Suchergebnisse

PurposeThis paper sets out to describe the experiences of the Hungarian Trade Unions as they adapted to the political and economic changes of the post‐communist period. The paper lucidly explains how and why the trade union movement in Hungary made the transition from being a major player in every aspect of political, economic and social life in the old regime, to being a mere shadow of its former self in the early.Design/methodology/approachThe author paints a vivid picture of "how" and "why" the trade unions were perceived in the "golden age of Socialism". He then explains why dissatisfaction and disillusionment of the workers grew as living standards and real income declined and Western Capitalism became more attractive. After the initial aphorism following the overthrow of communism, the Author analyses why many Hungarian workers by the late 90s yearned for a return to the securities and paternalism of the Kádár era.FindingsThis Paper systematically traces the steps from Socialism to Capitalism in Hungary and the impact this had on organized labour. The author notes the paradox that at exactly the time that trade unions were rationalizing and merging into mega trade unions in the West, the newly freed trade union movement in Hungary and elsewhere in the CEE countries fragmentized and formed a multitude of small unions many of which would fold in months rather than years. The point is made that the transition to a neo‐liberal economic and political system led almost immediately in Hungary to falling standard of living and rising job insecurity.Research limitations/implicationsThe account given in this paper of the changing nature of employee relations in Hungary spanning the communist and post‐communist periods provides researchers with a sound base to explore further the paradoxes to which the author has referred.Originality/valueThis paper provides a welcome, human account of what the changes and their consequences were for ordinary working people and their families and – most important – what they meant for organized labour in terms of its ability to enhance working peoples quality of life in Hungary.

In the United States black women have for decades been twice as likely as white women to give birth to babies of low birth weight who are at elevated risk for developmental disabilities. Does the black-white disparity in low birth weight contribute to the racial disparity in readiness?

The author summarizes the cognitive and behavioral problems that beset many low birth weight children and notes that not only are the problems greatest for the smallest babies, but black babies are two to three times as likely as whites to be very small. Nevertheless, the racial disparities in low birth weight cannot explain much of the aggregate gap in readiness because the most serious birth weight-related disabilities affect a very small share of children. The author estimates that low birth weight explains at most 3-4 percent of the racial gap in IQ scores.

The author applauds the post-1980 expansions of Medicaid for increasing rates of prenatal care use among poor pregnant women but stresses that standard prenatal medical care cannot improve aggregate birth outcomes substantially. Smoking cessation and nutrition are two prenatal interventions that show promise. Several early intervention programs have been shown to improve cognitive skills of low birth weight children. But even the most promising programs can narrow the readiness gap only a little because their benefits are greatest for heavier low birth weight children and because low birth weight explains only a small share of the gap.

The author stresses the importance of reducing rates of low birth weight generally and of extending to all children who need them the interventions that have improved cognitive outcomes among low birth weight children. But because black infants are more likely to be born at the lowest birth weights, preventing low birth weight—when researchers learn how to—is likely to be more effective than early intervention in narrowing birth weight-related racial gaps in school readiness.

The article examines three significant aspects of discourse analysis: the production of scientific knowledge, power-relations, and the modern subject. The author gives a brief definition of these terms from a Foucauldian perspective and outlines the advantages of discourse analysis compared to other historical methods and theories (such as the history of ideas, classical social history, and ideological criticism). As the author points out, discourse analysis allows for the conceptualization of fiction and reality, theory and practice, culture and politics in a more integrated fashion than the other, above-mentioned approaches. Special emphasis is placed on the need to integrate the subject – with its own forms of physical, emotional, and psychological self-perception and self-expression – into discourse analysis. In addition to this theoretical discussion, the article includes a detailed analysis of male-bonding discourses in the German Empire, which provide a useful example of how discourse analysis can fully integrate the dimensions of knowledge, power and the subject. ; The article examines three significant aspects of discourse analysis: the production of scientific knowledge, power-relations, and the modern subject. The author gives a brief definition of these terms from a Foucauldian perspective and outlines the advantages of discourse analysis compared to other historical methods and theories (such as the history of ideas, classical social history, and ideological criticism). As the author points out, discourse analysis allows for the conceptualization of fiction and reality, theory and practice, culture and politics in a more integrated fashion than the other, above-mentioned approaches. Special emphasis is placed on the need to integrate the subject – with its own forms of physical, emotional, and psychological self-perception and self-expression – into discourse analysis. In addition to this theoretical discussion, the article includes a detailed analysis of male-bonding discourses in the German Empire, which provide a useful example of how discourse analysis can fully integrate the dimensions of knowledge, power and the subject.

