It is the objective of this analysis to examine the extent to which the organisation and practices in post independence elections in Kenya, particularly the 1979 and 1983 general elections in the case of Bondo and Gem constituencies in Siaya District, conform to the foregoing and similar views of modern politics. The idea is to ascertain the extend to which elections as an institution operate strictly in line with the modern values the British colonisers had intended should be part and parcel of the institution
The aim of this study is to assess the nature and magnitude of potential domestic sources of conflict and the conditions under which they might become salient, contributing to the acceleration of certain political trends which, in turn, may induce instability in the Gulf; the study looks first at the religious, social and economic factors of domestic instability, it then attempts to evaluate which policies could ameliorate or accentuate these states' vulnerabilities, it examines policy choices and the various types of mechanism open to governments in attempting to confront the prospect of internal challenges; the role of the existing political institutions is examined together with their ability to adapt by combining both the perpetuation of the status quo and apparent change. (DÜI-Sdt)
Geopolitische und geoökonomische Krisen häufen sich, die EU reagiert mit neuem Elan bei Handelsabkommen. Sie muss aber auch dringend die WTO-Reform voranbringen. (IP)
Ongoing nuclear modernization programs in Russia, China, and the USA have reopened longstanding debates among scholars concerning whether tailored nuclear weapons are likely to have destabilizing consequences for international security. Without data to adjudicate this debate, however, these discussions have remained entirely theoretical. In this article, we introduce an experimental wargaming platform, SIGNAL, to quantify the effect of tailored nuclear capabilities on the nuclear threshold in a simulated environment. We then compare these results with a survey experiment using scenarios related to military basing, cyber operations, and nuclear threats from the wargame environment. While the survey experiments suggest that the presence of tailored nuclear capabilities increases the likelihood of conflict escalation, this trend diminishes in the wargaming context. Across both data-generating processes, we find support for the proposition that lower-yield nuclear weapons are used as a substitute for their higher-yield counterparts. These results have consequences for recent and ongoing policy debates concerning strategic posture and the future of arms control. This work also makes methodological contributions to the design and application of experimental wargaming for social science research, particularly for scenarios where data are limited or non-existent.
Geopolitical and geoeconomic conflicts are mounting, and the EU is responding with renewed vigor in trade agreements. But it also urgently needs to move forward with World Trade Organization reform. (IPQ)
