Suchergebnisse

First published: 11 August 2020 (online)Print: Februray 2021 ; International audience ; This paper advances a research agenda on how asset-based welfare policies, residential marketvolatility, stratified accumulation and vulnerability impinge upon the geography of inequality inproperty markets. Since the mid-1990s, housing prices have increased faster than the incomeof buyers, becoming a driver of social polarisation and household vulnerability. Few studieshave however explicitly linked socio-spatial inequality to asset capitalisation, instability andvulnerability in residential housing markets. We employ an empirically-grounded investigationof the factors driving and reinforcing these dynamics, what we conceptualise as a feedback loopmediating particular housing finance regimes. Drawing on three French cities (Paris, Lyon,and Avignon) our study develops a comparative framework to interpret the relational effectsof price, equity and homeowner vulnerability on the production of inequality across differentgeographical scales. Our approach puts into conversation debates concerning housing markets,social inequality, and ordinary financialisation in the period since the Global Financial Crisis. ; Cet article développe un agenda de recherche portant sur la la géographie des inégalités sur les marchés immobiliers, influencée par les politiques de protection sociale fondées sur les actifs, la volatilité du marché résidentiel, les logiques d'accumulation socialement et spatialement stratifiées, et la vulnérabilité induite des ménages. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les prix des logements ont augmenté plus rapidement que les revenus des acheteurs, devenant un facteur de polarisation sociale et de vulnérabilité des ménages devant l'accès au logement. Peu d'études ont cependant explicitement établi un lien entre l'inégalité socio-spatiale et la capitalisation des actifs d'une part, l'instabilité et la vulnérabilité des marchés immobiliers résidentiels d'autre part. Partant d'un étude empirique des facteurs qui entraînent ...

First published: 11 August 2020 (online)Print: Februray 2021 ; International audience ; This paper advances a research agenda on how asset-based welfare policies, residential marketvolatility, stratified accumulation and vulnerability impinge upon the geography of inequality inproperty markets. Since the mid-1990s, housing prices have increased faster than the incomeof buyers, becoming a driver of social polarisation and household vulnerability. Few studieshave however explicitly linked socio-spatial inequality to asset capitalisation, instability andvulnerability in residential housing markets. We employ an empirically-grounded investigationof the factors driving and reinforcing these dynamics, what we conceptualise as a feedback loopmediating particular housing finance regimes. Drawing on three French cities (Paris, Lyon,and Avignon) our study develops a comparative framework to interpret the relational effectsof price, equity and homeowner vulnerability on the production of inequality across differentgeographical scales. Our approach puts into conversation debates concerning housing markets,social inequality, and ordinary financialisation in the period since the Global Financial Crisis. ; Cet article développe un agenda de recherche portant sur la la géographie des inégalités sur les marchés immobiliers, influencée par les politiques de protection sociale fondées sur les actifs, la volatilité du marché résidentiel, les logiques d'accumulation socialement et spatialement stratifiées, et la vulnérabilité induite des ménages. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les prix des logements ont augmenté plus rapidement que les revenus des acheteurs, devenant un facteur de polarisation sociale et de vulnérabilité des ménages devant l'accès au logement. Peu d'études ont cependant explicitement établi un lien entre l'inégalité socio-spatiale et la capitalisation des actifs d'une part, l'instabilité et la vulnérabilité des marchés immobiliers résidentiels d'autre part. Partant d'un étude empirique des facteurs qui entraînent ...

