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Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungi, can occur naturally in raw products such as feedstuff. Although the rumen is supposed to be a barrier against mycotoxins, some studies demonstrate that carry-over of mycotoxins to milk is possible. Moreover, levels of different mycotoxin have been found in milk samples worldwide. Due to the low levels that are expected, methods with low detection limits are needed. Most of the reported analytical methods have been devoted to the analysis of one mycotoxin or family of mycotoxins, but the multi-exposure to mycotoxins is the most likely scenario. One fungal genus can produce more than one mycotoxin and the ruminant diet can be contaminated with more than one fungal genus. Therefore, analytical methods that can simultaneously detect and quantify a broad number of mycotoxins in milk that belong to different families and with low limits of detection and quantification are needed in order to reduce analytical costs and to facilitate the creation of better and fast monitoring programs in milk. On the other hand, milk is a high-consumption product and this makes it a product of high economic value. In 2015, milk production corresponded to the 14.1 % of the total agricultural production of the European Union. For these reasons, the objectives of this study were: to review the state of the art about the presence of mycotoxins in animal milk worldwide and the analytical methods for mycotoxin determination in milk, to develop and to validate LC-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous study of 22 mycotoxins in animal milk and to study the presence of 22 mycotoxins in Spanish and Peruvian cow milk. The mycotoxins studied were: nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fusarenon X, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, aflatoxins M1, B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxins A and B, zearalenone, sterigmatocystin and fumonisins B1, B2 and B3. For validation, the parameters taken into account were: limits of detection and quantification, linearity, precision and accuracy (both in within-day and between-day conditions), recovery, matrix effect and stability. 191 Spanish cow milk were collected from different parts of Spain. No mycotoxin was detected. Also, 30 Peruvian cow milk were analyzed and ochratoxin A was found in levels below 0.2 ng/mL.

U članku predstavljamo kvalitativno istraživanje svakodnevne građanske prakse dijela Čeha, s posebnim naglaskom na ulogu novih medija. Temi smo pristupili tako da smo se orijentirali na sadržaj, a ne na medije. U fokusu našeg istraživanja jesu načini na koje su građanske prakse strukturirane u užem i širem društvenom i političkom kontekstu te kako te kontekste doživljavaju postsocijalistički građani iz sela i velikih gradova. Uzimajući u obzir navedene kontekste, analizirali smo ulogu novih medija i građanske prakse u svakodnevnom životu. Istraživanje se temelji na polustrukturiranim dubinskim intervjuima s 22 politički i javno aktivna građanina, a pokazalo je da se Česi suočavaju sa sličnom krizom u institucionalnoj politici kao što je to slučaj i u starijim demokracijama. Istraživanje je također otkrilo razlike u načinu informiranja između sela i gradova, kako u participacijskim praksama tako i u načinima kako građani koriste nove medije. Međutim, istraživanje nije dokazalo da su novi mediji radikalno transformirali građanstvo, već je pokazalo da je došlo do suptilnih pomaka u praksi i do pragmatičnog miješanja komunikacije licem u lice i tradicionalnih medija (tiskani mediji, sustavi razglasa, oglasne ploče) s novim komunikacijskim tehnologijama. ; The article discusses qualitative research on the mundane civic practices of some Czechs, with a specific focus on the role of new media. It works with a context-oriented approach in order to avoid media-centrism. Our research is focussed on the ways in which civic practices are structured by immediate and wider social and political contexts and how they are experienced by post-socialist citizens from villages and large cities. The role of new media and the place of civic practices in everyday life is analysed with respect to these contexts. The research based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 22 politically and publicly active citizens indicates that Czechs experience a similar crisis in relation to institutional politics as their counterparts in long established democracies and it reveals tell-tale differences between the social spaces of villages and cities both in participatory practices and in civic uses of new media. However, the study does not indicate a radical, new media-driven transformation of citizenship, rather it suggests subtle shifts in practices and a pragmatic mixing of face-to-face communication and traditional media (print, public address systems, noticeboards) with new communication technologies.