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Few patented inventions challenge the traditional boundaries of the patent and antitrust laws like those that are capable of multiplying as they are used. These self-replicating technologies are embedded in our food, fortify our vaccines, and form the computer code upon which the information age is based. These inventions create an inherent conflict between patentees and their customers. The conflict arises because every customer could become competitors as the product replicates, potentially making every first sale the patentee's last. They also challenge how we think about fundamental issues of ownership as well as innovation and market competition, and make it necessary to identify what downstream uses are or should be permissible. This struggle culminated recently in the Supreme Court case of Bowman v. Monsanto. There, the Court had to determine what rights a farmer had over the genetically modified seeds he had bought. At the core of Bowman v. Monsanto was the scope of patent exhaustion, a judge-made doctrine designed to end the patent owner's control over downstream commerce once its patented goods or methods were sold. Monsanto had also been accused of monopolizing the market, leading to upward spiraling prices and a drought of seed varieties. The Article examines the patent and antitrust issues arising in agro-biotechnology, and analyzes their impact on other self-replicating technologies. In looking at patent issues, this Article first explains how courts can apply a technology neutral three-step test to distinguish between permissible "uses" and impermissible "making" of patented articles. Second, it explores the benefits of five alternatives to patent infringement as a means of appropriating returns to innovation, and explains why their limitations vindicate the Court's conclusion in Bowman v. Monsanto. Third, it discusses thorny matters left unresolved: inadvertent and "incidental" infringement, as well as the "conditional sale" doctrine. In looking at the antitrust issues, the Article first explains why the controversial essential facilities doctrine could prove to be a useful tool for courts to ensure adequate access to standard essential patents over traits like Roundup Ready. Second, it explains why Monsanto's win over Bowman may hold an unexpected promise of a better future for farmers as its customers. Third, it argues that legislation similar to Paragraph IV challenges under the Hatch-Waxman Act can serve to incentivize greater competition in agro-biotechnology and other fields of technology.

WOS: 000289972000001 ; PubMed ID: 21473763 ; Background: Health care workers' (HCWs) influenza vaccination attitude is known to be negative. The H1N1 epidemic had started in mid 2009 and made a peak in October-November in Turkey. A national vaccination campaign began on November 2(nd), 2009. Despite the diligent efforts of the Ministry of Health and NGOs, the attitudes of the media and politicians were mostly negative. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether HCWs' vaccination attitudes improved during the pandemic and to assess the related factors. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out at the largest university hospital of the Aegean Region-Turkey. A self-administered questionnaire with 12 structured questions was applied to 807 HCWs (sample coverage 91.3%) before the onset of the vaccination programme. Their final vaccination status was tracked one week afterwards, using immunization records. Factors influencing vaccination rates were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Among 807 participants, 363 (45.3%) were doctors and 293 (36.6%) nurses. A total of 153 (19.0%) had been vaccinated against seasonal influenza in the 2008-2009 season. Regarding H1N1 vaccination, 143 (17.7%) were willing to be vaccinated vs. 357 (44.2%) unwilling. The number of indecisive HCWs was 307 (38.0%) one week prior to vaccination. Only 53 (11.1%) stated that they would vaccinate their children. Possible side effects (78%, n = 519) and lack of comprehensive field evaluation before marketing (77%, n = 508) were the most common reasons underlying unwillingness or hesitation. Among the 749 staff whose vaccination status could be tracked, 228 (30.4%) actually received the H1N1 vaccine. Some of the 'decided' staff members had changed their mind one week later. Only 82 (60%) of those willing, 108 (37%) of those indecisive and 38 (12%) of those unwilling were vaccinated. Indecisive HCWs were significantly younger (p = 0.017). Females, nurses, and HCWs working in surgical departments were more likely to reject vaccination (p < 0.05). Doctors, HCWs working in medical departments, and HCWs previously vaccinated against seasonal influenza were more likely to accept vaccination (p < 0.05). Being younger than 50 and having been vaccinated in the previous season were important predictors of attitude towards pandemic influenza vaccination. Conclusions: Vaccination rates increased substantially in comparison to the previous influenza season. However, vaccination rates could have been even higher since hesitation to be vaccinated increased dramatically within one week (only 60% of those willing and the minority of those indecisive were finally vaccinated). We speculate that this may be connected with negative media at the time.