First published: 11 August 2020 (online)Print: Februray 2021 ; International audience ; This paper advances a research agenda on how asset-based welfare policies, residential marketvolatility, stratified accumulation and vulnerability impinge upon the geography of inequality inproperty markets. Since the mid-1990s, housing prices have increased faster than the incomeof buyers, becoming a driver of social polarisation and household vulnerability. Few studieshave however explicitly linked socio-spatial inequality to asset capitalisation, instability andvulnerability in residential housing markets. We employ an empirically-grounded investigationof the factors driving and reinforcing these dynamics, what we conceptualise as a feedback loopmediating particular housing finance regimes. Drawing on three French cities (Paris, Lyon,and Avignon) our study develops a comparative framework to interpret the relational effectsof price, equity and homeowner vulnerability on the production of inequality across differentgeographical scales. Our approach puts into conversation debates concerning housing markets,social inequality, and ordinary financialisation in the period since the Global Financial Crisis. ; Cet article développe un agenda de recherche portant sur la la géographie des inégalités sur les marchés immobiliers, influencée par les politiques de protection sociale fondées sur les actifs, la volatilité du marché résidentiel, les logiques d'accumulation socialement et spatialement stratifiées, et la vulnérabilité induite des ménages. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les prix des logements ont augmenté plus rapidement que les revenus des acheteurs, devenant un facteur de polarisation sociale et de vulnérabilité des ménages devant l'accès au logement. Peu d'études ont cependant explicitement établi un lien entre l'inégalité socio-spatiale et la capitalisation des actifs d'une part, l'instabilité et la vulnérabilité des marchés immobiliers résidentiels d'autre part. Partant d'un étude empirique des facteurs qui entraînent ...

First published: 11 August 2020 (online)Print: Februray 2021 ; International audience ; This paper advances a research agenda on how asset-based welfare policies, residential marketvolatility, stratified accumulation and vulnerability impinge upon the geography of inequality inproperty markets. Since the mid-1990s, housing prices have increased faster than the incomeof buyers, becoming a driver of social polarisation and household vulnerability. Few studieshave however explicitly linked socio-spatial inequality to asset capitalisation, instability andvulnerability in residential housing markets. We employ an empirically-grounded investigationof the factors driving and reinforcing these dynamics, what we conceptualise as a feedback loopmediating particular housing finance regimes. Drawing on three French cities (Paris, Lyon,and Avignon) our study develops a comparative framework to interpret the relational effectsof price, equity and homeowner vulnerability on the production of inequality across differentgeographical scales. Our approach puts into conversation debates concerning housing markets,social inequality, and ordinary financialisation in the period since the Global Financial Crisis. ; Cet article développe un agenda de recherche portant sur la la géographie des inégalités sur les marchés immobiliers, influencée par les politiques de protection sociale fondées sur les actifs, la volatilité du marché résidentiel, les logiques d'accumulation socialement et spatialement stratifiées, et la vulnérabilité induite des ménages. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les prix des logements ont augmenté plus rapidement que les revenus des acheteurs, devenant un facteur de polarisation sociale et de vulnérabilité des ménages devant l'accès au logement. Peu d'études ont cependant explicitement établi un lien entre l'inégalité socio-spatiale et la capitalisation des actifs d'une part, l'instabilité et la vulnérabilité des marchés immobiliers résidentiels d'autre part. Partant d'un étude empirique des facteurs qui entraînent ...

International audience ; There is no clear definition of military expenditure and international comparisons cannot use exchange rates to understand comparative trends in the defence effort of states. Publications by USACDA, SIPRI or IISS highlight the importance of differences in estimates. The studies commissioned by the UN to initiate disarmament for development have highlighted the differences in the presentation of states' military and national defence budgets. Furthermore, it is also important to analyse the structural evolution of military expenditure, between capital and operating expenditure, budget allocations between the different forces (navy, land, air, etc.), the importance of nuclear versus conventional weapons for the superpowers, etc. Finally, the question of arms transfers (size, alliances, nature of the weapons, payment methods, etc.) is also raised. ; : Il n'y a pas de définition claire des dépenses militaires et les comparaisons internationales ne peuvent pas utiliser les taux de change pour comprendre les évolutions comparées de l'effort de défense des Etats. Les publications de l'USACDA, du SIPRI ou de l'IISS mettent en évidence l'importance des différences d'estimation. Les études commanditées par de l'ONU pour engager un désarmement pour le développement ont mis en évidence les différences de présentation des budgets militaires et de la défense nationale des Etats. En outre, il est important aussi d'analyser les évolutions structurelles des dépenses militaires, entre les dépenses de capital ou de fonctionnement, les affectations budgétaires entre les différentes forces (marine, terrestre, air, etc.), l'importance du nucléaire par rapport aux armes conventionnelles pour les super puissances, etc. Enfin la question des transferts d'armes (importance, alliances, nature des armes, modalités de paiement, etc.) est aussi évoquée.