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, bir bilimsel disiplin olarak Eğitim Yönetimi alanında yapılan araştırmaları yönlendiren temel felsefi kabulleri ve alandaki akademisyenler tarafından bu kabuller doğrultusunda oluşturulan, sürdürülen araştırma geleneğinin temel özelliklerini belirlemektir. Yöntem: Bu araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden Gömülü Teori (Grounded Theory) ile tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında çalışmalarını Eğitim Yönetimi alanında sürdürmekte olan 18 profesör doktor unvanlı akademisyen ile yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlarda toplanan veriler kullanılan araştırma tasarımına uygun olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Beş basamaktan oluşan veri analiz süreci sonucunda, Ontolojik Kabuller, Epistemolojik Kabuller, Teleolojik Kabuller ve Sosyal/Bireysel Faktörler olmak üzere, dört temadan ve bu temalara ait 22 kategoriden oluşan bir teorik yapıya ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç: Eğitim Yönetimi alanındaki mevcut araştırma geleneği ve paradigma; alandaki bilim insanlarının ontolojik, epistemolojik ve teleolojik olarak adlandırılarak sınıflandırılan felsefi inanç ve kabulleriyle birlikte, yine bilim insanlarının bireysel özellikleri ya da toplumla, siyasi iktidarlarla ve akademik çevrelerle kurdukları akademik odaklı olmayan ilişkilerinden doğan faktörler tarafından oluşturulan, şekillendirilen ve sürdürülen bir yapıdır. Alanda egemen olarak bulunan araştırma geleneğinin yanı sıra, alternatif olarak adlandırılabilecek kabul, tutum ve görüşler de mevcut olmakla birlikte, ulaşılan veriye dayalı teorik yapının çekirdeğini alandaki araştırma geleneğini oluşturan sosyal/bireysel faktörlerden biri olan Akademik Atama ve Yükselme Kriterleri kategorisi oluşturmaktadır. ; Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the basic philosophical assumption leading to researches in field of educational administration and basic characteristics of research tradition obtaining through assumption of academic staffs on this field. Methodology: In this study, as a qualitative method, Grounded Theory approach was used. Data were collected from 18 professors in field of educational administration by semi-structured interview and analyzed through Grounded Theory approach.Findings: After five step analysis process, a theoretical frame consisting of four themes including ontological assumptions, epistemological assumptions, theological assumptions and social/individual factors and 22 sub-themes was constituted. Results: Current research tradition and paradigm in the field of educational administration consists of a structure through philosopical beliefs and assumptions categorized as ontolological, epistemological, theological and indivual characteristics of academics and their relations through political and academic environment. Besides common research tradition, there are assumptions, attitute, and reviews as an alternative and the core of theoretical frame through data was constitued from 'Academic Promotion and Appointment' criteria which is one of the social/individual factor as a research tradition.

В работе изучены первичные медицинские документы (ПМД) 5292 (3781 (71,45%) мужчин и 1511 (28,55%) жен- щин) в возрасте от 22 до 55 лет (молодой и средний возраст). Среди обследованных было: 851 (728 мужчин и 123 женщины) курсанты, 1577 (1303 мужчины и 274 женщины) офицеров, проходивших лечение в ведомственном стоматологическом лечебно-профилактическом учреждении, а также 1214 (526 мужчин и 688 женщин) человека мо- лодого возраста и 1650 (1224 мужчины и 426 женщин) человек среднего возраста, проходивших лечение в государ- ственном стоматологическом лечебно-профилактическом учреждении (ЛПУ). Определяли причину обращаемости пациента за стоматологической медицинской помощью (неотложная помощь в связи с острой зубной болью, плановое обращение в связи с наличием хронического стоматологического заболевания, посещение пациента ЛПУ в связи с активным вызовом при проведении плановой санации полости рта). Основное внимание уделено осложненным фор- мам кариеса зубов (пульпит, периодонтит) как причине обращаемости людей за неотложной или плановой стоматоло- гической помощью. Установлено, что при проведении плановой санации полости рта, осложненные формы кариеса зубов встречаются значительно реже и не являются основной причиной обращаемости людей за неотложной стомато- логической помощью. В работе отмечено наличие большого количества дефектов ведения ПМД, которые выявлены как в ведомственном, так и государственном медицинских учреждениях мегаполиса. ; We studied the primary medical records (PMR) of 5292 patients (3781 (71.45%) males and 1511 (28.55%) females) aged 22 to 55 years old (young and middle age). The patients examined involved 851 (728 males and 123 females) students of military schools and 1577 (1303 men and 274 women) officers who were treated in the departmental dental care institution, as well as 1214 (526 men and 688 women) young people and 1650 (1224 men and 426 women) middle-aged man who received treatment in the public dental care institution (DCI). We determined the patient's reason for seeking dental care (emergency care for acute toothache, routine treatment due to chronic dental disease, patient's visit in connection with routine dental sanation). Special attention was given to the complicated caries (pulpitis, periodontitis) as a reason for seeking emergency or routine dental care. It was established that during the routine oral cavity sanation the complicated forms of caries are observed much rarer and are not the principle reason for seeking emergency dental care. The authors note a large number of mistakes in conducting PMR, which were revealed both in the departmental and public dental hospitals.

