved Law 1448, commonly known as the Victims Law. Its aims are broad: to be the comprehensive body of law to address civilian population claims related to the armed conflict, and therefore to include the necessary legal reforms to restore the rule of law through the enforcement of victims' rights. Currently, government, civil society and scholars are focused on the major issues of the Law, specifically land restitution and assistance for victims. However, this new body of Law, with its 208 provisions, is broader than that, and a close review of its articles is urgently needed. One little-studied and apparently forgotten provision is Article 46, which appears to put in place a specific directive to enhance the prosecution of juridical persons for violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. However, a thorough analysis of its wording and history reveals that Article 46 is incapable of establishing links between businesses and human rights and humanitarian law violations in Colombia. This article specifically examines the scope and shortcomings of Article 46, and sets forth some possible solutions that require further investigation to fill the lacuna that already exist in the country in this subject. ; En el año 2011, después de cuatro años de cabildeo y forcejeo político, Colombia aprobó la Ley 1448, más conocida como la Ley de Víctimas. Los objetivos perseguidos por esta ley son bastante amplios, en la medida en que pretende ser una regulación comprensiva para enfrentar los efectos que el conflicto armado ha infligido en la población civil. En este sentido, la ley incluye las reformas legales que fueron consideradas como necesarias para restablecer el estado de derecho a través de la protección y cumplimiento de los derechos de las víctimas. Actualmente, el gobierno, la sociedad civil y la academia se han enfocado en el análisis de los dilemas y grandes temas de la ley. Sin embargo, esta nueva regulación, con sus 208 artículos, es más amplia y compleja, razón por la cual es indispensable hacer un análisis más detenido de sus múltiples provisiones. Una de estas, que parece no haber llamado la atención y que, por lo tanto, no ha sido objeto de estudio pormenorizado es el artículo 46. A primera vista, este parece estar encaminado a reforzar la investigación y juzgamiento de las personas jurídicas relacionadas con violaciones de derechos humanos y derecho internacional humanitario en el contexto colombiano. Este texto examina específicamente los alcances reales y dilemas del artículo, y propone algunas soluciones para llenar la laguna que existe actualmente en el país en la materia. ; No ano 2011, depois de quatro anos de lóbi e forcejo político, a Colômbia aprovou a Lei 1448, mais conhecida como a Lei de Vitimas. Os objetivos perseguidos por esta lei são bastante amplos, conforme pretende ser uma regulação compreensiva para enfrentar os efeitos que o conflito armado tem infligido na população civil. Neste sentido, a lei inclui as reformas legais que foram consideradas como necessárias para restabelecer o estado de direito através da proteção e cumprimento dos direitos das vitimas. Atualmente, o governo, a sociedade civil e a academia se têm enfocado na análise dos dilemas e grandes temas da lei. No entanto, esta nova regulação, com seus 208 artigos, é mais ampla e complexa, razão pela qual é indispensável fazer uma análise mais cuidadosa de suas múltiplas provisões. Uma destas, que parece não ter chamado a atenção e que, portanto, não tem sido objeto de estudo pormenorizado é o artigo 46. A primeira vista, este parece estar encaminhado a reforçar a pesquisa e julgamento das pessoas jurídicas relacionadas com violações dos direitos humanos e direito internacional humanitário no contexto colombiano. Este artigo examina específicamente os alcances reais e dilemas do artigo e propõe algumas soluções para encher a lacuna que existe atualmente no país na matéria.

Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis Linnaeus 1758) are declining in some areas throughout their Nearctic range (Sauer et al. 2011). This reduction is linked to changes in their habitat caused by human activities. Golden eagles inhabit an extensive range of environments (Watson 1997, Kochert et al. 2002). In the American Continent, the golden eagle's range encompasses Alaska, Canada, the United States and the Northern and Central portions of Mexico. Northern golden eagle populations migrate during winter to southern grounds, crossing international boundaries of Canada, the US and Mexico and therefore, their conservation is of trilateral concern. Golden eagles are protected by domestic laws in the three North American countries where they occur (FWCA 1997, BGEPA 1940, MBTA 1918, Lacey Act 1900, DOF 2002) and although the IUCN list the species as Least Concern, the A. c. canadensis subspecies has been protected by CITES since 1975 (Birdlife International 2012). While intensively studied in the United States, very little is known in Mexico about golden eagle ecology and their populations. As the national bird of Mexico, its conservation has been a priority for the Mexican government since its inclusion in the Endangered Species List in 1994 (SEDESOL 1994). Several threats jeopardize golden eagle populations throughout their range in North America: habitat alteration and fragmentation, electrocution, collisions with vehicles, collision with windmills and wires, poisoning from lead ingestion, drowning, shooting and trapping, and poaching for illegal wildlife trade. Mexican experts believe that a dramatic decline occurred over recent decades and that the remaining pairs have been restricted to remnant suitable habitat patches (SEMARNAP-INE 1999). Long-term survival of golden eagles largely depends on the effectiveness of current conservation efforts of habitat at a landscape level. Successful conservation and management requires accurate information on ecology of the species upon which decisions can be based. This study investigated habitat characteristics of the areas occupied by golden eagles and developed strategies for habitat management and protection to improve golden eagle viability in Chihuahua State. I surveyed a portion of Chihuahuan Desert Ecoregion in Mexico to locate golden eagle territories during 2009 and 2010. I located 30 golden eagle nesting territories and found similar composition of cover type, vegetation structure and prey indices between the territory cores and their buffer zones. Distance to most anthropogenic disturbance sources was similar between golden eagle sites and random areas (n=60). Grassland was the most common cover type, occurring in 100% of the nesting territories, and comprising 58% of the territories' area, suggesting a disproportionate use of this cover type compared to its overall availability (25% of the state area). I used landscape attributes such as topographic characteristics and human disturbances to model the probability of occurrence of golden eagles across the landscape. I used logistic regression to model the occurrence of golden eagles at two different landscape scales and selected the best model at a home range scale based on AIC values to develop a predictive map of golden eagle distribution in Chihuahua, Mexico. I found that at a home range scale, golden eagles' occurrence was positively related to open areas and terrain ruggedness and negatively to human settlements, while at a larger scale it was positively related to open areas and negatively related to forested areas. The results confirm that golden eagles are dependent on grasslands and rugged terrain. I developed predictive maps of golden eagle occurrence using a logistic regression and a Mahalanobis distance approach using the variables from the model chosen to compare the performance and output with logistic regression modeling. I analyzed the Mexican National Plan for Golden Eagle Recovery (PACE - guila Real) and proposed a conservation strategy oriented to protect golden eagle populations and their habitat in Chihuahua, Mexico. This strategy integrates ecologic knowledge developed in the first two chapters and incorporates social participation of all stakeholders. The strategy recognizes the potential limitations of conservation implementation programs in Mexico and explores the potential opportunities to protect golden eagles populations and their habitat. ; Ph. D.