The author argues that, in economic models, consciousness — people's most treasured possession that makes life meaningful — is but subject to manipulation. The economic models of social development aim at satisfying individual needs, not at making consciousness work efficiently. Psychology as a science has failed because, unable to solve important problems, it broke into many contradictory views. There is no shared psychological theory that would explain how a person could show free will. Until it becomes clear how a person makes free choice, the words about freedom, responsibility and human rights will be merely a political declaration. Yet, the author claims, psychology has made progress in studying consciousness. It has been shown that consciousness is neither a reflection of reality nor an adaptation to it. The new understanding of consciousness brings about a new approach to the organisation of social processes. We need to create social institutes that would maintain people's ideas of themselves and of the world around them (which would make them happy) and correct misrepresentations. ; The author argues that, in economic models, consciousness — people's most treasured possession that makes life meaningful — is but subject to manipulation. The economic models of social development aim at satisfying individual needs, not at making consciousness work efficiently. Psychology as a science has failed because, unable to solve important problems, it broke into many contradictory views. There is no shared psychological theory that would explain how a person could show free will. Until it becomes clear how a person makes free choice, the words about freedom, responsibility and human rights will be merely a political declaration. Yet, the author claims, psychology has made progress in studying consciousness. It has been shown that consciousness is neither a reflection of reality nor an adaptation to it. The new understanding of consciousness brings about a new approach to the organisation of social processes. We need to create social institutes that would maintain people's ideas of themselves and of the world around them (which would make them happy) and correct misrepresentations.

The author starts this discussion with the statement that the idea about the so-called "new world order" represents nothing new in the history of imperialist West, implying the plundering and enslaving character of western civilization, in spite of its many achievements with lasting significance for the human race. Today, the West builds its power on the development of science and technology. Science became the most productive force of contemporary mankind which enabled an impetus for a through restructuring of the world, and along with it a thorough change of man?s existence on Earth. Today, in the misuse of science and technology, some states ? industrially and economically developed ? find an efficient means to realize their imperialist goals. In the first part of the paper, the author describes and interprets methods and procedures used by the imperialist West in its attempt to rearrange the world according to the clich? of its plundering dictation. The imperialist West applied all these methods and procedures in the disintegration of the state community of the Yugoslav nations which was known in the entire world and singled out as an example of a multinational and multicultural community. The second part of the paper is dedicated to that topic; there, the author describes the idea and the way of realization of the monstrous plan whose goal was to destroy our country as the only guarantee of the survival of our nation in these regions. The socalled International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia should be placed in this context to understand the real goal of its foundation and the manner of its work. The goal of its foundation was and is basically twofold: 1) to ensure at least a kind of illusionary legitimity of these lies for the world public and thus conceal the crimes these countries did to the Serbian nation and 2) to force the Serbian nation to accept the most shameful form of capitulation which directly leads to the state of its enslavement. At the end, the author draws necessary conclusions which stem from such policy of the imperialist West and warns to the possible tragic consequences for the entire freedom-loving mankind.