IntroductionAn increasing number of treatment‐experienced perinatally HIV‐infected adolescents (PHA) are being transitioned from paediatric centres to adult HIV‐care [1]. Most of them had been heavily exposed to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), harbour drug‐resistant viruses and require non‐antiretroviral medication due to comorbidities [2]. This may predispose for clinically significant drug–drug interactions (CSDDIs) [3]. There are no studies concerning CSDDIs in PHA. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of concomitant medications and CSDDIs in PHA who were transitioned for adult HIV‐care to the Infectious Diseases Unit, Cosme Argerich Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina.Materials and MethodsDescriptive pilot cross‐sectional study (March to June 2014). PHA under ARVs at the time of the study were assessed for concomitant medication. CSDDIs were screened and categorized using the University of Liverpool Drug Interactions Program (www.hiv‐druginteractions.org) [4].ResultsForty‐five patients were included. Female sex: 53%. Median (IQR) age: 20 years (18–22). CDC‐stage C was observed in 27 (79%); 50% had ≥1 comorbidities including 3 with HCV co‐infection. Drug abuse was observed in 6 (13%). The median of prior ARV regimens was 3 (3–5). Current ARV regimen included: PI: 87%, NNRTI: 27%, INSTI: 20%, enfuvirtide: 7% and CCR5 inhibitor: 4%. Median CD4 T‐cell count: 568 cells/mL (279–771). Viral load <50 copies/mL: 80%. Sixty percent (27/45) had ≥1 co‐medications (median 1). The most frequent co‐medications were NSAIDs (40%), hormonal therapy (19%) and antimicrobials (19%). Use of herbal supplements was observed in 10 (22%). Overall, 23 (51%) had ≥ 1 CSDDIs: 19/27 (70%) with co‐medication (orange flag=18 and red flag=1); and 2/10 (20%) with herbal supplements. ARV–ARV interactions were observed in 4/45 (9%): unboosted atazanavir+tenofovir (n=2), unboosted atazanavir+efavirenz (n=1) and lopinavir/ritonavir+efavirenz (n=1) (all orange flag). Considering patients with CSDDIs, 6 (26%) had a CSDDI that could reduce ARV levels.ConclusionsIn this pilot study, a high prevalence of comorbidities, co‐medications and CSDDIs was observed in PHA. A considerable proportion of patients had CSDDIs with a potential to cause sub‐therapeutic ARV levels, what could be a concern in patients harbouring drug‐resistance viruses. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of comorbid conditions pharmacologic management in order to avoid CSDDIs with ARVs agents.