La sociedad Guajira durante décadas ha buscado su desarrollo dentro de un marco en el cual predominan problemáticas como un escaso poder adquisitivo que impide el desarrollo individual, desintegración familiar, pérdida de valores, inseguridad permanente, ambigüedades políticas y escasa ejecución gubernamental que generan un ambiente no propicio para que la población logre una adecuada salud pública. Los aspectos descritos anteriormente son de preocupación general, por ello el aparato estatal, organizaciones internacionales y los centros de estudios superiores, han propiciado acciones que buscan mejorar las situaciones de salud que afectan a los guajiros. Con el objeto de diseñar y validar la metodología para el observatorio de Salud Pública, tema que fue establecido en cuatro (4) fases de trabajo, donde el modelo operativo incorpora tipo de información a producir, responsables y su potencial de uso, periodicidad de producción de información, mecanismos de alimentación de la información, condiciones necesarias (infraestructura, recursos humanos, recursos financieros y recurso tecnológico) para la puesta en marcha y funcionamiento del observatorio, recursos técnicos y de software que permitan el flujo de información desde la fuente primaria hasta el observatorio, mecanismos de consolidación y análisis de la información y de difusión y acciones de mejora y cambios normativos o institucionales necesarios. El desarrollo metodológico no se oriento como un desarrollo lineal de las fases. Por el contrario, implico un permanente análisis y profundización sobre los elementos que fueron construidos a partir de las revisiones, que surgieron de estas interacciones. El resultado, un ejercicio de construcción en ascenso que implico revisar permanentemente los elementos que surgieron y ajustarlos de acuerdo con el desarrollo dado. La investigación dio como resultado un documento donde se presenta el modelo de observatorio de Salud Pública para la Guajira, que incluye una estructura que permite identificar el modelo estratégico, su enfoque, alcance y elementos conceptuales que lo soportan, misión, visión y principios; el modelo operativo que incluye objetivos, estructura organizativa general, aéreas y componentes. ; Abstract. Guajira society has search for its development in a framework in which there are problematic factors like economic limitations that prevent individual development, the family breakup, values loss, permanent lack of safety, political ambiguities, and lack of action by the government. Those factors generate an environment that prevents an adequate level of public health in the population. The presence of these factors is a reason for concern, consequently, the state, international organizations, and the centers of higher education have promoted actions that intend to improve the health conditions of the Guajiros. The methodology to design a public health observatory is a theme that has been established in four working stages. The operative model includes: the type of information to be produced, researchers, potential uses of the results (the studies), frequency of the information production, mechanisms of information input, necessary conditions for starting the observatory and keeping it running, infrastructure, human resources, financial resources and technological resources. It also includes technical and software recourses that allow the information flow from the primary source to the observatory, mechanism of consolidation and analysis of information and spreading, actions to improve the observatory, and institutional and normative changes required. The methodological development was not conceived as a lineal development of the abovementioned stages. On the contrary, it implied a permanent and deep analysis about the elements that were built from the revisions of the interactions. The result, obtained following a bottom-up approach, implied a permanent revision of the elements that aroused in the analysis and an adjustment according to the corresponding development. The research gave as a result a document in which the model of the public health observatory of the Guajira is presented. This document includes a structure that allows the identification of the strategic model, its approach, the scope and conceptual elements that support it, its mission, vision and principles. The operative model includes goals, general organizational structure, areas, and components. ; Maestría

Detailplaneeringu teemat on varasemates uurimustes vähe kajastatud. Autor püüb teada saada, kas projekteerimisel järgitakse juhistes esitatud nõudeid. Rõhku on pandud EVS 843:2003 "Linnatänavad" standardile ning Tartu Linnavalitsuse poolt koostatud "Detailplaneeringu koosseisu ja vormistamise nõuded" juhendile. Sellest järelduvalt on autori eesmärgiks hinnata Tartu linna näitel planeerimisvaldkonda reguleerivate juhiste nõuete kasutamist/vastavust kehtestatud detailplaneeringutes. Tegemist on subjektiivse arvamuse ning mõõtmiste tulemuse kombinatsiooniga, kus mõõdetavate kriteeriumite valik baseerub läbitöötatud juhistele (seadused, ametlikud dokumendid, standardid). Uurimisküsimused: 1. Kas detailplaneeringute koostamiseks mõeldud standardid, eeskirjad ja muud juhendmaterjalid on reaalselt linnaplaneerimisel kasutatavad või ignoreeritakse neis toodut? 2. Millistes nõuetes arvestatakse planeeringute koostamisel EVS 843:2003 "Linnatänavad" standardit, planeerimisseadust ning Tartu Linnavalitsuse poolt koostatud "Detailplaneeringu koosseisu ning vormistamise nõudeid"? 3. Milliseid üldistusi saab detailplaneeringuid analüüsides luua – kas nõuete vähendamisel/arvestamata jätmisel on teatud muster (nt seoses aastakäikudega, planeeringute koostajatega või ilmnevad muutused piirkonniti)? 4. Kas planeeringuid reguleerivate juhiste nõuete eiramine või vähendamine on põhjendatud? Järeldused: 1. Autor täitis püstitatud eesmärgi, tuues välja planeerimisvaldkonda reguleerivate juhiste nõuetele vastavuse kehtestatud detailplaneeringutes. 2. Tartu linnas detailplaneeringute koostamiseks mõeldud "Detailplaneeringute koosseisu ja vormistamise juhend" ning EVS 843:2003 "Linnatänavad" standard sisaldavad projekteerimisnõuete punkte, millele Tartus kehtestatud detailplaneeringud ei vasta. 