Abstract Background Health care workers' (HCWs) influenza vaccination attitude is known to be negative. The H1N1 epidemic had started in mid 2009 and made a peak in October-November in Turkey. A national vaccination campaign began on November 2 nd , 2009. Despite the diligent efforts of the Ministry of Health and NGOs, the attitudes of the media and politicians were mostly negative. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether HCWs' vaccination attitudes improved during the pandemic and to assess the related factors. Methods This cross-sectional survey was carried out at the largest university hospital of the Aegean Region-Turkey. A self-administered questionnaire with 12 structured questions was applied to 807 HCWs (sample coverage 91.3%) before the onset of the vaccination programme. Their final vaccination status was tracked one week afterwards, using immunization records. Factors influencing vaccination rates were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression. Results Among 807 participants, 363 (45.3%) were doctors and 293 (36.6%) nurses. A total of 153 (19.0%) had been vaccinated against seasonal influenza in the 2008-2009 season. Regarding H1N1 vaccination, 143 (17.7%) were willing to be vaccinated vs. 357 (44.2%) unwilling. The number of indecisive HCWs was 307 (38.0%) one week prior to vaccination. Only 53 (11.1%) stated that they would vaccinate their children. Possible side effects (78%, n = 519) and lack of comprehensive field evaluation before marketing (77%, n = 508) were the most common reasons underlying unwillingness or hesitation. Among the 749 staff whose vaccination status could be tracked, 228 (30.4%) actually received the H1N1 vaccine. Some of the 'decided' staff members had changed their mind one week later. Only 82 (60%) of those willing, 108 (37%) of those indecisive and 38 (12%) of those unwilling were vaccinated. Indecisive HCWs were significantly younger (p = 0.017). Females, nurses, and HCWs working in surgical departments were more likely to reject vaccination (p < 0.05). Doctors, HCWs working in medical departments, and HCWs previously vaccinated against seasonal influenza were more likely to accept vaccination (p < 0.05). Being younger than 50 and having been vaccinated in the previous season were important predictors of attitude towards pandemic influenza vaccination. Conclusions Vaccination rates increased substantially in comparison to the previous influenza season. However, vaccination rates could have been even higher since hesitation to be vaccinated increased dramatically within one week (only 60% of those willing and the minority of those indecisive were finally vaccinated). We speculate that this may be connected with negative media at the time.

Abstract Myxoma virus (MYXV) gained importance throughout the twentieth century because of the use of the highly virulent Standard Laboratory Strain (SLS) by the Australian government in the attempt to control the feral Australian population of Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) and the subsequent illegal release of MYXV in Europe. In the European rabbit, MYXV causes a disease with an exceedingly high mortality rate, named myxomatosis, which is passively transmitted by biting arthropod vectors. MYXV still has a great impact on European rabbit populations around the world. In contrast, only a single cutaneous lesion, restricted to the point of inoculation, is seen in its natural long-term host, the South-American Sylvilagus brasiliensis and the North-American S. Bachmani . Apart from being detrimental for European rabbits, however, MYXV has also become of interest in human medicine in the last two decades for two reasons. Firstly, due to the strong immune suppressing effects of certain MYXV proteins, several secreted virus-encoded immunomodulators (e.g. Serp-1) are being developed to treat systemic inflammatory syndromes such as cardiovascular disease in humans. Secondly, due to the inherent ability of MYXV to infect a broad spectrum of human cancer cells, the live virus is also being developed as an oncolytic virotherapeutic to treat human cancer. In this review, an update will be given on the current status of MYXV in rabbits as well as its potential in human medicine in the twenty-first century. Table of contents Abstract 1. The virus 2. History 3. Pathogenesis and disease symptoms 4. Immunomodulatory proteins of MYXV 4.1. MYXV proteins with anti-apoptotic functions 4.1.1. Inhibition of pro-apoptotic molecules 4.1.2. Inhibition by protein-protein interactions by ankyrin repeat viral proteins 4.1.3. Inhibition of apoptosis by enhancing the degradation of cellular proteins 4.1.4. Inhibition of apoptosis by blocking host Protein Kinase R (PKR) 4.2. MYXV proteins interfering with leukocyte chemotaxis 4.3. MYXV serpins that inhibit cellular pro-inflammatory or pro-apoptotic proteases 4.4. MYXV proteins that interfere with leukocyte activation 4.5. MYXV proteins with sequence similarity to HIV proteins 4.6. MYXV proteins with unknown immune function 5. Vaccination strategies against myxomatosis 5.1. Current MYXV vaccines 5.2. Vaccination campaigns to protect European rabbits in the wild 6. Applications of myxoma virus for human medicine 6.1. MYXV proteins as therapeutics for allograft vasculopathy and atherosclerosis 6.2. Applications for MYXV as a live oncolytic virus to treat cancer 7. Discussion and Conclusions 8. List of Abbreviations References Author Details Authors' contributions Competing interests Figure Legends Acknowledgements

In many developing countries with large rural populations and low rural electrification rates, most community health and education facilities lack access to electricity. For facilities in remote areas beyond reach of the national grid, photovoltaic's (PV) systems may offer the most practical and least-cost way to access electricity. A PV system uses predictable solar resources and has long been cost competitive with diesel generators and other alternatives. In off-grid rural primary schools and health dispensaries, for example, PV systems oftentimes are an appropriate way to run many low-power, high-value appliances and equipment, from lamps and vaccine refrigerators to water pumps, television sets, and computers. Thus, if the electricity grid is not expected to arrive in the near future or if diesel fuel is unavailable or too expensive, a PV system may offer the least-cost technology for providing electricity service. If this rapid assessment determines that PV is a viable option, it results in a brief concept for a possible project and the plan for its preparation. The project concept is discussed with stakeholders and independent specialists, including off-grid renewable energy specialists, and is adjusted as appropriate. The plan for project preparation takes into account an assessment of available information and activities to be undertaken during preparation to fill gaps and generate additional and improved data. The second phase of project development is the preparation of the PV implementation plan. This is accomplished with the assistance of several specialists, including a PV technical specialist, and involves working closely with lead organization managers and specialists, broad-based stakeholder consultations, and multiple iterations. The third phase of project development, procurements and contract management, involves securing firm financing commitments (including those for post-project recurrent costs), developing tender packages, tendering and contracting, and contract management. The fourth phase, long-term operation, is where too many projects fail. In summary, this toolkit is, at a minimum, a checklist of key issues to address in developing an institutional PV project. While it is not a technical manual, nor a substitute for using professional PV specialists to size, configure, and specify system and maintenance requirements, it offers practical operational guidance to assess, develop, and implement projects with PV systems in ways that enhance cost effective supply and sustainable post-project operations. The guidance offered herein demonstrates that the opportunities for effectively addressing the issues to establish the basis for sustainability are many.