The author analyzes the direction that the European Union has taken after the Nice conference. In order to create an appropriate & transparent competency system for the European Union, the priority on today's agenda are the models borrowed from the constitutions of different federal states. The first model is the so-called dual federalism that evolved in the US. This model aspires to strictly separate the European competency & the member countries' competency. The second option has been provided by the German Fundamental Law (Constitution). According to this model, the European Union would be accorded competences in line with the systematics of the exclusive, competitive & comprehensive legislation. The author is of the opinion that this would lead to a sort of formal transparency but would not completely prevent the overlapping of the competences of the Union, its member countries & other territorial units. A special focus is given to the transparency & efficacy of the reform process. Also, it is emphasized that a coherent coordination of the horizontal & vertical reform of the competency system is called for. Regarding democracy, the author thinks there is no need for a new model of democracy, but a systematic revision of the existing system of decision making in the European Union. Besides, a genuine democratization would not set its sights solely on reforming institutional regulation, but also on strengthening the mediation bodies. This would improve the relations between the public & the parliaments of the nation-states & the federal units concerning European issues. This would go hand in hand with an expansion of European party organizations & a more efficient "Europeanization" of central associations & institutions for interest-promotion. And finally, the author looks into the traditional boundaries between the private & the public. The public sector would take over from private economy some established procedures or would completely hand over certain tasks. This would require well-defined criteria. Also, an efficient control by parliaments & government bodies is necessary as a guarantee of innovation & cost-effectiveness & as a protection against abuse. This might help to turn Europe into a place of unity & cooperative behavior. Adapted from the source document.

[ES] En este artículo se realiza un análisis del humor en las obras de Roald Dahl destinadas a los niños. Se trata cómo el autor galés realiza una sátira de la sociedad y la política. También se aborda su forma de rescribir los cuentos de hadas, parodiando los personajes clásicos y atribuyéndoles cualidades completamente opuestas a las que poseen en la versión original. Se apunta cómo el absurdo y el disparate son la base de multitud de episodios que suceden en su narrativa, así como las bromas referidas a la suciedad y funciones corporales, que tanto conectan con el sentido del humor infantil. En definitiva, se ha pretendido señalar aquellos recursos humorísticos que utiliza el autor para atraer la atención del lector infantil. ; [EN] The purpose of this paper is to analyse the humouristic element in Roald Dahl´s children literature. It is shown how the author writes a satire about society and politics. It is also seen his way of recreating fairy tales, doing a parody of classic characters and endowing them with qualities opposite to those they have in the original work. It is also seen how nonsense is the basis for many stories in his narrative and those jokes which are referred to dirt or body functions that connect so easily with children's sense of humour. An attempt is made in this article to show the humouristic elements that the author uses to attract the reader's attention. ; The purpose of this paper is to analyse the humouristic element in Roald Dahl´s children literature. It is shown how the author writes a satire about society and politics. It is also seen his way of recreating fairy tales, doing a parody of classic characters and endowing them with qualities opposite to those they have in the original work. It is also seen how nonsense is the basis for many stories in his narrative and those jokes which are referred to dirt or body functions that connect so easily with children's sense of humour. An attempt is made in this article to show the humouristic elements that the author uses to attract the reader's attention.

In the paper there is an attempt to select and describe the types of political consciousness represented in the Russian society. The 'type of consciousness' in this case is understood as some reproduced structures of consciousness serving to perceive and 'explain' the events of everyday life. A type of consciousness determines the 'framework' which comprises the perception of current events and through which these events are assessed. The author describes three analytically designed types of political consciousness, which can be conventionally defined as rational, mythological, and apolitical consciousness, different by the degree of interest in political problems, the logic of explanation of events, the mode of personal perception of own relationship with institutions of power, the State and society, and the subjective assessments of personal activity. Then, basing on an empirical material, the author carries out an analysis enabling to estimate the diffusion of these types of political consciousness in Russian society and to present social images of bearers of each type of consciousness. ; In the paper there is an attempt to select and describe the types of political consciousness represented in the Russian society. The 'type of consciousness' in this case is understood as some reproduced structures of consciousness serving to perceive and 'explain' the events of everyday life. A type of consciousness determines the 'framework' which comprises the perception of current events and through which these events are assessed. The author describes three analytically designed types of political consciousness, which can be conventionally defined as rational, mythological, and apolitical consciousness, different by the degree of interest in political problems, the logic of explanation of events, the mode of personal perception of own relationship with institutions of power, the State and society, and the subjective assessments of personal activity. Then, basing on an empirical material, the author carries out an analysis enabling to estimate the diffusion of these types of political consciousness in Russian society and to present social images of bearers of each type of consciousness.