International audience ; There is no clear definition of military expenditure and international comparisons cannot use exchange rates to understand comparative trends in the defence effort of states. Publications by USACDA, SIPRI or IISS highlight the importance of differences in estimates. The studies commissioned by the UN to initiate disarmament for development have highlighted the differences in the presentation of states' military and national defence budgets. Furthermore, it is also important to analyse the structural evolution of military expenditure, between capital and operating expenditure, budget allocations between the different forces (navy, land, air, etc.), the importance of nuclear versus conventional weapons for the superpowers, etc. Finally, the question of arms transfers (size, alliances, nature of the weapons, payment methods, etc.) is also raised. ; : Il n'y a pas de définition claire des dépenses militaires et les comparaisons internationales ne peuvent pas utiliser les taux de change pour comprendre les évolutions comparées de l'effort de défense des Etats. Les publications de l'USACDA, du SIPRI ou de l'IISS mettent en évidence l'importance des différences d'estimation. Les études commanditées par de l'ONU pour engager un désarmement pour le développement ont mis en évidence les différences de présentation des budgets militaires et de la défense nationale des Etats. En outre, il est important aussi d'analyser les évolutions structurelles des dépenses militaires, entre les dépenses de capital ou de fonctionnement, les affectations budgétaires entre les différentes forces (marine, terrestre, air, etc.), l'importance du nucléaire par rapport aux armes conventionnelles pour les super puissances, etc. Enfin la question des transferts d'armes (importance, alliances, nature des armes, modalités de paiement, etc.) est aussi évoquée.

International audience ; There is no clear definition of military expenditure and international comparisons cannot use exchange rates to understand comparative trends in the defence effort of states. Publications by USACDA, SIPRI or IISS highlight the importance of differences in estimates. The studies commissioned by the UN to initiate disarmament for development have highlighted the differences in the presentation of states' military and national defence budgets. Furthermore, it is also important to analyse the structural evolution of military expenditure, between capital and operating expenditure, budget allocations between the different forces (navy, land, air, etc.), the importance of nuclear versus conventional weapons for the superpowers, etc. Finally, the question of arms transfers (size, alliances, nature of the weapons, payment methods, etc.) is also raised. ; : Il n'y a pas de définition claire des dépenses militaires et les comparaisons internationales ne peuvent pas utiliser les taux de change pour comprendre les évolutions comparées de l'effort de défense des Etats. Les publications de l'USACDA, du SIPRI ou de l'IISS mettent en évidence l'importance des différences d'estimation. Les études commanditées par de l'ONU pour engager un désarmement pour le développement ont mis en évidence les différences de présentation des budgets militaires et de la défense nationale des Etats. En outre, il est important aussi d'analyser les évolutions structurelles des dépenses militaires, entre les dépenses de capital ou de fonctionnement, les affectations budgétaires entre les différentes forces (marine, terrestre, air, etc.), l'importance du nucléaire par rapport aux armes conventionnelles pour les super puissances, etc. Enfin la question des transferts d'armes (importance, alliances, nature des armes, modalités de paiement, etc.) est aussi évoquée.