Introduction: The influenza pandemics of the 20 th century, the SARS epidemic in 2002 / 03 and the growing number of human cases infected with the H5N1 avian infl uenza virus clearly demonstrate that the threat of new pandemics is very real. These events have intensifi ed pandemic prevention and control activities worldwide. " SARSControl " is a three-year project funded by the European Commission with the objective to aid European member states in the public health management of new emerging infections. This article summarises the main research results and recommendations arising from this project. Method: The reports and papers published in the SARSControl project form the basis of this article. In addition, a literature search for SARS and pandemic infl uenza was conducted and information on pandemic planning and management guidelines obtained from the WHO and EU websites. The project results are discussed in this context. Results: A lack of knowledge and delayed international communication resulted in the rapid spread of SARS, highlighting the importance of a global system for rapid and transparent information transfer. Epidemiological and economic modelling studies have shown that, in comparison to travel restrictions, applying intervention measures to interrupt local transmission within a country and investing into vaccine research and anti-viral stockpiling, is a more cost-eff ective and effi cient use of resources for the containment of pandemics. A study investigating the perceived threat associated with pandemics showed that the subjective risk perception of people varies among countries. This infl uences human behaviour and should hence be considered during risk communication and implementation of pandemic control measures. Discussion: The basic prerequistes of an effi cient pandemic management are operationalisable pandemic plans, subjected to regular exercises, backed by adequate resources and a sound health-care infrastructure. At international level cross-border co-operation and information exchange on infection control is the key to pandemic mitigation and containment. Strengthening surveillance systems at the international level, to allow the timely monitoring of infectious agents and outbreaks is essen tial. Transferring such outbreak information in real time into mathematical models and the resulting essential epidemiological information to policy makers would facilitate a more effi cient use of scarce resources. Involvement of the public in decisions regarding the implementation of restrictive control measures which often curtail individual liberty is necessary for the acceptance and ultimate success of pandemic control.

Background Schistosoma japonicum is a major public health concern in China, with over one million people infected and another 40 million living in areas at risk of infection. Unlike the disease caused by S. mansoni and S. haematobium, schistosomiasis japonica is a zoonosis, involving a number of different mammalian species as reservoir hosts. As a result of a number of published reports from China, it has long been considered that bovines, particularly water buffaloes, play a major role in human S. japonicum transmission there, and a drug-based intervention study (1998-2003) around the Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province provided proof of concept that water buffaloes are, indeed, major reservoirs of human infection in this setting. Methods and Findings In this study we incorporated recently obtained epidemiological information to model the steady-state S. japonicum transmission as well as the impact of the removal of S. japonicum transmission attributable to water buffaloes on human infection rates across six different endemic scenarios within three villages in the Dongting (Hunan) and Poyang (Jiangxi) lakes of southern China. Similar results were obtained for all scenarios. Steady-state S. japonicum infection rates remained constant and human prevalence and incidence were predicted to fall considerably over time. The model showed that the contribution of S. japonicum water buffalo transmission to human infection ranged from 39.1% to 99.1% and predicted that the removal of water buffalo transmission would reduce parasite reproductive rates below 1. This indicates that without the contribution of water buffaloes, S. japonicum transmission is interrupted and unsustainable. These scenarios are generalizable to other endemic villages in the lake and marshland areas of China where a similar cycle of snail infection and infection/reinfection of humans and bovines occurs. Conclusions Along with previous epidemiological data, our findings strongly support water buffaloes as an important component of the transmission cycle that affects humans in the lake and marshlands region of China, a feature which appears to differ from the situation prevalent in the Philippines where their contribution is less pronounced. Our conclusions underscore the rationale for removal, replacement or treatment of water buffaloes, and for the development and deployment of a transmission blocking buffalo vaccine against S. japonicum for this setting to achieve the goal of transmission control. The Chinese Government has recently commenced a new integrated national strategy to improve on existing approaches to control schistosomiasis in the lake and marshlands region by reducing bovines and humans as a source of S. japonicum infection to Oncomelania snails. ; Full Text

