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If we focus on a historical observation of monetary obligations, the Old Law made use of a diversity of instruments of account and payment, whose contemporary tendency tends to aggregate their functions. The absence of a strict legal definition of money remains a fact that is apparently quite esoteric to explain. The Monetary and Financial Code limits itself to an evasive formula: "The currency of France is the euro", without making any precise suggestions as to the criteria for its qualification, and the question of cryptographic currencies remains latent, both in terms of case law and in terms of legal or regulatory provisions. In this sense, the decision of February 26, 2020 is fundamental for the understanding of cryptocurrencies in domestic order, in particular for their future appropriation by the tax authorities, and has an interesting scope with regard to the socio-economic stakes of the horizontalization of relations between agents. In this jurisprudence note, we will successively address: the recognition by the judge of the functional criterion of Bitcoin, assimilating it to a payment instrument and a unit of account according to its secondary classification in the sense of Civil Law (1), then, we will question the will to sacralize the organic approach and its effects in the long run, in the correction of legal voids (2)Table of contents :1- A secondary classification similar to that of legal tender under civil law1.1- Acceptance of a liberating power as an instrument of payment1.2- Compliance with the requirement of fungibility: a determining criterion for the design of a theoretical unit of account ; 2- The sacralization of the organic approach: a clear break with functional evaluation in favor of regalian competence2.1- Between trust and the modern conception of state sovereignty: the rejection of competition in monetary matters2.2- A denial of the socio-economic reality weighing on public order in favor of a happy solution concerning the fiscal problem ; Si l'on s'attache à une observation ...

International audience Cetacean monitoring is key to their protection. Understanding their behaviour relies on multi-channel and high sampling rate underwater acoustic recordings for identifying and tracking them in a passive way. However, a lot of energy and data storage is required, requiring frequent human maintenance operations. To cope with these constraints, an ultra-low power mixed signal always-on wake-up is proposed. Based on pulse pattern analysis, it can be used for triggering a multi-channel high performance recorder only when cetacean clicks are detected, thus increasing autonomy and saving storage space. This detector is implemented as a mixed architecture making the most of analog and digital primitives : this combination improves drastically power consumption by processing high frequency data using analog features and lower frequency ones in a digital way. Furthermore, a bioacoustic expert system is proposed for improving detection accuracy (in ultra low-power) via state-machines. Power consumption of the system is lower than 30 µW in always-on mode, allowing an autonomy of 2 years on a single CR2032 battery cell with a high detection accuracy. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained has an area under curve of 85% using expert rules and 75% without it. This implementation provides an excellent trade-off between detection accuracy and power consumption. Focused on sperm whales, it can be tuned to detect other species emitting pulse trains. This approach facilitates biodiversity studies, reducing maintenance operations and allowing the use of lighter, more compact and portable recording equipment, as large batteries are not longer required. Additionally, recording only useful data helps to reduce the dataset labelling time.

The study reveals that current cessation support in the country is not sufficiently tailored to Last Mile Smokers, and as such, there is still room for improvement. Out of the two dominant approaches of tobacco smoking cessation in Sri Lanka (community tobacco cessation, and clinical cessation), this study proposes that community-based behavioural support programmes are better at targeting the Last Mile Smokers and will be more effective. Two examples of such initiatives, which have potential, are tobacco-free zones and 'Creating Smokeless and Healthy Home Environment for Pregnant Mothers and Children' programme carried out by Public Health Inspectors (PHls) and Public Health Midwives (PHMs). In addition, this study also suggests considering a holistic approach in reaching the Last Mile Smokers, where the socioeconomic background of the smoker is taken into account, will make the quitting process much easier and appropriate. Finally, cessation support alone would not bring down the prevalence rate in Sri Lanka. As such, the study recommends cessation interventions to be combined with a suite of other policy reforms such as taxation going forward.

The health and well-being of Asians took a battering during the coronavirus disease (COVID Wellness, or the active pursuit of activities for holistic health, is vital for a sound mind and body. As such, now is an opportune time to take stock of the current state of wellness and the wellness economy in Asia. Asians are blessed with rich wellness traditions they can leverage in their quest for mental and physical health. This timely book examines the key drivers of the demand for wellness in the region. It also sets out concrete policy options for promoting wellness among all Asians.