3. 28 protsendil juhtudest polnud analüüsitud kriteeriume planeeringus käsitletud. 4. Analüüsi käigus selgusid projekteerimisnõuete kriteeriumite punktid, millele planeeringud kõige vähem ja rohkem vastasid, kuid kriteeriumite nõudeid, millele oli kõikides planeeringutes mõeldud, ei esinenud. 5. 27 protsendil töödest ei olnud seletuskirjas põhjendatud mõningate projekteerimisnõuete vähendamist. 6. Planeerimisnõuete vähendamise ning objektide planeeringualalt väljajätmise tegelikud põhjused jäävad ebaselgeks, kuna käesoleva tööga neid ei uuritud. 7. Nõuete vähendamisel pole võimalik kindlat mustrit esile tõsta (aastakäikude, planeeringute koostajate või linnaosade kohta). ; The aim of this thesis was to point out the issues which may pose problems in the planning system. The subject of this department of knowledge has not been disserted much in Estonia. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate on the example of Tartu city how the requirements are enacted in the instructions regulating planning sphere in detailed plans. The object of this research is the observation of planning principles. As a result, the most suitable case study turned out to be a combined method of quantitative research, evaluation and giving judgment. Research questions: 1. Are the standards, rules and other instructive materials, which are meant for the preparation of a detailed plan, usable in reality in urban planning or are the requirements being ignored? 2. In the preparation of plans, which requirements are taken into consideration by the EVS 843:2003 "Town Streets" standard, planning act and "The Requirements of the Composition and Formalisation of a Detailed Plan" drawn up by the Tartu City Government? 3. Which generalisations can be established on the basis of analysis of the detailed plans – is there a certain pattern in decreasing/the reduction of the requirements or not taking the requirements into consideration at all, concerning for example year of issue, the compiler of a plan or an area? 4. Is disregarding or reducing of the requirements for the preparation of plans justified? The research concludes, that: 1. the research objectives were reached; 2. the directives meant for constructing a detailed plans consist of requirements that the adopted plans in Tartu do not meet; 3. in 28 percent of the cases the analysed criteria were not discussed in the detailed plans; 4. during the analysis it appeared which criteria were mostly handled and which were left out of detailed plans; 5. in 27 percent of the detailed plans it was not explained in the explanatory report why some design provisions were reduced. 6. the real reasons why there was no explanations for design provision reducement stays uncler, because this research did not study it. 7. there was no definite pattern among the creators of detailed plans, the boroughs or years, because the number of adopted plans decreased every year, the planning sites were spread around the city and there were many "one-plan-creators".

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2012. 2. 정종호. ; 중국이 개혁 개방을 시작한 1980년대 이후로 일자리를 찾아서 농민들이 농촌에서 도시지역으로 이동하는 '민공조(民工潮)' 현상이 지속되어 왔다. 이렇게 도시로 유입된 농민공(農民工)들은 노동집약적 제조업에 종사하여 개혁개방 시기 중국 경제발전의 중요한 원동력 중 하나였다. 그러나 2003년 말 이후, 일부 산업밀집지역에서 기업에 필요한 농민공(農民工)이 부족한 현상인 민공황(民工荒)이 나타나기 시작한다. 중국의 주요 산업지대인 주강 삼각지 지역에서 처음 나타난 이 현상은 해가 갈수록 그 정도와 범위가 확산되고 있다. 최근 중서부 지역에서도 발생하면서 민공황은 범위가 전국적이며, 그 대상도 농민공 전체를 포괄하는 일반적이며 상시적 현상이 되었다. 이렇게 확대 심화되는 양상으로 볼 때, 민공황 현상은 중국 노동 시장의 구조적인 불균형이나 지나치게 낮은 임금과 같은 요인으로 설명할 수 있는 단계를 지나서 농민공의 공급 자체가 감소하는 단계에 들어선 것으로 보인다. 즉, 민공황 현상의 원인은 수출 증가 및 산업지대 확장에 따른 농민공 수요의 증가를 노동인구와 농촌 잉여노동력의 감소로 줄어드는 농민공 공급이 따라가지 못하면서 나타나는 것이다. 이를 해결하기 위해서는 농민공 공급 감소 추세를 쉽게 바꿀 수 없음을 감안하면 수요의 감소를 위해서 저임금 노동력인 농민공을 필요로 하는 단순 가공업의 비중을 낮출 필요가 있다. 따라서 노동 수요를 감소시킬 수 있는 고부가가치 산업으로의 산업구조조정이 얼마나 성공적으로 이루어지는지가 민공황 현상 해결의 관건인 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 민공황 은 중국 경제의 전환점을 나타내는 표지이며, 중국의 지속적인 발전을 위해서 거쳐야 하는 중요한 시험이라 하겠다. ; After the "Reform and Openness Policy" in 1978, Chinese peasants started to move toward urban industrial area which would give them a chance to get a relatively well-paid job. This Phenomena had been continued and prevailed along with growth of China, and it became distinct social phenomena called 'Minggongchao'(民工潮), and the migrant laborers called 'Nongmingong'(農民工). However, since the end of 2003, an acute shortage of migrant labors which is somewhat different from previous Mingongchao has appeared in some industrial area. This labor shortage situation started from a Pearl River delta industrial area for the first time, and spread toward other eastern coastal industrial area. Many factories in Guangdong were suffer from serious labor shortage which made them hard to meet the order, and it became a social issue which called 'Mingonghuang' (民工荒). And it became an important social issue that receives a lot of attention from the Chinese people. According to time-periodic characteristic of migrant labor shortage in China, I could confirm increasing demand of migrant labor caused by increasing export and expansion of industrial area have an decisive effect on continued Mingonghuang, also diminishing supply of migrant labor caused by decreasing labor population and exhausted surplus labor in rural area became a strong factor for this situation. Therefore, we can say that the Mingonghuang phenomenon entered the stage of diminishing labor supply which imbalance of labor market or too low wages could not explain. And, as far as basic outline of mismatch between supply and demand persist, the Mingonghuang would not disappear in short period of time. Also, during the Mingonghuang periods, Nongminggong has a power to choose working place based on wage and working conditions. Along with this change, cheap wage level which used to be a comparative advantage of Chinese products has been continuously increasing. So the Mingonghuang is not only a simple unusual phenomenon, but also a notice that Chinese economy arrived at new stage of development. After all, giving less weight to simple manufacturing industry for reducing demand of cheap labor would be a possible option to solve this problem. Also, Mingonghuang and the accompanying wage inflation could be an important motive to introducing advanced economic structure in China which Chinese central government has been carrying out eagerly. And it also is the turning point sign of Chinese economy which china has to go through to achieve further development. ; Master