IntroductionIn HIV+ patients exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR), NRTIs often have little activity, increased toxicity, drug interactions and add unnecessary treatment costs. The 48 week VERITAS study demonstrated that these patients can have a safe and effective simplification of salvage regimen by removing inactive NRTIs as determined by genotypic data. Virological, immunological, clinical and financial outcomes were evaluated at an additional 96 weeks of follow‐up.Materials and MethodsMDR patients with an undetectable viral load (VL) on a stable regimen containing at least four ARVs (including one inactive NRTI) were enrolled in an open‐label, prospective simplification trial, where one inactive NRTI was removed at baseline (BL). A second NRTI could be removed at week 24 if the regimen contained at least five ARVs at enrolment.Results31 male patients participated. The mean length of treatment was 14 years, with a median CD4 count of 525. The BL regimen consisted of 4 ARVs in 22 patients (71%) and 5 ARVs in 9 patients (29%). 3TC or FTC was removed in 29 patients (94%), and either AZT or TDF was interrupted in 2 others. Four patients had a second NRTI stopped. One patient was removed at W26 as an active NRTI was removed for creatinine elevation. 30 well‐controlled patients continued follow‐up after W48. At W144, six patients had additional changes in their ARV regimen. Half were due to toxicity (jaundice, neuropathy and nephrotoxicity) while the other half were the result of treatment simplification. None of the patients exhibited virologic failure at the time of treatment change and maintained undetectable VLs throughout the entire follow‐up. These six patients had a mean gain of 79 CD4 (p=0.17) compared to baseline. 22 of the 24 patients (92%) with no changes in ARV therapy after W48 had undetectable VLs. The other two had confirmed virologic failure, one with genotypic resistance. All 24 had elevated CD4 counts (mean +118 CD4, p<0.0001). No deaths or serious adverse events were observed. One or two ARV removals translated to a mean annual saving of $3319 CDN (11%) and $8630 (24%) respectively.ConclusionsFinal results indicate that removing one or two inactive NRTIs from a regimen in patients taking four or more ARVs with controlled VL appears to be safe, maintains virological suppression through 144 weeks and significantly reduces treatment costs.

IntroductionWith the implementation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) we observed dramatic decreases in rates of perinatal MTCT of HIV, 0.3% in France in women with plasma viral load (pVL) <50 c/mL at delivery. We describe a case of MTCT which occurred despite virologic suppression of the mother at delivery, the first case in our centre since 2002.Description of the caseA 26‐year‐old black woman, Guinea‐native, living in France since 2007, was diagnosed with HIV‐1 CRF02 in 2008 and lost to follow‐up since November 2012 after second delivery (2 female born in March 2009 and October 2012, uninfected). Third pregnancy began in July 2013 and baseline characteristics in September were as follows: week 13 of gestational age (GA), CDC stage A, CD4 317/mm3, pVL 4.89 log c/mL. cART with abacavir/lamivudine and atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg daily (qd) was introduced. VL decreased to 2.4 log c/mL in 4 weeks and CD4 increased to 456/mm3. In December, at week 22 of GA, viral rebound at 4.14 log c/mL due to sub‐optimal maternal adherence was observed. After counselling, pVL decreased to 1.69 log c/mL in March 2014, at week 35 of GA and 1.3 log c/mL at delivery. As pVL was <400 c/mL at week 36 of GA, vaginal delivery with IV zidovudine was decided. However, because of poor/uncertain maternal adherence to cART, the neonate was treated with a combination of 2 drugs (lamivudine‐nevirapine) with the 4‐week zidovudine regimen, until the result of delivery pVL. This combination was stopped at day 2 when maternal delivery pVL (22 c/mL) was received and standard oral zidovudine prophylaxis was continued. Infant was tested for HIV infection at baseline (day 3) and found to be HIV‐infected (HIV‐RNA 60 c/mL) attesting in‐utero HIV transmission. On day 15, zidovudine prophylaxis was discontinued and treatment for HIV infection initiated with standard cART according to the French Paediatric Antiretroviral Guidelines.ConclusionsThe risk of HIV acquisition is low in infants born to women who receive standard cART during pregnancy and labour and achieve undetectable VL at delivery. However, transmission remains a hazard, with possibility of in‐utero infection during episodes of non‐adherence, and the risk of a possible MTCT has to be mentioned to all pregnant women.