The health and well-being of Asians took a battering during the coronavirus disease (COVID Wellness, or the active pursuit of activities for holistic health, is vital for a sound mind and body. As such, now is an opportune time to take stock of the current state of wellness and the wellness economy in Asia. Asians are blessed with rich wellness traditions they can leverage in their quest for mental and physical health. This timely book examines the key drivers of the demand for wellness in the region. It also sets out concrete policy options for promoting wellness among all Asians.

International audience Background: The impact of antibiotic resistance (AMR) on initial hospital management has been extensively studied but its consequences after hospital discharge remain largely unknown. We aimed to analyze hospital care trajectories, cumulative length of hospital stays (c-LOS) and associated costs of care over a 1-year period after hospitalization with incident AMR infection.Method: All incident bacterial infection-related hospitalizations occurring from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015 and recorded in the French national health data information system were extracted. Bacterial resistance ICD-10 codes determined six infection status. Inpatient and outpatient care consumption and associated costs were studied. The impact of resistance on c-LOS was estimated using a Poisson regression. A sequence analysis through optimal matching method was conducted to identify hospital trajectories along with an extrapolation.Finding: Of the 73,244 patients selected, 15.9% had AMR infection, thus providing 58,286 incident AMR infections after extrapolation. c-LOS was significantly longer for infections with resistant bacteria, reaching 20.4 days and 2.9 additional days IC95%[2.6; 3.2] for skin and soft tissue infections. An estimated 29,793 (51.1%) patients had hospital readmission within the following year, for a total cost of €675 million. Five post-discharge trajectories were identified: Post-hospitalization mainly at home (68.4% of patients); Transition to home from rehabilitation care (12.3%); Early death (<3 months) (9.7%); Late death (7.4%), and Long-term hospitalization (2.2%).Interpretation: AMR has an impact on patients' c-LOS stay beyond the initial hospitalization. Half of patients hospitalized due to AMR are readmitted to hospital within the ensuing year, along five different trajectories. Funding: French Ministry of health.

International audience ; The 2014 law on the future of agriculture, food, and forestry aims to promote the relocation of food production to the local level by emphasizing the key role of local actors. It proposes territorial food projects as a public tool facilitating the coordination of their action within a project-based approach. Therefore, the law gives local authorities a key role in the governance of stakeholders. In this article, the authors look at a food relocalization experiment by studying the Tours-Métropole-Val-de-Loire territorial food project. They demonstrate that Tours-Métropole adopted a "technicist" approach that preserved the predominance of traditional supply chain actors in the local food system. ; La loi d'avenir pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et la forêt de 2014 vise à favoriser une relocalisation de la production alimentaire à l'échelle locale en mettant l'accent sur le rôle des acteurs locaux. Elle propose comme dispositif les projets alimentaires territoriaux pour coordonner leur action selon une démarche de projet. La loi donne aux collectivités locales un rôle essentiel dans la gouvernance des acteurs. Dans cet article, les auteurs questionnent une démarche de relocalisation alimentaire en étudiant le projet alimentaire territorial de Tours-Métropole-Val-de-Loire. À défaut d'une démarche transversale, ils montreront que Tours-Métropole adopte une démarche techniciste qui conduit au maintien de la prédominance des acteurs des filières longues dans le système alimentaire local.

International audience Since 2008 general elections environment for democracy in the country is becoming conducive with each passing day, thus resulting in democratic consolidation. Sub-systemic institutionalisation in the form of structural and constitutional development (eighteenth amendment), and sociological institutionalisation in the form of normative and perceptional development about democracy being a normal and natural process are important steps in democratic consolidation. This study intends to explore the causality relation between the Eighteenth Constitutional Amendment and the processes of democratic consolidation in Pakistan. It seeks to answer the question that how is 18th Amendment nurturing democratic norms and institutions, and why is it taken as an optimistic factor for democratic consolidation in Pakistan. The study hypothesizes that conceptualization and operationalization of the semantics of 18th Amendment. ; Depuis les élections générales de 2008, l'environnement de la démocratie dans le pays devient chaque jour plus propice, entraînant ainsi une consolidation démocratique. L'institutionnalisation sous-systémique sous la forme d'un développement structurel et constitutionnel (dix-huitième amendement) et l'institutionnalisation sociologique sous la forme d'un développement normatif et perceptif du fait que la démocratie est un processus normal et naturel sont des étapes importantes de la consolidation démocratique. Cette étude vise à explorer la relation de causalité entre le dix-huitième amendement constitutionnel et les processus de consolidation démocratique au Pakistan. Il cherche à répondre à la question de savoir comment le 18e amendement nourrit les normes et les institutions démocratiques, et pourquoi est-il considéré comme un facteur optimiste pour la consolidation démocratique au Pakistan. L'étude émet l'hypothèse que la conceptualisation et l'opérationnalisation de la sémantique du 18e amendement.