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a assistência à população com Aids no Brasil e a capacidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de prover intervenções para enfrentamento da epidemia e discutir a sustentabilidade da iniciativa brasileira de distribuição universal e gratuita dos anti-retrovirais. O trabalho considerou dados originais de uma pesquisa sobre a capacidade potencial de distribuição de uma futura vacina anti-HIV no Brasil, envolvendo 119 entrevistados. Nas abordagens da assistência hospitalar e da assistência farmacêutica foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS e do Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos do Programa Nacional de DST/Aids. Os resultados mostraram bom desempenho da política de distribuição de anti-retrovirais. Entretanto, o acesso ao tratamento de doenças oportunistas foi deficitário. Os valores pagos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde pelas internações por Aids mantiveram-se muito baixos, com valor médio em torno de R$700,00, em 2004. A assistência a pacientes com HIV/Aids no Brasil tem sido tratada como um direito do cidadão, com o respaldo de uma articulação efetiva entre as esferas de governo e a sociedade civil. Os desafios que se colocam atualmente dizem respeito ao monitoramento mais fino dos processos e resultados obtidos e à sustentabilidade da distribuição universal e gratuita de anti-retrovirais. ; This study was intended to assess care provided to those living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil and the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) capacity of delivering interventions to cope with the epidemic as well as to discuss the sustainability of the Brazilian initiative of providing universal free access to antiretrovirals (ARVs). Original data from a study comprising 119 respondents on the potential capacity of delivering a prospective HIV vaccine in Brazil was used. Inpatient and pharmaceutical care was based on data from the SUS Hospital Information System and Drug Logistics Management Systems of the National Program for STD/AIDS. The study results indicate good performance of the Brazilian ARV Access Program but access to treatment of opportunistic infections was, however, unsatisfactory. The rates covered by SUS for AIDS hospital admissions remained very low, on average around R$700 in 2004. Health care to HIV/AIDS patients has been considered a citizen's right strongly supported by an effective joint action of the Brazilian government and civil society. The current challenges are fine monitoring of processes and program results and ensuring sustainability of universal free ARV access.

Le projet vise à produire 2 millions de porcs charcutiers par an de plus au bout de 15 ans en 3 phases de 6, 4 et 5 ans en suivant l'amélioration technique de 10 000 petits producteurs environ. Au cours des deux premières phases, une sélection sera réalisée sur la race locale Mong Cai (croissance et épaisseur du lard dorsal), tout en produisant des reproducteurs par croisement à plusieurs voies permettant d'obtenir des porcs charcutiers pouvant être exportés (taux de muscles supérieur à 53 %, normes sanitaires . ). La 3e phase consistera à utiliser la lignée Mong Cai sélectionnée comme lignée femelle pour produire des porcs charcutiers en plus grande quantité (filières extensive et intensive) si le marché le permet. Ces animaux seront sélectionnés et multipliés dans 3 unités (une de 300 truies et deux de 500 truies) à la ferme de Than To de la Société Génétique de Than To (SGTT) puis dans 4 unités supplémentaires de 150 truies chacune. En plus de la diffusion des femelles Mong Cai améliorées pour les deux filières, cette ferme sélectionnera et multipliera des animaux de races Large White et Landrace. La SGTT créera également des centres d'insémination artificielle qui assureront la production de semences pour les élevages traditionnels, les étages de sélection, de multiplication et de production. La SGTT assurera la fourniture des verrats pour les CIA soit à partir de sa production soit en important de jeunes verrats. La Société de Production Porcine (SPP) sélectionnera les éleveurs partenaires, gérera le crédit, organisera l'appui et les conseils aux éleveurs assurés par les fabricants d'aliments du bétail et le service de vulgarisation. Elle approvisionnera les éleveurs en aliments, en intrants vétérinaires (vaccins autres que ceux de la liste A de l'OIE et médicaments) et organisera la commercialisation des porcs. La Société d'Abattage, Transformation et Commercialisation (SATEC) assurera l'abattage des porcs et leur mise en commercialisation. Les services vétérinaires seront responsables de la santé animale et de l'hygiène alimentaire. Un laboratoire d'analyses est nécessaire. La BVADR (Banque Vietnamienne Agricole pour le Développement Rural) assurera les prêts de campagne. La Compagnie Provinciale d'Elevage Porcin (CPEP) recevra le prêt accordé par l'AFD et pilotera le projet avec une cellule d'appui. Le besoin de financement du projet est évalué à 590 millions de FF pour la période de 15 ans dont 177,5 millions pour la première phase (2001-2006). Une partie de la production de porcs charcutiers doit être exportée, au moins 30 %, pour que la rentabilité du projet soit satisfaisante, ce qui oblige à produire des porcs de qualité.