The public media system of Ecuador consists of 22 mass media organizations with diverse origins and structures, constituting a new power without clear limits that tries to compete with private and traditional mass media organizations whose administration has a family, monopolistic character. Public media organizations in Ecuador are far from the universal characteristics proposed for this type of media, basically, due to their closeness to State organizations. The competition between private and government media groups is unequal, a situation that modifies the national media agenda, exposing some of the weaknesses and limitations of journalistic work and the handling of journalistic enterprises, in particular. This article is based in a descriptive analysis of the communications media in Ecuador and the power game that the presence of public media has unleashed in this last decade. It also analyzes the role of journalism and its position confronting vital issues for the country, showing the lack of a comprehensive policy that favors citizens and weaknesses in the journalism profession. It concludes with recommendations for improving the role of media in Ecuador. ; El sistema de medios públicos en Ecuador está compuesto por 22 medios de diferente origen y estructura, constituyéndose un poder nuevo y sin límites claros, que intenta competir con medios privados y tradicionales del país, cuya administración es de carácter familiar y monopólico. Los medios públicos en Ecuador distan de las características universales planteadas para este tipo de medios, básicamente por la cercanía con los organismos del Estado, en general. La competencia entre medios públicos y privados es desigual, situación que modifica la agenda mediática nacional, dejando a la luz algunas debilidades y limitaciones del ejercicio periodístico y del manejo de la empresa periodística, en particular. El presente artículo se fundamenta en un análisis descriptivo de los medios de comunicación en Ecuador y el juego de poderes que ha desatado la presencia de medios públicos en esta última década. Analizan también el rol del periodismo y su posición frente a los temas vitales para el país, evidenciando la ausencia de una política integral a favor del ciudadano y debilidades en la profesión periodística. Concluye con recomendaciones para mejorar el papel de los medios en Ecuador.

Shipping emissions in ports are substantial, accounting for 18 million tonnes of CO2 emissions, 0.4 million tonnes of NOx, 0.2 million of SOx and 0.03 million tonnes of PM10 in 2011. Around 85% of emissions come from containerships and tankers. Containerships have short port stays, but high emissions during these stays. Most of CO2 emissions in ports from shipping are in Asia and Europe (58%), but this share is low compared to their share of port calls (70%). European ports have much less emissions of SOx (5%) and PM (7%) than their share of port calls (22%), which can be explained by the EU regulation to use low sulphur fuels at berth. The ports with the largest absolute emission levels due to shipping are Singapore, Hong Kong (China), Tianjin (China) and Port Klang (Malaysia). The distribution of shipping emissions in ports is skewed: the ten ports with largest emissions represent 19% of total CO2 emissions in ports and 22% of SOx emissions. The port with the lowest relative CO2 emissions (emissions per ship call) is Kitakyushu (Japan); the port of Kyllini (Greece) has the lowest SOx emissions. Other ports with low relative emissions come from Japan, Greece, UK, US and Sweden. Shipping emissions have considerable external costs in ports: almost EUR 12 billion per year in the 50 largest ports in the OECD for NOx, SOx and PM emissions. Approximately 230 million people are directly exposed to the emissions in the top 100 world ports in terms of shipping emissions. Most shipping emissions in ports (CH4, CO, CO2 and NOx) will grow fourfold up to 2050. This would bring CO2-emissions from ships in ports to approximately 70 million tonnes in 2050 and NOx-emissions up to 1.3 million tonnes. Asia and Africa will see the sharpest increases in emissions, due to strong port traffic growth and limited mitigation measures. In order to reduce these projected emissions, strong policy responses will be needed. This could take the form of global regulation such as more stringent rules on sulphur content of ship fuel, or more emission control areas than the four that are currently in place. In addition, shipping could be included in global emissions trading schemes and climate finance schemes. A lot could also be gained by policy initiatives of ports themselves. Various ports have developed infrastructure, regulation and incentives that mitigate shipping emissions in ports. [.]