International audience ; Nowadays, the idea that lending of last resort is necessarily conducive to moral hazard appears to be generally accepted. This chapter questions this received wisdom by tracking the evolution of monetary theory and practice over the very long term. While most economists have seen as inevitable the association between lending of last resort and moral hazard, others (especially Walter Bagehot) have claimed that the two may be separable if "constructive ambiguity" surrounds the conditions at which emergency liquidity may be accessed by banks. A brief overview of the practices adopted by monetary authorities over the centuries tends to confirm that the separability between lending of last resort and moral hazard may be attainable, but only through a correct design of banking regulation and liquidity-injecting operations.

This Resource Digest on 'Pandemics, Public Health and Economic Prosperity' presents policy recommendations based on in-depth research on how Sri Lanka can respond effectively to public health concerns so that the country's population and economy is better protected. It is intended for policymakers as well as the general public to gain a better understanding of the key issues that need to be addressed and outlines both prevention and mitigation strategies for economic prosperity. As our researchers argue, the impact of adverse public health shocks can be reduced through appropriate policy and preparedness measures. The Digest is presented in three parts: 1. Responding to COVID-19 Impacts 2. Controlling the Tobacco Epidemic 3. The COVID-19 and Tobacco Nexus

This publication is intended to inform development practitioners, service providers, law enforcement and the justice sector to work towards providing victim-centric programmatic interventions to inform justice sector responses to domestic, sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls. While we understand that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, we hope our experiences, learnings, challenges and failures can benefit other individuals and organizations in similar work.

Sexual and gender-based violence is a major human rights concern with evidence of increasing incidence and widespread prevalence. Yet, it remains a hidden issue in Sri Lanka where only a small number of incidents are officially reported and barely any cases end up in convictions. Insensitive handling of cases and victims of domestic, sexual and gender-based violence can deter victims from accessing the formal justice sector as they come to anticipate bad experiences within the courtroom and fear the system. A culture of impunity is bred as a consequence of victims being too afraid to approach the formal justice sector with the interest of holding perpetrators accountable for crimes committed.

This Resource Digest on 'Pandemics, Public Health and Economic Prosperity' presents policy recommendations based on in-depth research on how Sri Lanka can respond effectively to public health concerns so that the country's population and economy is better protected. It is intended for policymakers as well as the general public to gain a better understanding of the key issues that need to be addressed and outlines both prevention and mitigation strategies for economic prosperity. As our researchers argue, the impact of adverse public health shocks can be reduced through appropriate policy and preparedness measures. The Digest is presented in three parts: 1. Responding to COVID-19 Impacts 2. Controlling the Tobacco Epidemic 3. The COVID-19 and Tobacco Nexus

This publication is intended to inform development practitioners, service providers, law enforcement and the justice sector to work towards providing victim-centric programmatic interventions to inform justice sector responses to domestic, sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls. While we understand that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, we hope our experiences, learnings, challenges and failures can benefit other individuals and organizations in similar work.

Sexual and gender-based violence is a major human rights concern with evidence of increasing incidence and widespread prevalence. Yet, it remains a hidden issue in Sri Lanka where only a small number of incidents are officially reported and barely any cases end up in convictions. Insensitive handling of cases and victims of domestic, sexual and gender-based violence can deter victims from accessing the formal justice sector as they come to anticipate bad experiences within the courtroom and fear the system. A culture of impunity is bred as a consequence of victims being too afraid to approach the formal justice sector with the interest of holding perpetrators accountable for crimes committed.