В статье рассматривается структура современной арктической зоны и протекающие в ней экономические процессы. Целью работы является диагностика существующих подходов к освоению арктических территорий и акваторий в условиях глобализации и усиления внимания к проблемам защиты национальных интересов. В связи с этим основными методами, применяемыми в исследовании, являются системный анализ, контент-анализ и элементы факторного подхода, позволяющие с определенной долей условности структурировать экономические процессы в мировой Арктике. Показано, что глобальные тенденции проявляются здесь в сложном взаимодействии большого числа движущих сил. При этом стратегическое значение имеют минеральные ресурсы, а также пространственно-логистический потенциал мировой Арктики. Проводится сравнительный анализ экономической политики различных стран в формировании и развитии производительных сил в экстремальных условиях хозяйствования. Показано, что и в рыночной экономике государство устанавливает для северных производств различные преференции, фирмы добиваются более низких отчислений по социальному страхованию, в пенсионные фонды и т. п. В канадской модели («освоение без заселения») для повышения заработной платы трудовые отношения освобождаются от некоторых ограничений, налагаемых профсоюзами. В ведущей промышленной сфере недропользовании экономическое регулирование добычи полезных ископаемых связано в основном с формами собственности на недра и системой налогообложения. С точки зрения регионального механизма отмечено, что большинство стран создают компенсационные фонды, рассчитанные на сглаживание негативных последствий, возникающих при истощении и закрытии месторождений. Разработана схема образования таких финансовых институтов для российских арктических территорий, что объективно необходимо по социальным основаниям и вполне оправдано по экономическим. Анализируются современные тенденции в освоении шельфа арктических морей, выявлено, что «санкционная» политика западных стран может повлиять на реализацию соответствующих мегапроектов, но только в среднесрочной перспективе. Обосновано, что при освоении арктического шельфа промышленные комплексы являются высокотехнологическими и наукоемкими объектами, способными быть своеобразными локомотивами инновационной динамики. Определенную новизну имеет вывод о том, что усиливаются региональные факторы и программно-целевые механизмы в освоении арктических пространств, дифференцированные по условиям жизнедеятельности, уровню развития и стоящим задачам. ; The article deals with the structure of the modern Arctic zone and its economic processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing approaches to the development of the Arctic territories and waters in the context of globalization and greater attention to the problems of protection of national interests. In this regard, the main methods used in the study is a systematic analysis, content analysis and elements of the factor approach, which help, with a certain degree of conditionality, to structure the economic processes in the global Arctic. It is shown that global trends are manifested here in the complex interaction of a large number of driving forces. At the same time, mineral resources, as well as space and logistic capacity of the global Arctic are of strategic importance. Comparative analysis of economic policy of the formation and development of productive forces under extreme economic conditions is conducted in various countries. The study demonstrates that in a market economy the state sets different preferences for northern productions; the companies seek for lower premiums for social security, pensions and funds, etc. In the Canadian model ("development without settling"), in order to raise wages, employment relations are freed from certain limitations imposed by trade unions. In the leading industrial sector subsurface management the economic regulation of mineral extraction is to a large extent dependent on the types of ownership of the subsoil and the taxation system. From the perspective of the regional mechanism, it has been noted that most countries establish compensation funds designed to offset the negative effects resulting from deposit exhaustion and closure. The scheme of the formation of such financial institutions for the Russian Arctic territories has been developed, which is economically justified and objectively necessary on social grounds. The study analyzes the current trends in the development of the Shelf of Arctic Seas, and reveals that "the sanctions" policy of the Western countries may influence the implementation of the respective mega-projects, but only in the medium term. It has been justified that amid the development of the Arctic Shelf industrial complexes are high-tech and science-based facilities able to be drivers of innovation dynamics at the national level. The conclusion that enhanced regional factors and program-target mechanisms in the development of the Arctic territories differentiated by living conditions, development level and the set objectives, contains certain novelty.