While a large amount of information and data have been accumulated through advances in biomedical technology, these information and data remain isolated and disconnected. Achieving interoperability is important to solve these problems. Numerous organizations or governments have been trying to solve these issues using several methods; standard models, controlled vocabularies or infrastructures. These methods, however, have limitations in achieving interoperability such as ambiguity in post-coordination or focusing on syntactic interoperability. Recently, metadata or Metadata Registry (MDR) began to be used as a solution for achieving interoperability in biomedical domain. However, structural limitation of metadata standard model makes structural and semantic inconsistencies between MDRs. The goal of this dissertation is to propose methods for achieving interoperability in biomedical domain based on the international metadata standard, name ISO/IEC 11179. First we propose and implement MDR based interoperability method in clinical document exchange. Second we propose methods for achieving interoperability in semantic and syntactic aspects between public MDRs. Third we compare and evaluate the MDR based methods and other interoperability methods. In clinical document exchange, we evaluate feasibility of the MDR based interoperability method. While prior methods for interoperability in clinical document exchange can only work with documents having identical structure, the MDR based method works at questions or elements of document. Using the MDR based interoperability method, general clinical document, which is composed of different elements, can be successfully exchanged and integrated. To achieve semantic and syntactic interoperability between public MDRs, we designed object model, named integrated metadata object model and two types of exchange format. We provide a verification of the object model and exchange formats using metadata from public MDRs by export system. Lastly we compared and evaluated our MDR based method and other interoperability methods such as HL7 Template and openEHR archetype. It is shown that our MDR based method is most efficient and competitive through qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Using metadata or MDRs facilitates interoperability of the data collected by disparate applications or organizations. MDR based data exchange enabled by the proposed methods will help organizations and researchers to reduce laborious process of validating and interpreting exchanged data. ; 의생명과학 기술의 급격한 발달로 인해 대용량 자료의 지속적인 축적이 이루어져왔다. 그러나 이러한 자료의 대부분은 단절되어 있거나, 서로 연결되어 있지 않은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 상호운용성 확보는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 새로운 방안으로 대두되고 있다. 많은 연구기관이나 정부기관에서는 상호운용성 확보를 지원하기 위해 표준 모델, 통제어휘, 기반구조 개발과 같은 다양한 방법을 개발하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 방식은 구조적 상호운용성에만 치중되어 있거나, 의미론적 모호성이라는 한계를 가지고 있다. 최근 들어 메타데이터나 메타데이터 저장소가 의생명과학 분야에서 상호운용성 확보를 위한 새로운 방법론으로 대두되고 있다. 그러나 메타데이터 표준 모델의 구조적 한계 때문에, 메타데이터 저장소간의 구조적 의미론적 불일치와 같은 문제가 야기되고 있다. 본 학위논문에서는 메타데이터 국제 표준인 ISO/IEC 11179를 기반으로 한 의생명과학 분야에서의 상호운용성 확보를 위한 방법론을 제안하고자 한다. 첫 번째로 메타데이터 저장소를 기반으로 한 임상 문서 교환 방법론을 제안하고 구현하였다. 두 번째로 공개 메타데이터 저장소 간의 의미론적 구조적 상호운용성을 확보하기 위한 방법을 제안하였다. 세 번째로 메타데이터 저장소를 기반으로 한 방법론과 기존 상호운용성 확보를 위한 방법론들 사이의 비교분석 및 검증을 시행하였다. 메타데이터 저장소 기반의 상호운용성 방법론의 유용성을 검증하기 위해, 메타데이터 저장소 기반 임상문서 교환을 위한 구조 및 시스템을 설계하고 구현하였다. 기존 임상문서 교환을 위한 방법론들이 같은 구조를 가진 임상문서의 교환만을 지원한 것에 비해, 메타데이터 저장소 기반 방법은 임상문서의 항목 단위의 자료 교환이 이루어지게 된다. 메타데이터 저장소 기반 임상문서 교환은 서로 다른 항목으로 구성되는 일반적인 임상문서에 대한 교환이 가능한 유일한 방법론이다. 공개 메타데이터 저장소간의 의미론적 구조적 상호운용성 지원을 본 논문에서는 통합 메타데이터 객체 모델을 디자인 하고, 메타데이터 교환을 위한 두 가지 종류의 교환 서식을 제안하였다. 또한 객체 모델과 교환 서식에 대한 검증을 위해 메타데이터 추출 시스템을 개발하였다. 마지막으로 메타데이터 저장소 기반 상호운용성 확보 방법론과 HL7 template와 OpenEHR archetype과 같은 기존 방법론과의 비교 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결과 메타데이터 저장소 기반 상호운용성 확보 방법론이 기존 방법론들에 비해 질적·양적인 면에서 가장 효율적인 방법론임을 보인다. 메타데이터나 메타데이터 저장소는 이질적인 시스템이나 기관에서 수집되는 자료 간의 상호운용성 확보를 가능하게 해준다. 본 논문에서 제안한 메타데이터 저장소 기반의 상호운용성 확보 방법론은 기관 및 연구자들 사이에서 교환된 자료의 검증이나 해석에 도움을 줄 것이다. ; Doctor

Institutionalized type of organized crime is the most perfidious type in the contextof general concept of a system corrupted foreign policy, continually led by the mostpowerful countries in the world to achieve geo-strategic (geo-economic, geo-political andmilitary) long-term interests in mega capital. It is about an old practice of imperialism andtoday's ex-territorial neo-colonialism. Novelty is that the author theoretically shaped thelevel of organized crime, with scientifically valid arguments. 46 Moreover, in order toimplement such policies, all multilateral political, security and financial organizations, andeven the international courts have been used as instruments. This policy of the mostpowerful countries in the world today has a dominant influence on the internationalpolitical and economic relations. Ultima ratio of this policy is military intervention, with orwithout approval of the UN Security Council, as well as the secret logistics in organizingcivil wars, inter-ethnic conflicts and other various armed riots, state putsch and terroristattacks on sovereign states situated thousands miles away from the aggressor country.Nevertheless, we are witnessing notorious empirical examples from the contemporaryinternational reality of applied methods of "double criteria" for the very similar occurrences,harsh interference in the internal affairs of sovereign countries whose governments do notconverge with the global politics of the dominant power. It is a blatant violation ofprincipals of international public law, even its full suspension. To rationalize these