Арендные отношения в лесном хозяйстве в последние годы динамично развиваются во всех регионах Российской Федерации. Нормативно-правовая база страны в отношении лесных ресурсов требует адаптации к современным экономическим условиям ведения лесного хозяйства регионов. В соответствии с Лесным кодексом РФ за период 2007-2010 гг. многие субъекты РФ разрабатывали свои ставки платы за лесные ресурсы и методики определения арендной платы за землю. Детальный анализ используемых методик и ставок платы за лесопользование показал, что практически везде за основу взяты ставки платы, соответствующие Постановлению Правительства Российской Федерации от 22 мая 2007 г. № 310. Различия приводятся только по применяемым коэффициентам, обоснования их отсутствуют. Некоторые данные по расчету коэффициентов ставок платы представляют интерес и могут быть рекомендованы для их применения на территории городских лесов г. Курска. В Курской области законодательство в сфере лесопользования достаточно развито. Проведенный анализ арендных отношений в лесах г. Курска и лесничествах Курской области выявил растущую потребность населения в рекреационных услугах. В этой связи правомерной является потребность экономически обоснованного расчета ставок платы за лесопользование при осуществлении рекреационной деятельности. ; Lease relations in the forestry sector in recent years are developing dynamically in all regions of the Russian Federation. Regulatory and legal framework of the country in respect of forest resources requires adapting to current economic conditions of forestry of regions. In accordance with the Forest Code of the Russian Federation for the period 2007-2010 many subjects of the Russian Federation have developed their payment rates for forest resources and methodology for determining the rent for the land. Detailed analysis of used methods and rates of payment for forestry showed that almost all being based on the payment rates that correspond to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 22, 2007 № 310. The differences are given only at applicable coefficients, justification is absent. Some of the data for the calculation of the coefficients of payment rates are interesting and can be recommended for application on the territory of urban forests of Kursk. In the Kursk region forestry legislation is developed enough. The analysis of the lease in the forests and forest areas of the Kursk region revealed growing population's demand for recreational services. In this context, for economically reasonable rates for the calculation of forest-use in the implementation of recreational activities is a legitimate need.

Основы деятельности Государственного Собрания Республики Мордовия были заложены в1995 году, когда в республике претерпела изменения вся система государственной власти. На основании Постановления Верховного Совета МССР от 22 октября 1993 года «О реформе государственных органов власти и органов местного самоуправления в Мордовской ССР» и Закона Республики Мордовия от 17 февраля 1994 года № 1223-ХII «О выборах депутатов Государственного Собрания Республики Мордовия» высшим представительным и законодательным органом власти Республики Мордовия становится Государственное Собрание Республики Мордовия. Одним из основных полномочий высшего законодательного (представительного) органа государственной власти субъекта Российской Федерации является принятие законов, в котором он выражает и оформляет волю народа. Так Государственное Собрание Республики Мордовия V созыва, наряду с осуществлением иных полномочий, активно реализует функцию законотворчества. Представленный материал послужит востребованным источником правовой информации не только для органов публичной власти Республики Мордовия, но и для всех заинтересованных граждан, которые получат содержательную информацию об особенностях законодательного процесса и законодательной деятельности Государственного Собрания Республики Мордовия V созыва. ; Foundations for the activities of the national Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia were laid in 1995, when the Republic has changed the whole system of government. On the basis of the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian Soviet socialist Republic on October 22, 1993 "On the reform of public authorities and bodies of local self-government in the Mordovian SSR" and the Law of the Republic of Mordovia dated 17 February 1994 No. 1223-XII "ON elections of deputies of the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia" the Supreme representative and legislative body of the Republic of Mordovia becomes the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia. One of the main powers of the Supreme legislative (representative) body of state power of subject of the Russian Federation is the adoption of laws, in which he expresses and makes the will of the people. So the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia, V convocation, along with exercising other powers, actively implements the function of lawmaking. The material presented will serve as a popular source of legal information, not only for public authorities of the Republic of Mordovia, but for all concerned citizens, who will receive meaningful information about the features of the legislative process and legislative Affairs of the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia V convocation.