This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

Ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, a possibilidade de fusão entre a ZON e a Sonaecom tem sido alvo de especulação proveniente dos média, políticos e ambos os directores das empresas. Esta dissertação consiste num caso prático sobre uma eventual fusão entre estas duas empresas portuguesas do sector de telecomunicações O enquadramento teórico foi definido em relação a este tema, monstrando como as empresas envolvidas serão financeiramente avaliadas, assim como a teoria associada a um processo de fusão. Uma análise detalhada sobre a dinâmica do sector das telecomunicações em Portugal foi realizada (incluindo uma análise histórica e as novas tendências em termos de concorrência, clientes e tecnologia), demonstrando como a situação actual indicia uma boa oportunidade para a consolidação, o que é igualmente suportado pelas últimas mudanças na estrutura de accionistas da ZON e Sonaecom. De forma a avaliar correctamente as empresas envolvidas, foi realizada uma avaliação por múltiplos permitindo uma visão comparativa com empresas do sector na Europa, e posteriormente foi aplicado o método Discounted Cash Flow (mais especificamente o Free Cash Flow to the Firm) para uma análise mais detalhada sobre as duas empresas. Após a avaliação individual das empresas, é verificado que um eventual acordo seria financeiramente recompensador para os accionistas de ambas as empresas, através do cálculo do valor da nova empresa e das sinergias provenientes da operação. Finalmente, é concebido o processo de uma aquisição por Consolidação; a proposta justa por troca de acções é demonstrada, assim como a resultante estrutura de accionistas da empresa criada. ; Over the last five years, a possible deal between Zon and Sonaecom has being target of speculation from the media, opinion makers, politicians and both companies' executives. This research consists in a practical case over an eventual merger between these two Portuguese telecom companies. The theoretical framework was defined regarding this topic, elucidating how both companies would be financial evaluated, as well as the theory behind a merger process appraisal. A detailed analysis over the Portuguese telecom market dynamics was made (including prior and actual trends of the competition, clients and technology); illustrating as the current situation indicates a good opportunity for consolidation, which is also supported by the last events regarding the capital structures of ZON and Sonaecom. In order to properly evaluate the firms involved, it was applied a relative valuation for a comparative analysis over other telecom companies in Europe, and then the Discounted Cash Flow method (more specifically the Free Cash Flow to the Firm) for a more detailed assessment of the enterprises under valuation. After the individual valuation of the firms, it was verified that a possible deal would financially compensate the shareholders of both companies, through the achievement of the hypothetic new firm value and synergies from the operation. Finally, the process of an acquisition by the Consolidation type approach is devised; the fair share exchange proposal is delivered as well as the resulting shareholders' structure of the new created company.

"Academic spin-offs have received increasing attention in discussions about science and innovation policy and in research. Most of the attention has been focused on determining the conditions for fostering spin-offs, but this paper shifts the focus back to the potential repercussions for academic institutions. These may result from the involvement of researchers in spin-off processes and from incentives aimed at supporting spin-off activities. In a first step, the paper develops a conceptual framework with which to analyse repercussions that result from the interaction between policy measures for supporting spin-offs and structural features of national science systems. Policy measures and structural aspects of the science systems influence the ways spin-offs and their parent institutions interact. As patterns of linkages differ, so too may their impacts on academic institutions. Secondly, based on secondary analysis of comparative studies, we develop a number of hypotheses as to which repercussions on academic institutions may be expected in a number of European countries. The paper concludes by proposing implications for policy as well as for further research." (author's abstract)