Britnell, Richard and Hatcher, John (eds) Progress and problems in medieval EnglandCarpenter, Christine (ed) Kingsford's Stonor letters and papers, 1290‐1483Carlin, Martha Medieval SouthwarkGreenslade, M.W. (ed) The Victoria history of the county of Stafford. VII: Leek and the moorlandsSambrook, Pamela Country house brewing in England, 1500–1900Griffiths, Paul Youth and authority: formative experience in England, 1560–1640Daunton, Martin (ed) Charity, self interest and welfare in the English pastArmstrong, Alan (ed) The economy of Kent, 1640–1914Saville, Richard Bank of Scotland: a history, 1695–1995Sanderson, Elizabeth C. Women and work in eighteenth‐century EdinburghBrown, Kenneth D. The British toy industry: a history since 1700Panayi, Panikos German immigrants in Britain during the nineteenth century, 1815–1914Gray, Robert The factory question and industrial England, 1830–1860Kadish, Alon (ed) The corn laws: the formation of popular economics in BritainKirk, Neville (ed) Social class and Marxism: defences and challengesCherry, Steven Medical services and the hospitals in Britain, 1860–1939Perren, Richard Agriculture in depression, 1870–1940Glynn, Sean and Booth, Alan Modern Britain: an economic and social historyRoberts, Elizabeth Women and families: an oral history, 1940–1970Tranter, N.L. British population in the twentieth centuryCoopey, Richard and Woodward, Nicholas (eds) Britain in the 1970s: the troubled economyHoffman, Philip T. Growth in a traditional society: the French countryside, 1450–1815Heller, Henry Labour, science and technology in France, 1500–1620Johnson, Christopher H. The life and death of industrial Languedoc, 1700–1920Ferguson, Niall Paper and iron: Hamburg business and German politics in the era of inflation, 1897–1927Fontaine, Laurence History of pedlars in EuropeKagan, Richard L. and Parker, Geoffrey (eds) Spain, Europe and the Atlantic world: essays in honour of John H. ElliottMorawska, Ewa Insecure prosperity: small‐town Jews in industrial America, 1890–1940Galambos, L. and Sewell, J.E. Networks of innovation: vaccine development at Merck, Sharp and Dohme and Mulford, 1895–1995Clotfelter, Charles T. Buying the best: cost escalation in elite higher educationFagge, Roger Power, culture and conflict in the coalfields: West Virginia and south Wales, 1900–22Hart, Vivien Bound by our constitutionWinters, Jeffrey A. Power in motion: capital mobility and the Indonesian stateBeasley, W.G. Japan encounters the barbarian: Japanese travellers in America and EuropeSchwartz, Stuart B. (ed) Implicit understandings: observing, reporting, and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans and other peoples in the early modern eraPerkin, Harold, The third revolution: professional elites in the modern worldBraga de Macedo, J., Eichengreen, B. and Reis, J. Currency convertibility: the gold standard and beyondOfficer, Lawrence Between the dollar‐sterling gold points: rates, parity, and market behaviourIrwin, Douglas A. Against the tide: an intellectual history of free trade

The AgBiotech Bulletin Volume 2 Issue 1 January/February 1994 Published by AG-WEST BIOTECH INC. Code: NL94005 Size of Files: Text: 50K Graphics: No associated graphics files CONTENTS * Workshop on Regulatory Agbiotech In early 1993, the federal government adopted principals for a regulatory framework to be applied to Canadian agbiotech products. * Biostar Raises $10.9M Biostar Inc., a Saskatchewan company which specializes in the development of animal and human vaccines, has raised $10.9 million in equity. * Drug Research Institute Launched The Saskatchewan Drug Research Institute was officially launched on November 30th. The institute's primary role is to establish an active liaison between Saskatchewan drug researchers and the pharmaceutical industry. * Sask Ag Strategy Saskatchewan Agriculture has released its strategic framework document titled Agriculture 2000. The key to the approach is strategic partnerships whose purpose will be to develop a strong, sustainable ag and food industry. * New DNA Tracking The development of new biotechnology products could be accelerated by a new method of detecting specific sequences of bacterial DNA in soil and water samples. * Chicago Bylaw Repealed The Chicago ordinance which required special signage on genetically modified foods has been repealed by city council. * Biosafety The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has developed a network to address the need for standardized regulatory procedures for the release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. * BST Update The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved Bovine Somatotropin (BST) for commercial use. * ENVIRONMENT Strong Market for Bioremediation Microbes for Oil Spills Microbial Land Clean-Up Microbial Treatment for Paper Effluent * ISSUES IN EDUCATION Saskatchewan Science Centre Report Urges More Science IAEP Shows Cdn Performance Connaught Laboratories Introduces Students to Biotechnology Biotech Info Bank * SOURCES Seed Oil Issues HK-Can Business Association EC and US Regulations Compared Biotech Safety Report Code of Conduct Success Factors * NETWORK NOTES Saskatoon Champion City DowElanco CIB Roundtable Biofungicide J.V. Capital Company Accelerates Vitality Becomes Bioriginal Hoechst to be named AgrEvo FBCN Fund Set for SRC Transgenic Field Trials PGS Transgenic Plants Not More Invasive Biobased Diesel Booster AGC Revamps CDC Receives Grant New Flax Variety Calgene Inc. Shows Loss Jacques Canada Changes Name Limagrain Acquires BTI Saskatchewan Wheat Pool Venture AgroCultures Biotechnologies Launched NRC-PBI StressGen Gets License Agreement New Addition to Swine Centre New uses for Alfalfa * PEOPLE WATCH Cangene Allelix Biopharmaceuticals Inc. Pfizer Consumer Health Care Group Sask. Environment and Resource Management PGS New Federal Cabinet Members SRC Appointments Saskatoon Prairieland Exhibition ILCA AgriCapital Corporation