attacks,various excuses are used for alleged prevention of humanitarian disasters, protection ofhuman rights and freedoms and so on.Not even the citizens of great power countries aren't protected from subtledirected terrorist attacks in whose territory the attacks are conducted, if it is in the interestto fabricate public opinion in order to undertake farther steps in the context of the generalconcept of a systematically corrupted politics. There are indisputable scientific evidencesthat by methods of mathematics, physics and chemistry prove that the alleged terroristattacks on September 11, 2001 in New York could not be organized without the logistics of46 About the new typology of organized crime and especially the theoretical new concept, theoretically launched for the firsttime, see: Miodrag Labovic & M. Nikolovski, Organised crime and corruption, Faculty of security, Skopje, 2010, pp. 66-9756the American intelligence services.47 Collateral damage of all these violent "export ofdemocracy" and state terror, expressed in thousands of murdered children, women andolder people, goes beyond any damages that might be done by any other type of organizedcrime. On the contrary, the institutionalized type of organized crime as aggressive war orstate terror remains the "grey zone" of legal restricts in the international documents andnational legislative of the countries in the world.This type of organized crime excludes the individual criminal law liability, betweenother things, since these acts are not treated as an execution of criminal offences by thehighest representatives of those countries, but as a legitimate conduct of foreign policy.Even more, unseen precedent is sought so to exempt the commanders from any criminalresponsibility, as well as the other representatives of the armed forces of the United Statesin front of the International Criminal Court, by which, all the other parties involved in armedconflicts around the world are found to be in a very unequal position. From that point ofview, this type of most perfidious organized crime insofar represents a sociological hiddencrime, and not a crime in the criminal law meaning. Therefore, this crime is unrecognizable,not only for ordinary citizens, but also for the great part of the experts and scientificcommunity.48 The way out of this situation, cannot be found in the apocalyptically fatalisticpredictions or expectations for spontaneous reallocation of historic dominant world powerin the new multi-polar or bipolar world. The way out must be sought in the neutralization ofthe causes that led to the general concept of a system corrupted politics whoseconsequences is institutionalized organized crime and the rapid growth of internationalterrorism. In that context, the new avant-garde scientific notion should play an importantrole, by strengthening the awareness and by creating pressure on all levels for new andfairer international order, distribution of work and incomes.Key words: Institutionalized organized crime, general concept of system corruptedforeign policy, terrorism

Kabupaten Tuban merupakan kabupaten yang memiliki potensi wisata yang cukup besar untuk dikembangkan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari letaknya yang berada di tepi pantai Pulau Jawa sebelah utara. Meskipun memiliki potensi yang besar namun dari sektor pariwisata tersebut tidak bisa berkembang dengan maksimal. Oleh karena itu untuk meningkatkan kepariwisataan daerah maka Dinas Perekonomian dan Pariwisata Kabupaten Tuban tahun 2011 membuat program desa wisata di Kecamatan Kerek yaitu Desa Margomulyo, Jarorejo, Margorejo, Kedungrejo, dan Gaji. Untuk perwujudan desa wisata yang optimal maka diperlukan adanya pengevaluasian terhadap kawasan yang direncanakan sebagai desa wisata. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui potensi pada masing-masing desa dan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berperan penting dalam pengembangan desa wisata. Manfaat penelitian ini dapat mengkaji pengembangan pariwisata khususnya desa wisata dan diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk kelayakan lokasi desa wisata di Kabupaten Tuban. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah penduduk Desa Margomulyo, Jarorejo, Margorejo, Kedungrejo, dan Gaji dengan sampel 377 responden, pengunjung kerajinan batik 30 responden, pengusaha batik 39 responden, dan pengrajin sebanyak 84 responden. Metode pengumpulan data yaitu dengan cara wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dengan penskoran dan analisis SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats). Hasil penelitian dari penilaian potensi wisata dengan skoring diperoleh bahwa desa Margomulyo, Jarorejo, Margorejo, Kedungrejo, dan Gaji tergolong potensial untuk dijadikan sebagai desa wisata. Didasarkan pada atraksi, fasilitas penunjang, aksesibilitas, partisipasi masyarakat dan pengunjung kerajinan batik. Dalam pengevaluasian wilayah desa wisata dengan analisis SWOT dapat diperoleh bahwa wilayah tersebut layak untuk menjadi desa wisata. Salah satu strategi untuk mengembangkan desa wisata yaitu dengan membangun fasilitas penunjang di sekitar desa wisata seperti penginapan dan kuliner, sosialisi yang lebih merata terhadap masyarakat tentang pembentukan desa wisata. Faktor-faktor yang berperan penting terhadap pengembangan desa wisata yaitu keramah-tamahan penduduk dan partisipasinya terhadap pengunjung, adanya dukungan dari pemerintah daerah, ketersediaan fasilitas penunjang untuk desa wisata, akses jalan, serta pola manajemen dan pengelolaan desa wisata.Kata Kunci: Desa Wisata, Potensi Wisata, BatikAbstractTuban is a regency with a great tourism potency to be developed. It can be seen from its location in the north side of Java Island beach. Although it has a great potency, but tourism sector cannot be developed well. Therefore, to increase region tourism, Department of Economic and Tourism of Tuban Regency in 2011 makes program of tourism village in Kerek Sub District locacated in Margomulyo, Jarorejo, Margorejo, Kedungrejo and Gaji villages. To optimize this program, it needs evaluation to area planned as tourism village. The purpose