Goal. The article reveals the importance of innovative ideas I.V. Vernadsky on the history of economic thought and political economy. Two main directions of development of economic science are defined: positive and negative. The main theoretical problems of formation of political economy as a science, place in the system of economic sciences, unity and difference of components of political economy are analyzed. The fruitful activity of I.V. Vernadsky in the organization of science at Kiev University of St. Vladimir. Method. To achieve this goal used a wide range of general and special methods of scientific knowledge: scientific abstraction, deduction, analysis and synthesis to determine the ideological and theoretical sources I.V. Vernadsky as a supporter of historical and comparative analysis of various economic and theoretical schools, some provisions and hypotheses expressed by their representatives. Results. The article systematically and comprehensively analyzes in historical-evolutionary, ideological-philosophical, theoretical and practical contexts economic and political views of I.V. Vernadsky. It is argued that the scientist carried out scientific research and development in various fields of economics and was unique and original, but the vast majority of his works are devoted to political economy. It is revealed that in his political and economic views I.V. Vernadsky was mainly in the position of classical political economy, especially the English classics. Scientific novelty. It is theoretically substantiated that the most important political, economic and methodological imperatives of I.V. Vernadsky is a comparative analysis and opposition of bourgeois relations to pre-bourgeois. He believed that political economy was a science that discovered "natural laws" and helped pave the way for their implementation. Practical significance. The formulated and proposed results and practical conclusions of the article are that I.V. Vernadsky in his research and publications advocated the free development of all spheres of the economy. This approach was and is inherent in classical political economy. He focused the classical economic theory on the identification and study of the most fundamental and significant foundations of economic life of society, the laws that determine the functioning and development of the economy. ; Мета. У статті розкривається значення новаторських ідей І.В. Вернадського з історії економічної думки і політичної економії. Визначено два основні напрями розвитку економічної науки: позитивний і негативний. Проаналізовано основні теоретичні проблеми становлення політичної економії як науки, місце в системі економічних наук, єдність і відмінність складових політичної економії. Показано плідна діяльність І.В. Вернадського в організаціі науки в Київському університеті Св. Володимира. Методика. Для досягнення поставленої мети використано широкий спектр загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів наукового пізнання: наукового абстрагування, дедукції, аналізу та синтезу для визначення ідейно-теоретичних джерел І.В. Вернадського як прибічника історично-порівняльного аналізу різних економіко-теоретичних шкіл, окремих положень і гіпотез, висловлених їхніми представниками. Результати. У статті системно та комплексно проаналізовано в історико-еволюційному, ідейно-філософському, теоретичному та практичному контекстах економіко-політичні погляди І.В. Вернадського. Аргументовано, що вчений здійснював наукові розвідки та розробки на різних ділянках економічної науки і був у цьому унікальним і оригінальним, але переважна кількість його праць присвячена політичній економії. Виявлено, що у своїх політекономічних поглядах І.В. Вернадський стояв переважно на позиціях класичної політичної економії, передусім англійської класики. Наукова новизна. Теоретично обґрунтовано, що найвагомішими політико-економічними і методологічними імперативами І.В. Вернадського є порівняльний аналіз та протиставлення буржуазних відносин добуржуазним. Він вважав, що політична економія – це наука, що відкриває «природні закони» і допомагає прокласти шлях до їх здійснення. Практична значимість. Сформульовані та запропоновані результати та практичні висновки статті полягають у тому, що І.В. Вернадський у своїх дослідженнях і публікаціях відстоював вільний розвиток усіх сфер економіки. Такий підхід був і є властивим класичній політичній економії. Він орієнтував класичну економічну теорію на виявлення та дослідження найбільш фундаментальних і значимих основ економічної життєдіяльності суспільства, законів, що визначають функціонування та розвиток економіки.