Nov. 8, 2005 24 pgs NDP passing bill to freeze Ontario tuition fees until 2007; new Madonna album creating controversy in Israel; the candidates for the Glendon elections are interviewed; Pro-Tem gets to know mathematics Professor Mario Roy; criticizing university professors; the best of the Queen West area; the Chicago White Sox win World Series, ending an eighty-eight year drought. Contributers: Marisa Baratta, Brett Ballanger, Lisa Chan, Celine Castonguay, Crystal Colussi, Liana Cross, Robert Deakos, Darryl Guerrero, Desmond Devoy, Dave Leavitt, Kyla Jones, Renee Khargie, Pierro Marinatos, Jona Rhica Mejico, Andrea Palichuk, Loic Ransom, Stefan Ravelli, Ashwini Sukumaran, Patrick John Tomlinson, Pier-B Tremblay, Marie-Eve Truchon, Jean-Louis Voyer, Ken Yam. Editor in Chief: Ashley Beaulac Assistant Editor: Tia Brazda News: Christina Sibian Campus Life: Ashley Jestin Health and Wellness: Ashley Beaulac World Politics: Robert Zanfir French/Arts and Culture: Paula Anastasiade Metropolis: Tia Brazda Creative Writing: Kristjanna Grimmelt Opinions: Lourdes Villamor Sports: Ammar Jamil Entertainment: Ashley Beaulac Odds and Ends: Jennifer Capano Web Developer: Christina Ratis Design: Jennifer Rong, Khushnam Polad Photographer: Angelique Lazarus Article titles: "Connecting the head to the heart" Letter to the editor: International confusion We asked you: what do you look for in a professor and what particular aspects define a "good professor?" The plame game Ontario NDP aim to legislate tuition freeze BC teacher's strike: a failure to compromise The real flu threat Madonna vs. Kabbalist Rabbis Big pipe plan violates the Oak Ridges Conservation Act The sky is falling Political crisis: how Gomery's report could affect the Canadian Political climate Dossier special: souverainete Glendon elections 2005 Events York strike averted, tentative agreements met A screamin' good time GCSU in action Club profile: Glendon Christian Fellowship President of Glendon Liberals resigns Getting to know.Professor Mario Roy Glendon students deserve an anti-calendar The evolution of a Professor: from year one and beyond What to expect from an anti-calendar Writer's craft Queen Street: the crown of Toronto True style unleashed Tu reves de vivre tes 5 minutes de gloire? Come play at Steve's music store A mennonite in Limbo House od D has Windows to the Soul Rejoignez le coin-culture en novembre. Pow-pow, t'es mort! Reggaeton taking over Mercury found in flu vaccine Bottled oxygen: placebo or performance-enhancer? Sox end drought Death of superman Intramural sports update! A peace of history The blunt truth: study shows marijuana increases new brain cell growth Dear Ely Horoscopes Words 4 Nerds Comics

Glycosylation of host and viral proteins is an important posttranslational modification needed to ensure correct function of glycoproteins. For this reason, we asked whether inhibition of O-glycosylation during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro replication could affect HIV infectivity and replication rates. We used benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranoside (BAGN), a compound that has been widely used to inhibit O-glycosylation in several cell lines. Pretreatment and culture of PHA-blast target cells with BAGN increased the percentage of HIV-infected cells (7.6-fold, p = 0.0115), the per-cell amount of HIV p24 protein (1.3-fold, p = 0.2475), and the viral particles in culture supernatants (7.1-fold, p = 0.0029) compared to BAGN-free cultures. Initiating infection with virus previously grown in the presence of BAGN further increased percentage of infected cells (30-fold, p < 0.0001), intracellular p24 (1.5-fold, p = 0.0433), and secreted viral particles (74-fold, p < 0.0001). BAGN-treated target cells showed less CD25 and CCR5 expression, but increased HLA-DR surface expression, which positively correlated with the number of infected cells. Importantly, BAGN improved viral outgrowth kinetics in 66% of the samples tested, including samples from HIV controllers and subjects in whom no virus could be expanded in the absence of BAGN. Sequencing of the isolated virus indicated no skewing of viral quasi-species populations when compared to BAGN-free culture conditions. BAGN also increased virus production in the ACH2 latency model when used together with latency-reversing agents. Taken together, our results identify BAGN treatment as a simple strategy to improve viral outgrowth in vitro and may provide novel insights into host restriction mechanisms and O-glycosylation-related therapeutic targets for HIV control strategies. ; The present study was supported by grant PI12/00529 (AO) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-financed by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) "Una manera de hacer Europa" and funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant European AIDS Vaccine Initiative 2020 (EAVI2020) #GA681137 (CB). JM and AM were supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER grant no. SAF2016-75505-R (AEI/MINEICO/FEDER, UE). CB and AM are senior ICREA research professors. The HIVACAT program, Foundation Dormeur, Vaduz (Liechtenstein), and an unrestricted gift by Rafael Punter, Barcelona (Spain) and the Gala SIDA 2014-2016, further supported the work.