Abstract:Article 22 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution on the General Elections states that "The general election is held in order to elect members of the House of Representatives, Regional Legislatives Council, the President and Vice President, and the Regional Representatives Council". With the Consitutional Court Rulling Number 14 / PUU-XI / 2013, there have been amandmentsto thepractice of general election in Indonesia in which the legislative and presidential elections shall be held simultaneously. The aim of this research is to identify, analyze and explain whether the Constitutional Court Rulling No. 14 / PUU-XI / 2013. The research methodology used is a normative legal research (normative juridical). The finding of this research reveals that application of the simoultaneous general election has been constitutional with the 1945 Constitution,. Juridical implications of the constituional court rulling are that holding simultaneous general elections will be more efficient in the use of state financial budget and threshold (presidential threshold) requirement is no longer valid as a result of elections simultaneously. It is suggested that the Constitutional Court Rulling should interpret the meaning of Article 9 of Law No. 42 Year 2008 on threshold (presidential threshold). Keywords : General Election and the 1945 Constitution. Abstrak: Pasal 22 ayat (2) UUD 1945 tentang pemilihan umum berbunyi "Pemilihan umum diselenggarakan untuk memilih anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, Presiden dan Wakil Presiden, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah". Dengan putusan Mahkamah Kosntitusi Nomor 14/PUU-XI/2013 telah terjadi perubahan terhadap pemilihan umum di Indonesia agar pemilihan umum legislatif, Presiden, dan Wakil Presiden dilaksanakan secara serantak. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui, menganalisis dan menjelaskan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 14/PUU-XI/2013 tentang pemiluhan umum serentak Presiden, Wakil Presiden dan Legislatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif (Yuridis Normatif). Hasil penelitian menunjukan pelaksanaan pemilihan umum serentak konstitusional dengan UUD 1945. Adapun implikasi yuridis terhadap putusan tersebut adalah dalam peyelengaraan pemilu serantak akan lebih efesien dalam penggunaan anggaran keuangan negara, dan ambang batas (presidential threshold) menjadi tidak berlaku lagi sebagai akibat dari pemilu serentak. Disarankan bahwa seharusnya dalam putusan tersebut Mahkamah Konstitusi menafsirkan terhadap Pasal 9 UU Nomor 42 Tahun 2008 tentang ambang batas (presidential threshold) Kata kunci : Pemilihan Umum dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.

Introduction to Samuel, Kings and Chronicles The historical background of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles From Tribal Confederation to Monarchy: 1 Samuel The perils of inherited authority (1 Samuel 1-3) The perils of treating God like a good luck charm (1 Samuel 4) The opportunities that arise from working faithfully (1 Samuel 5-7) When children disappoint (1 Samuel 8:1-3) The Israelites ask for a king (1 Samuel 8:4-22) The Task of Choosing a King (1 Samuel 9-16) David's rise to power (1 Samuel 17-30) Abigail defuses a crisis between David and Nabal (1 Samuel 25) The Golden Age of the Monarchy: 2 Samuel 1-24, 1 Kings 1-11, 1 Chronicles 21-25 David's Successes and Failures as King (2 Samuel 1-24) David's dysfunctional handling of family conflict leads to civil war (2 Samuel 13-19) David's disobedience to God causes a national pestilence (1 Chronicles 21:1-17) David's patronage of the musical arts (1 Chronicles 25) Assessing David's reign (1 Kings) Preparing for a Successor to Israel's Throne (1 Kings 1; 1 Chronicles 22) Solomon Succeeds David as King (1 Kings 1-11) Solomon Builds the Temple of the Lord (1 Kings 5-8) Solomon Centralizes the Rule of the Kingdom (1 Kings 9-11) Assessing Solomon's Golden Age (1 Kings) From Failed Monarchies to Exile (1 Kings 11 - 2 Kings 25; 2 Chronicles 10-36) Obadiah saves a hundred people by working within a corrupt system (1 Kings 18:1-4) Ahab and Jezebel murder Naboth to get his property (1 Kings 21) The Prophet Elisha's Attention to Ordinary Work (2 Kings 2-6) Elisha's restoration of a household's financial solvency (2 Kings 4:1-7) Elisha's restoration of a military commander's health (2 Kings 5:1-14) Elisha's restoration of a lumberjack's axe (2 Kings 6:1-7) The Southern Kingdom's march toward Exile (1 Kings 11:41 - 2 Kings 25:26; 2 Chronicles 10 - 36) Financial accountability in the Temple (2 Kings 12:1-12) Arrogance and the end of the kingdoms (2 Chronicles 26) Conclusions from Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles

The goal of this action-research was to identify and empower the grassroots innovative actors of la Campana-Peñuelas biosphere reserve (central Chile). The objective of this empowerment process was to create a capacity of collective action among these actors to enable them to access the management board of the biosphere reserve and to foster sustainable local development. From a theoretical perspective, we investigate how the different concepts of empowerment, collective agency, collective capability and collective action can be related within the framework of Human Development and Capability Approach. From an empirical perspective, we first conducted a qualitative survey to identify the grassroots innovative actors. We identified 22 genuinely innovative actors through the survey we conducted. These actors were not, in the terms of the capability approach, free to "do" and to "be" what they value i.e. to implement sustainable lifestyles. Indeed, they suffered several barriers, including an absence of support from conventional institutions, competition with conventional agribusiness and mass tourism forms, lack of visibility, lack of organization, lack of participation in decision making about sustainable development in local and regional policies. In brief, although they are inventing tomorrow's sustainable lifestyles by adapting themselves to global change, their work receives little attention, and they are neither organized nor empowered. Consequently, we invited the 22 actors to a workshop which aimed to foster the emergence of a collective identity through "sustainable innovation" and through the collective identification of problems that limit the group's agency. The major outcome of the workshop was the creation of a non-profit organization, called Acción Biosfera, by some of the participants. The process of creating Acción Biosfera was then analysed to examine the new collective capabilities gained by these actors. We conclude that it is possible to foster collective action among innovative actors by focusing on building collective identity among them and by enhancing their collective agency thus shifting them from a collection of individuals to an autonomous group. The creation of Acción Biosfera demonstrated the success of this process. In conclusion, we argue that Acción Biosfera is an example of an organization that aims to foster a truly bottom-up development process and to build socio-ecological resilience of the biosphere reserve territory at the local level. (Texte intégral)

In un contesto di mercato dove l'innovazione e dunque la conoscenza, si attestano sempre più come fattori chiave per il successo aziendale, le organizzazioni che ambiscano a conquistare una consistente market share, non possono prescindere dall'impiego di Risorse Umane qualificate, denominati lavoratori della conoscenza. Solo in Italia si stima che i Knowledge workers, dal 1995 al 2005, siano aumentati del 22%. La caratteristica di questi ultimi è quella di essere fattori competitivi durevoli e, come tali, devono essere integrati nell'azienda con la quale formeranno un legame unico e non trasferibile. Il suddetto tratto pone l'esigenza di trattenere l'expertise sviluppato. Scopo di questa tesi è analizzare il commitment come mezzo per il mantenimento dei collaboratori all'interno dell'azienda. Un'analisi di correlazione tra i fattori antecedenti, individuati da Allen e Meyer, ed il commitment evidenza l'importanza dell'esperienza lavorativa nello sviluppo di questo stato psicologico. Le aziende dovranno quindi puntare sull'implementazione di un clima interno positivo e su politiche di Human Resource Management adeguate coadiuvate da una comunicazione efficace. In particolare, il presente lavoro prende in considerazione il ruolo della comunicazione nello sviluppo del commitment fornendo un esempio pratico con riferimento alle Best Communication practices nella General Electric. In a changing scenario in which innovation and knowledge play an essential role as key factors in organizational efficacy, all the organizations who want to be successful can't disregard the need for high qualified Human Resources, also known as "Knowledge Workers". In Italy the share of Knowledge workers has rose by 22% from 1995 to 2005. A characteristic of these workers is that they are a source of sustainable competitive advantage and, as such, they must be integrated into the company with which they'll develop a unique and non-transferable bond. The above mentioned trait makes important to retain the expertise developed. Aim of this work is to investigate Organizational Commitment as a mean of talent retention. A correlation analysis between antecedent factors, determined by Allen and Meyer, and Commitment, highlights the importance of Work Experience in developing such psychological state. Companies should implement a positive Internal Climate and adequate Human Resource Management practices alongside with an effective Communication policy. In particular, this study draws the attention to the role of Internal Communication in developing Commitment, and offers an example of Best Communication Practices in General Electric.