The subject of the research is the development process of the state financial control in Russia. The research methodology consisted of a legalistic, analytical methods and a systematic approach. ; Elena Chernikova - Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russia ; Maxim Prokoshin - Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russia ; Elena Chernikova – Professor, Doctor of Law, Candidate of Economics. Head of Department of Legal Regulation of Economy and Finance Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Research topics: Financial Law, Comparative Law, Judicial Power & Legal Procedures. Author of more than 200 scientific publications in Russian and English. Member of Centre for Information and Research Organisation in Public Finance and Tax Law in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Member of International Association of Financial Law (Russia). ; Maxim Prokoshin – Candidate of Sciences, Docent of the Department of Legal Regulation of Economy and Finances Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Member of the Centre for Information and Research Organisation in the Public Finance and Tax Law in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Research topics: Tax law, Budget law, Business law, Comparative Law. Author of more than 43 scientific publications in Russian and English. ; Elena Chernikova: ec8064@mail.ru ; 36 ; 39 ; 12-13 ; Chernikova E., Vysotskaya O. (2010), Financial security as an element of the state national security system, "Law" no. 7. ; Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (Journals of Laws N 237). ; Federal Law of 19.07.2018 "On Amendments to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation" and Article 4 of the Federal Law "On Amendments to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and Recognizing Certain Provisions of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" (Journals of Laws N 222-FZ). ; The Budget Code of the Russian Federation of 31.08.1998 (Journals of Laws No. 145-FZ). ; Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15 April 2014, "On Approval of the State Program of the Russian Federation Management of Public Finances and Regulation of Financial Markets" (Journals of Laws No. 320). ; Resolution of the Third Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 8 of April 2015 (Journals of Laws No. 03АP-1240/15). ; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 30 December 2013 "On the Program for Improving the Efficiency of Managing Public (State and Municipal) Finances for the Period until 2018" (Journals of Laws No. 2593-p). ; Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 03.10.2018 "On Approval of the Standard for the Federal Treasury to Implement Internal State Financial Control" Verification of the provision from the federal budget of subsidies to federal budget and autonomous institutions and / or their use (Journals of Laws N 203n). ; Draft federal law "On Amendments to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation in terms of improving state (municipal) financial control, internal financial control and internal financial audit", adopted on 1 reading of 19.09.2018 (Journals of Laws N 493988-7). ; Official Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 29 December 2014, "On compensation for damage to a constituent entity of the Russian Federation caused by a violation of the budget legislation of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts regulating budget legal relations" (N 02-01-10 / 68389). ; Official Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 14 July 2014 "On the requirements contained in the orders of the bodies of state (municipal) financial control" (N 02-10-09 / 34216).

Today's environmental policy is a complex phenomenon which not only operates on the level of environmental protection, but also has to take into account economic and societal factors. Such interdisciplinarity requires developed theoretical and methodological instruments. There is a variety of scientific papers in Ukraine and abroad which focus on the problems of environmental policy, though most of the researchers tend to use general methodology of social sciences, economics or law, while Ukrainian political science still stands aside.The purpose of the article is to define a certain set of methods to be used for political analysis of environmental policy. Any public policy can be explored on different stages of its realisation: starting from agenda setting and strategy formulation and ending with monitoring and evaluation. This article investigates the methodology for assessing policy efficiency on the stage of implementation and evaluation (results assessment). Comparative (cross-national) analysis is taken as a general scientific approach, since it gives an opportunity to narrow down the subject of a research and investigate similarities and differences of certain political phenomena. While exploring environmental policy as a process, it could be expedient to combine comparative approach with certain empirical methods, such as event analysis, case study and document analysis. Thus, event analysis could be of help if the aim of the research is to define the stages of policy development and institutionalisation, see the connections between certain events in the past and the present and assess policy efficiency in historical context. In turn, case study is a perfect method when it comes to investigation of particular subjects or layers of environmental policy. For example, both the Kyoto protocol and the Aarhus convention are remarkable international agreements (being the basis of current environmental policy), and could be used as indicators for policy efficiency. The investigation of those documents implementation can show what the problems of policy implementation are; what the system of relations between economy and ecology is in a given country; how well the environmental democracy is developed in the society; what the roles of civil society, the government and judicial system are in the environmental decision-making, etc.Environmental policy has its own goals, and to define whether those are reached or not, the researcher might want to analyse policy results. If the welfare of people and the environment is the main purpose of environmental policy, then the parameters which define the condition of those should be explored. There are many different indicators which can be of use, several are considered in this article. Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is a complex indicator which includes economic, societal and health parameters. HDI is a mediated indicator, yet it shows what the population condition is in the country, and so whether the policy is effective or not. Environmental Performance Index is another relevant indicator which represents the general state of ecosystems and environment in a given country. Apart from the indexes mentioned, there is a set of indicators listed in the Strategy of National Environmental Policy of Ukraine (until the year 2030) which also might be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. ; Стаття являє собою спробу виділити певний комплекс методів, які можуть бути корисними для дослідження особливостей реалізації екологічної політики. Як рекомендації запропоновані такі підходи й методи: порівняльний підхід, івент-аналіз, кейс-стаді, аналіз документів та статистичних даних.