Mass migration to urban areas constitutes the basic direct factor of the
decline in rural population of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th
century. Due to the characteristic migration patterns by age and sex, they
have had a substantial impact on the change in age structure of rural
population towards rapid demographic ageing. By inducing decline in
fertility and an increase in mortality, the newly formed age structure is
increasingly becoming one of the basic factors to further decline in
population, or even the major factor to rural depopulation in the majority
of regions. The paper analyzes changes in age structure of rural population
in the FR of Yugoslavia and across its republics and provinces during the
period from 1961 to 1991. The conditions prevailing during the last census
(1991) are particularly highlighted. The author points to distinct
differences in ageing of urban versus rural populations, and considerable
regional differences at the achieved level of demographic age. Based on the
main demographic age indicators (the share of five-year and larger age
groups, average age, ageing index and movement in major age-specific
contingents), the author concludes that the process of population ageing had
taken place in both rural and urban populations, but was more intensive in
villages (higher share of the aged, higher index of ageing and higher
average age) during the period under review. The author points to distinct
ageing of rural population in all republics and provinces. It was most
prominent in central Serbia and Vojvodina, while being quite slow in Kosovo
and Metohia and recorded mainly in between the last two censuses
(1981-1991). Likewise, Kosovo and Metohia constitute the only major region
of Yugoslavia in which rural population in 1991 is still demographically
younger than the population in urban settlements. Rural versus urban
population ageing was much more intensive in other major regions of the
country, both from the base and from the apex of the age pyramid. In view of
the minimal differences in fertility and mortality levels by type of
settlement (particularly in central Serbia and Vojvodina), the author argues
that the inherited age structure constitutes the main cause of rapid
acceleration in rural population ageing in low fertility regions.

The article describes how the system-crisis in Yugoslavia led to the first multi-party elections in the different republics and in its last consequence to the disintegration of the state. The Serbian communists around Slobodan Milosevic were the first to blame the other non-Serbian peoples for this crisis. This in turn fostered the election of nationalistic leaders in the other republics and finally resulted in war because of the incompatibility of the different national aspirations. The author also depicts the further political development in the different Yugoslav republics under the circumstances of nationalism, multi-party systems and the war. As an underlying reason for the disintegration of the multi-ethnic Yugoslav federation and the outburst of nationalist populism the author emphasizes, among other things, the existence of an atomized society, characterized by collective submissiveness during the communist and pre-communist era, the lack of urbanisation, of civil society structures and the total absence of Vergangenheitsbewältigung, a coming to terms with the past, mainly concerning the wide-spread massacres between 1941 and 1945. ; The article describes how the system-crisis in Yugoslavia led to the first multi-party elections in the different republics and in its last consequence to the disintegration of the state. The Serbian communists around Slobodan Milosevic were the first to blame the other non-Serbian peoples for this crisis. This in turn fostered the election of nationalistic leaders in the other republics and finally resulted in war because of the incompatibility of the different national aspirations. The author also depicts the further political development in the different Yugoslav republics under the circumstances of nationalism, multi-party systems and the war. As an underlying reason for the disintegration of the multi-ethnic Yugoslav federation and the outburst of nationalist populism the author emphasizes, among other things, the existence of an atomized society, characterized by collective submissiveness during the communist and pre-communist era, the lack of urbanisation, of civil society structures and the total absence of Vergangenheitsbewältigung, a coming to terms with the past, mainly concerning the wide-spread massacres between 1941 and 1945.