[Past annual reviews: 2020, 2019 & '18, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, and 2004.]Off the blog:The biggest development for me was joining utilitarianism.net as lead editor.  I then completed their chapters on population ethics and theories of well-being, and wrote a new chapter outlining some basic arguments for utilitarianism.  More to come soon!For more traditional academic publications:* Parfit's Ethics appeared in print with Cambridge University Press. (Summary here.)* 'Pandemic Ethics and Status Quo Risk' (summarized here) was accepted by Public Health Ethics.* 'Negative Utility Monsters' was published in Utilitas.I'm also pretty excited about various works-in-progress that are currently under review, especially my new paradox of deontology...Blog posts:Normative Ethics* The Cost of Contraints -- sets out the core of my "new paradox of deontology".  Further developed in Preferring to Act Wrongly, Why Constraints are Agent Neutral, and Discounting Illicit Benefits.* The Most Important Thing in the World -- is plausibly the trajectory of the long-term future.* The Paralysis of Deontology* Three Dogmas of Utilitarianism -- (i) Confusing value with what's valuable; (ii) Neglecting fittingness; and (iii) Treating all interests as innocent.* Agency as a Force for Good -- and the appeal of consequentialism.* Learning from Lucifer -- If Satan would be a consequentialist, should the good guys be likewise (just, you know, with better goals)?  Or is there a deeper asymmetry between right and wrong?* Tendentious Terminology in Ethics -- against common uses of "mere means" and "separateness of persons" talk.* Is Effective Altruism Inherent Utilitarian?  I suggest not.  There's a weaker normative principle in the vicinity, potentially shareable by any other sensible view, which should be difficult to deny. In a later post, I call this: Beneficentrism: The view that promoting the general welfare is deeply important.* Consequentialism's Central Concept may be importance rather than rightness.* What's at Stake in the Objective/Subjective Wrongness Debate? Seems terminological.  Appeal to "what a morally conscientious agent would be concerned about" doesn't help, because (my Moral Stunting Objection shows) a morally conscientious agent wouldn't be concerned about right or wrong per se.Welfare and Population Ethics* Is Conscientious Sadism still bad?* Is Objective List Theory "Spooky"?* Parsimony in Theories of Welfare -- is it really a relevant consideration at all?* The Limits of Defective Character Solutions -- and why they don't help with the non-identity problem.* Stable Actualism and Asymmetries of Regret -- actualist partiality is defensible once you subtract the possibility of elusive permissions.Pandemic Ethics* Lessons from the Pandemic: blocking innovation is bad.* The Risk of Excessive Conservatism.  See also Pandemic Paralysis and JCVI endorses Status Quo Bias.* Epistemic Calibration Bias and Blame Aversion -- we're often too scared of being wrong, and not sufficiently attuned to the risks of failing to be right (e.g. by instead remaining non-committal) when it matters.* There's No Such Thing as "Following the Science" -- normative principles are needed to bridge the is/ought gap.  Better slogan: Follow Decision Theory!* Appeasing Anti-Vaxxers -- and why it's wrong.* The Ethics of Off-Label Vaccinations for Kids* Imagining an Alternative Pandemic Response -- with vaccine challenge trials, targeted immunity via variolation, and immunity passports to spare many (e.g. healthy young people) from lockdowns.* The Indefensibility of Post-Vaccine LockdownsApplied Ethics* Companies, Cities, and Carbon -- blaming large corporations for proportionately large carbon emissions makes no more sense than blaming large cities. * Five Fallacies of Collective Harm -- Critiquing the five main reasons why people falsely believe that collective difference-making doesn't require individual difference-making.* The Absurdity of "Undue Inducement" argues that there's no in-principle basis for objecting to monetary incentives to (e.g.) research participants.  If concerned that an offer might be exploitative, the solution is to pay more, not less.* Against Anti-Beneficent Paternalism - as a general rule, we shouldn't prevent people from doing good (even if we aren't entirely certain of the quality of their understanding or consent).* Puzzling Conditional Obligations -- if positively good to comply with, then you ought to have unconditional reason to get yourself into position to meet the putative obligation.Metaethics* The Parochialism of Metaethical Naturalism - the basic moral facts should not differ depending on our location in modal space (i.e. which world is actual).  But synthetic metaethical naturalism, with its 2-D semantic asymmetry, violates this principle.* Ruling out Helium-Maximizing -- without giving up robust realism. * Why Belief is No Game - pragmatists (like Maguire & Woods) are wrong about what people are rationally criticizable for, and hence wrong about what reasons there are.Other* Philosophical Pluralism and Modest Dogmatism - On why we should welcome philosophical dissensus.* Querying vs Dismissive Objections - are you aiming to create a dialectical opening (to which you'd like to hear a response), or simply shutting things down?  When is the latter appropriate?* Commonsense Epiphenomenalism - could the view be less weird than everyone tends to assume?* Helen interviewed on Idealism -- including why Idealism might warrant up to 30% credence.* New Blogs of Note -- three recommendations.* Zach Barnett's guest post on 'Meeting Taurek's Challenge'.* Philosophy Spotlight posts from Eden Lin, Jess Flanigan, and Hrishikesh Joshi.  I'm still waiting for other blogs to join in!Happy New Year!

ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on the precursors to cervical cancer and its risk factors. Methodology: reflective study based on literature review. Results: during the course of the study, initially the general characteristics of the uterus and precursor lesions for cancer of the uterine cervix, and methods used for diagnosis were initially addressed. Conclusion: based on the acquired knowledge, preventative measures directed to such patients can be adopted to improve the care in the referenced service, serving as a support for government and organizational policies. Despite all existing scientific and technological knowledge, such as the cancer colposcopy, HPV-DNA research and, more recently, vaccines against HPV, which allows the timely diagnosis and treatment, the main challenge, remains how to give people access to technology available to reduce morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer. Descriptors: The Cervix; Neoplasms of the Cervix; Risk Factors. RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre as lesões precursoras para o câncer do colo uterino e seus fatores de risco. Metodologia: estudo reflexivo baseado em revisão de literatura. Resultados: ao longo do estudo foram abordadas inicialmente as características gerais do útero e lesões precursoras para o câncer de colo uterino, e posteriormente métodos utilizados para diagnóstico. Conclusão: com base no conhecimento adquirido, medidas preventivas direcionadas a essas pacientes poderão ser adotadas para aperfeiçoar o atendimento no serviço referenciado, servindo de subsídios para políticas governamentais e organizacionais. Apesar de todo conhecimento científico e tecnológico existente, como a colpocitologia oncológica, a colposcopia, a pesquisa do DNA-HPV e, mais recentemente, as vacinas contra o HPV, que permite o diagnóstico e tratamento em tempo hábil, o principal desafio permanece em como dar às pessoas acesso à tecnologia disponível para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade por câncer do colo uterino. Descritores: Colo do Útero; Neoplasias do Colo do Útero; Fatores de Risco. RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre los precursores de cáncer cervical y su riesgo factores. Metodología: estudio reflexivo basado en la revisión de la literatura. Resultados: durante el estudio fueron inicialmente dirigidas a las características generales de las lesiones del útero y precursor de cáncer de cuello uterino y métodos utilizados para el diagnóstico. Conclusión: se basa en los conocimientos adquiridos, pueden adoptarse medidas preventivas dirigidas a estos pacientes para mejorar la atención en el servicio de referencia, que sirve como soporte para las políticas del gobierno y de organización. A pesar de todos los conocimientos científicos y tecnológicos, como la colpocitologia cáncer, colposcopia, investigación de DNA de HPV y, más recientemente, las vacunas contra el VPH, que permite el diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento, los restos del principal desafío cómo darles acceso a la tecnología disponible para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad de cáncer de cuello uterino. Descriptores: Cuello Uterino; Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino; Factores de Riesgo. ; RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre as lesões precursoras para o câncer do colo uterino e seus fatores de risco. Metodologia: estudo reflexivo baseado em revisão de literatura. Resultados: ao longo do estudo foram abordadas inicialmente as características gerais do útero e lesões precursoras para o câncer de colo uterino, e posteriormente métodos utilizados para diagnóstico. Conclusão: com base no conhecimento adquirido, medidas preventivas direcionadas a essas pacientes poderão ser adotadas para aperfeiçoar o atendimento no serviço referenciado, servindo de subsídios para políticas governamentais e organizacionais. Apesar de todo conhecimento científico e tecnológico existente, como a colpocitologia oncológica, a colposcopia, a pesquisa do DNA-HPV e, mais recentemente, as vacinas contra o HPV, que permite o diagnóstico e tratamento em tempo hábil, o principal desafio permanece em como dar às pessoas acesso à tecnologia disponível para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade por câncer do colo uterino. Descritores: Colo do Útero; Neoplasias do Colo do Útero; Fatores de Risco. ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on the precursors to cervical cancer and its risk factors. Methodology: reflective study based on literature review. Results: during the course of the study, initially the general characteristics of the uterus and precursor lesions for cancer of the uterine cervix, and methods used for diagnosis were initially addressed. Conclusion: based on the acquired knowledge, preventative measures directed to such patients can be adopted to improve the care in the referenced service, serving as a support for government and organizational policies. Despite all existing scientific and technological knowledge, such as the cancer colposcopy, HPV-DNA research and, more recently, vaccines against HPV, which allows the timely diagnosis and treatment, the main challenge, remains how to give people access to technology available to reduce morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer. Descriptors: The Cervix; Neoplasms of the Cervix; Risk Factors. RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre los precursores de cáncer cervical y su riesgo factores. Metodología: estudio reflexivo basado en la revisión de la literatura. Resultados: durante el estudio fueron inicialmente dirigidas a las características generales de las lesiones del útero y precursor de cáncer de cuello uterino y métodos utilizados para el diagnóstico. Conclusión: se basa en los conocimientos adquiridos, pueden adoptarse medidas preventivas dirigidas a estos pacientes para mejorar la atención en el servicio de referencia, que sirve como soporte para las políticas del gobierno y de organización. A pesar de todos los conocimientos científicos y tecnológicos, como la colpocitologia cáncer, colposcopia, investigación de DNA de HPV y, más recientemente, las vacunas contra el VPH, que permite el diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento, los restos del principal desafío cómo darles acceso a la tecnología disponible para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad de cáncer de cuello uterino. Descriptores: Cuello Uterino; Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino; Factores de Riesgo.