of this research is to identify potency from each village and to identify the important factors in tourism village development. While the benefit of this research is to study tourism development especially tourism village and can be used as considerations for feasibility of tourism village location in Tuban Regency. Research method used survey. Population consisted of people from Margomulyo, Jarorejo, Margorejo, Kedungrejo, and Gaji villages with sample size of 377 respondents, 30 respondents of batik handicraft visitors, 39 respondents of batik businessmen, and 84 respondents of craftsmen. Data collection method used interview, documentation and observation. Data analysis technique used descriptive quantitative analysis with scoring and SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. Research result from tourism potency assessment by using scoring showed that Margomulyo, Jarorejo, Margorejo, Kedungrejo, and Gaji villages had potency to become tourism tourism village. Based on attraction, infrastructure, accessibility, people's participation and batik handicraft visitors. In the evaluation of tourism village by using SWOT analysis can be showed that those areas were proper to become tourism villages. One of strategies to develop tourism village namely by developing supported fascilities around tourism villages such as homestay and culinary, intensivesocialization to village people about tourism village. The important factors to the village development such as people hospitality and their participation to the visitors, support from region government, supported fascilities availability for tourism village, road access, management method of tourism village.Key words : Tourism Village, Tourism Potency, Bati

RESUMEN: La anemia en gestantes es un problema de salud pública en América Latina incluida Colombia. Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores bioquímicos del estado nutricional del hierro y el folato en un grupo de mujeres gestantes pobres vinculadas a un programa nutricional de la Gobernación de Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental en 26 gestantes, beneficiarias de un programa de educación nutricional, complemento alimentario fortificado con micronutrientes y suplemento de hierro, ácido fólico y vitamina C. Se evaluaron la ingesta dietética por recordatorio de 24 horas, y se midieron la ferritina sérica, la hemoglobina, el volumen corpuscular medio, la proteína C reactiva y el folato sérico; se hizo un coprológico para parásitos intestinales. Se aplicaron la prueba de Pearson para correlacionar la ingesta de folatos con la concentración sérica de los mismos, la prueba de Spearman para correlacionar la ingesta de hierro con la concentración sérica de ferritina, ANOVA de mediciones repetidas para comparación entre los trimestres de gestación y análisis de regresión simple y múltiple para establecer la dependencia de la ferritina, la hemoglobina y el folato sérico con las variables de interés. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: la anemia se previno en 84,6%; la variable más explicativa del cambio en la hemoglobina del tercer trimestre fue su valor en el segundo trimestre. Disminuyó la microcitosis (p = 0,02), pero las gestantes con menor ingesta de hierro tuvieron mayor prevalencia de esta en el tercer trimestre (p = 0,009). La ferropenia aumentó en el transcurso del embarazo (p < 0,001) y se halló correlación positiva entre la ingesta de hierro y la concentración de ferritina en el tercer trimestre (r = 0,64; p < 0,001). La concentración sérica de folato aumentó en el segundo y tercer trimestres (p = 0,018) y se observó una tendencia a la correlación positiva con la ingesta de folatos, que fue significativa en el tercer trimestre (r = 0,40, p = 0,044). Conclusión: el suministro de nutrientes mostró un efecto positivo en los indicadores bioquímicos, pero no logró mejorar las reservas de hierro. Se destaca la importancia de los suplementos nutricionales en gestantes. ; ABSTRACT: Anemia during pregnancy is a public health problem in Latin America, including Colombia. Objective: To evaluate the biochemical indicators of iron and folate nutritional state in a group of pregnant women belonging to a nutritional government program in Antioquia (Colombia). Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study of 26 poor pregnant women, who were beneficiaries of a program that included nutritional education, food complement fortified with micronutrients and supplements of iron, folic acid and vitamin C. Dietetic ingestion was evaluated by 24 hours reminders; the following parameters were measured: seric ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, C reactive protein, and seric folate. A stool specimen was examined for parasites. Pearson test was applied to correlate folate ingestion with seric folate concentration; Spearman test was used to correlate iron ingestion and seric ferritin; ANOVA of repeated measurements was employed for comparison between pregnancy trimesters; simple and multiple regression analyses were used to establish dependency of ferritin, hemoglobin and serum folate on the variables of interest. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Anemia was prevented in 84.6%. The variable that better explained hemoglobin change during the third trimester was its value in the second trimester. Microcytosis diminished (p = 0.02) but women with the lesser iron ingestion had the highest prevalence during the third trimester (p = 0.009). Iron deficiency increased during pregnancy (p < 0.001) and a positive correlation was found between iron ingestion and ferritin concentration during the third trimester (r = 0.64; p < 0.001). Seric folate concentration increased during the second and third trimesters (p = 0.018), and a trend was observed toward positive correlation with folate ingestion, which was significant in the third trimester (r = 0.40, p = 0.044). Conclusion: Nutritional supplements showed a positive effect on biochemical indicators, but they did not achieve an improvement of iron reserves. The importance of nutritional supplements during pregnancy is emphasized.

Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) and other parties have been investigating reclamation research, development and deployment capabilities and capacities in the province for several months. The concept of a 'Reclamation Centre' was first discussed through a Challenge Paper distributed in August 2011 to a variety of participants in the reclamation community. The original key challenge was to engage the reclamation community in a dialogue to determine the benefits of forming a 'Reclamation Centre' in the Edmonton area. We obtained feedback from researchers, practitioners, regulators and other individuals and organizations who are interested in reclamation. The response from the participants clearly articulated that there was no need for additional reclamation research capabilities in central Alberta (e.g., greenhouses, buildings and other infrastructure). However, there was a need for a central point for collection and distribution of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation activities. A Knowledge Exchange Workshop was held in Red Deer on February 29th, 2012. It focused on centralization, collection, distribution and synthesis of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation. The workshop was used to answer a series of questions identified by the steering committee around knowledge exchange and the aspects of \"What" (what kind of information, data, knowledge to share, etc.); "Why" (why would the community benefit from shared information, etc.) and "How" (type of format used to share the information, etc.). The intention was to have multiple stakeholder groups represented by the participants and to distribute them evenly throughout the room during the discussion to stimulate insightful, constructive and comprehensive conversation. The desired outcomes were: 1. To gain an understanding of what the reclamation community needs (wants) in terms of information, knowledge and/or data; 2. To gain an understanding of why the reclamation community wants this information and how they intend to use it; 3. To obtain suggestions on how to best achieve this and ways to move forward. It became obvious from the table discussions that to be successful, this initiative requires involvement from the entire reclamation community. This includes service/consulting organizations, oil and gas, mineable and in-situ oil sands, sand, gravel and other mining industries, academia, government, and applicable associations such as CLRA, ESAA, AIA, PTAC, etc. All of these industries and organizations have a role to play in collaboration within the reclamation community. Overall the participants found the question of why access to information, knowledge and/or data would be helpful and who would utilize it, easier to address than specifically 'what' needed to be shared and how to share it. However, evidence of the potential benefits of a knowledge exchange initiative for the reclamation community is compelling enough to warrant further exploration of the concept. Overall the conclusions from the discussion indicated the reclamation community was interested in multiple types of information and knowledge that could be shared through different mechanisms. The information required was a hierarchy of quality, from peer reviewed literature and knowledge to broadly defined grey literature and most importantly anecdotal practitioner experiences. A main desire is to have greater access to information, but also to the people who generated the information. There were several challenges associated with this type of an initiative related to how the information would physically be shared and how to encourage more effective collaboration in the broader reclamation community. The participants concluded the information should be shared through a variety of mechanisms. Although challenges were identified, the most important obstacles to overcome are to clearly identify the benefits for multiple users, determining a funding mechanism and how to get started. The issues associated with information and computing technologies (ICT) and large databases, intellectual property, QA/QC in data quality, privacy, links to other organizations, etc. could be resolved during the process. Although there was agreement that the concept of exchanging information, knowledge and/or data within the entire reclamation community was feasible, it was determined that the scope and intent of the initiative must be clearly articulated to answer key questions such as who will do the work, what will it cost and who will participate. It was suggested to start the initiative small and grow it appropriately with well-developed and clearly defined goals.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el balance de la inversión asociada a la restauración forestal por medio del establecimiento de plantaciones (Vochysia guatemalensis e Hieronyma alchorneoides) y de la regeneración natural (bosque secundario sin y con manejo intensivo). Se consideraron diferentes escenarios económicos donde se evaluaron ingresos por: venta de la madera, pago de los servicios ambientales (PSA) provenientes del Fondo de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) del gobierno costarricense y por venta de certificados de reducción de emisiones de carbono (CER). Se comparó la actividad forestal contra usos alternativos de la tierra como ganadería, banano y piña. El análisis de las inversiones se evalúo tomando como criterio el valor esperado de la tierra (VET) con tasas anuales de descuento aceptables (TMA) del 3%, 6% y 9,0% las cuales reflejan las preferencias y condiciones de diferentes inversionistas. Para las plantaciones forestales y bosque secundario sin manejo y con manejo intensivo se estimó una inversión total promedio de US$5200, US$1730 y US$1373 ha-1, respectivamente. Los ingresos estimados por la venta de la madera superaron los US$21142 ha-1 entre ambas especies, US$1250 y US$13408 ha-1 para el bosque secundario con manejo mínimo y con manejo intensivo, respectivamente. Los ingresos por CER y por PSA representan cantidades marginales en comparación con los ingresos por madera. El cultivo de piña y el de banano como usos alternativos de la tierra son los más rentables, seguido por las plantaciones forestales y por último la ganadería y los bosques secundarios con y sin manejo, que no solo son los menos rentables, sino que tienen sus valores calculados por debajo del precio de la tierra. La restauración forestal no resulta una actividad atractiva económicamente para el propietario de la tierra, basado solamente en ingresos provenientes de pagos de servicios ambientales o venta de carbono a los precios actuales. Los precios más altos de la madera y una tasa de descuento baja (que representan condiciones macroeconómicas favorables), son los factores determinantes para hacer eficientes y sostenibles las inversiones forestales tanto en bosque secundario como en plantaciones forestales en la región Caribe de Costa Rica. ; The goal of this study is to estimate the economic efficiency of the investment associated with forest restoration processes through the establishment of forest plantations (Vochysia guatemalensis and Hieronyma alchorneoides) and natural regeneration (secondary forest with and without management). Different economic scenarios were considered with variations from revenues coming from timber sales, payment of environmental services (PES) by the Costa Rican government, and sales of emission reduction certificates. Forestry activities were analyzed in the context of other alternative uses such as cattle, bananas and pineapple plantations. The investment analysis was performed taking into account the land expectation value (VET) with annual minimum acceptable discount rates in real terms (TMA) of 9%, 6% and 3%, which reflected different investor preferences and conditions. For plantation forestry and secondary forest with and without intensive management, estimated average investment were US$5200, US$1730 y US$1373 ha-1, respectively. Timber revenues were above US$21142 ha-1 for both species under plantation forestry. Secondary forest revenues were US$1250 and US$13408 ha-1 for secondary forest with low and intensive management, respectively. CER and PSA represented marginal quantities compared with timber revenues. Pineapple and banana plantations are land uses with the highest economic efficiency, followed by forest plantations. Cattle-raising and secondary forest with and without management are not only the least profitable land uses but also their calculated values are below the land price. Forest restoration will not become an acceptable economic activity for a landowner that relies on income generated from environmental services and carbon credits at current prices. High timber prices and low discount rates (desirable macroeconomic conditions) are determining factors in achieving efficient and sustainable investments in forestry activities in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica. ; Este trabajo ha sido financiado por la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Costa Rica y gracias al apoyo de la empresa privada.

Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) and other parties have been investigating reclamation research, development and deployment capabilities and capacities in the province for several months. The concept of a 'Reclamation Centre' was first discussed through a Challenge Paper distributed in August 2011 to a variety of participants in the reclamation community. The original key challenge was to engage the reclamation community in a dialogue to determine the benefits of forming a 'Reclamation Centre' in the Edmonton area. We obtained feedback from researchers, practitioners, regulators and other individuals and organizations who are interested in reclamation. The response from the participants clearly articulated that there was no need for additional reclamation research capabilities in central Alberta (e.g., greenhouses, buildings and other infrastructure). However, there was a need for a central point for collection and distribution of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation activities. A Knowledge Exchange Workshop was held in Red Deer on February 29th, 2012. It focused on centralization, collection, distribution and synthesis of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation. The workshop was used to answer a series of questions identified by the steering committee around knowledge exchange and the aspects of \"What" (what kind of information, data, knowledge to share, etc.); "Why" (why would the community benefit from shared information, etc.) and "How" (type of format used to share the information, etc.). The intention was to have multiple stakeholder groups represented by the participants and to distribute them evenly throughout the room during the discussion to stimulate insightful, constructive and comprehensive conversation. The desired outcomes were: 1. To gain an understanding of what the reclamation community needs (wants) in terms of information, knowledge and/or data; 2. To gain an understanding of why the reclamation community wants this information and how they intend to use it; 3. To obtain suggestions on how to best achieve this and ways to move forward. It became obvious from the table discussions that to be successful, this initiative requires involvement from the entire reclamation community. This includes service/consulting organizations, oil and gas, mineable and in-situ oil sands, sand, gravel and other mining industries, academia, government, and applicable associations such as CLRA, ESAA, AIA, PTAC, etc. All of these industries and organizations have a role to play in collaboration within the reclamation community. Overall the participants found the question of why access to information, knowledge and/or data would be helpful and who would utilize it, easier to address than specifically 'what' needed to be shared and how to share it. However, evidence of the potential benefits of a knowledge exchange initiative for the reclamation community is compelling enough to warrant further exploration of the concept. Overall the conclusions from the discussion indicated the reclamation community was interested in multiple types of information and knowledge that could be shared through different mechanisms. The information required was a hierarchy of quality, from peer reviewed literature and knowledge to broadly defined grey literature and most importantly anecdotal practitioner experiences. A main desire is to have greater access to information, but also to the people who generated the information. There were several challenges associated with this type of an initiative related to how the information would physically be shared and how to encourage more effective collaboration in the broader reclamation community. The participants concluded the information should be shared through a variety of mechanisms. Although challenges were identified, the most important obstacles to overcome are to clearly identify the benefits for multiple users, determining a funding mechanism and how to get started. The issues associated with information and computing technologies (ICT) and large databases, intellectual property, QA/QC in data quality, privacy, links to other organizations, etc. could be resolved during the process. Although there was agreement that the concept of exchanging information, knowledge and/or data within the entire reclamation community was feasible, it was determined that the scope and intent of the initiative must be clearly articulated to answer key questions such as who will do the work, what will it cost and who will participate. It was suggested to start the initiative small and grow it appropriately with well-developed and clearly defined goals.

El presente proyecto 'Desarrollo Inteligente del Departamento Burruyacu - Tucumán' elaborado en base a un diagnostico participativo que dio como resultado, 'ex ante', el poder identificar una realidad con una problemática de territorio, basada en las siguientes dimensiones: a) Ambientales y de infraestructura, b) Organizacionales y económicos, c) De competitividad, en las economías locales, d) Educativos y de articulación institucional. Las posibilidades de avanzar en proyectos que contemplen solo las inherentes a inversiones productivas no tenían un origen genuino en el espíritu emprendedor de los habitantes y productores de la zona Este del Departamento (Gobernador Piedrabuena, Gobernador Garmendia y 7 de Abril) pero si se pudo identificar un importante sector de potenciales productores porcinos, bovinos de carne y avícolas, - cadenas no relevantes en la zona -, más un gran número de productores agrícolas -pequeños y medianos- en plena actividad, pero con nulas experiencias en producción pecuaria. Con esto, la provincia a través de sus herramientas de políticas publicas, puso la mirada en la concepción de estos nuevos enfoques de desarrollo territorial, con proyectos que posibilitarán desarrollar con equidad y sustentabilidad dicha zona profundizando los 4 ejes estratégicos. El concepto de desarrollo de los territorios, incluidos en el ámbito rural, se ha asociado tradicionalmente a la búsqueda de viabilidad de las zonas más alejadas, poco accesibles y que sufren distintas formas de marginalidad. Sin embargo, la ruralidad ha cambiado de manera significativa. Entre los cambios identificados por diferentes autores (Sarraceno, 1994; Pérez, 2001; Echeverri y Ribeiro, 2002), se destacan: a) el incremento en la importancia de las actividades no agrícolas como generadoras de empleo e ingresos para la población rural; b) la creciente integración de los espacios urbanos y rurales; c) la importancia de integrar las preocupaciones por la gestión sostenible del ambiente y de los recursos naturales; d) las transformaciones en la institucionalidad rural; e) el reconocimiento de la importancia de nuevos actores sociales; f) las nuevas y mayores expectativas de los consumidores y de los mercados; g) el papel de las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación, h)la persistencia de la pobreza rural y la desigualdad, i) la persistencia de brechas regionales y sectoriales ; This project 'Smart Development of Burruyacu Department-Tucumán' was developed based on a participative diagnose that gave as 'ex ante' result, the possibility of identifying a reality related with a territorial problem, based on the following dimensions: a) Environmental and infrastructure, b) Organizational and economic, c) Competitiveness, local economies, d) Educational and institutional coordination. The chances of advancing with projects that include only productive investments had no genuine origin in the entrepreneurial spirit of general people and growers from the east of the Department (Gobernador Piedrabuena, Gobernador Garmendia and 7 de Abril). However, an important sector of potential producers of pig, goat meat and poultry - not relevant chains in the area- could be identified, plus a large number of small and medium farmers dealing with agriculture but with zero experience in livestock production. Under this frame, the provincial government through public policy tools, looked at the design of these new approaches to territorial development, with projects that will enable sustainable development with equity and deepening the four strategic axes in the area. The concept of territorial development, including rural areas, has traditionally been associated with the search for viability of the most remote areas, inaccessible and that suffered various forms of marginality. However, the rurality has changed significantly. Among the changes identified by different authors are: a) the increase in the importance of non-farm activities in generating employment and income for the rural population; b) increasing integration of urban and rural areas; c) the importance of integrating concerns for sustainable management of the environment and natural resources; d) the changes in rural institutions, e) the recognition of the importance of new social players f) new and higher expectations of consumers and markets; g) the role of new information and communication technologies, h) the persistence of rural poverty and inequality, i) the persistence of regional and sectorial gaps