Radio Author, Theatre, Television, Cinema, Jean Cosmos (1923-2014) said in an interview in 1992 that he "learned on the job. Paradoxically, the profession is paralysed while liberating: we try less, but you are imprisoned in the experience of which self-censorship is the auxiliary constant. He worked with Jean Chatenet (1932-2017): "To two, there is osmosis, mutual trust. It is necessary to work on stories of 26 times 20 minutes, or 14 times 60 minutes. But I do not believe much in collective work; the Anglo-Saxons invented the 'script editor', which revises the texts, entrusts one or other of the parties; it is the author not initially, but at the end. For me, it is a work of technician, not creator.One of the virtues of television is the relationship to the real world, in the daily world, including through sport, the TV newspaper, which gives a soul of the characters of the news. I never embark without what is called "an idea". We need to attach to geographical, historical or professional realities. An example of the 'last five minutes', where professions are set up, which provide a decoration, give a man to a person, explain his psychology. But part of Western cinema is not concerned with the humble profession. Jean Cosmos was the author of adaptations: "The success shall be credited to the original; nozzle, due to the fault of the adaptor! We are attracted by the author, we have his universe in the first place, but we are also moving away from it. And original works: "Sometimes it took seven or ten years for the project to succeed. Television was unbeateable for appointments with long-lasting works, until the dictatorship of the audimat and the advertising masking. People have lost the sense of loyalty to heroes in a given history. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a fascination for television, of which a generation of directors became aware, claiming cultural responsibility, through work close to that of the teachers of the late nineteenth century; it was political (often in the movement of the Communist ...

Major Lepper examines an apparent irreconcilability between the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as reflected in the recent Dutch High Court decision of Short v. The Kingdom of the Netherlands. Staff Sergeant Short, a member of the United States Air Force, was charged with the murder of his wife. Under the SOFA, the Netherlands was obligated to surrender Short to the United States. It refused, basing its actions on its adherence to the ECHR and its concerns about the possible implementation of the death penalty in the United States. The ECHR prohibits the extradition of anyone facing "inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." Although the original ECHR did not prohibit capital punishment, a later amendment to the ECHR, the Sixth Protocol, does prohibit capital punishment. The Dutch High Court relied heavily on the European Court on Human Rights interpretation of the ECHR in the Soering case as the basis for its decision. The Dutch High Court agreed that the NATO SOFA required surrendering SSgt Short to the United States, but determined that the perceived conflict between the SOFA and the ECHR must be resolved by applying the ECHR. The author identifies flaws in the High Court's finding that the ECHR afforded protection for SSgt Short, a finding that created the conflict between the SOFA obligation to surrender the prisoner and the ECHR mandate to shield him from capital punishment. Citing European Court precedent and the Vienna Convention's conflicting treating rules, the author finds that the SOFA and the ECHR can be read consistently and suggests that renegotiation of the SOFA is neither necessary nor inevitable. The author next evaluates the Dutch position in Short. Because that position is grounded in the emerging jurisprudence of human rights, the author reviews Dutch human rights law and policy and the applicable portions of the ECHR. The assertion that international human rights laws supersede other international laws is analyzed in the context ...

The essay analyses the development of various Czech political parties as weil as their programmes within the political structure of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Habsburg Monarchy. The author argues that the emergence of political parties has to be seen in the context of the nationalist struggles within the monarchy, thus determining their structure as well as their ideology to a certain degree. He surveys the most important parties, or more specifically, the political camps developing in the Czech lands, beginning with the National Party, then the opposed groups of Social Democrats and Catholics, and the National-social and Agrarian camps. The number of parties increased especially after 1889 and, as a consequence, the political structure of the Czech nation was already very differentiated in 1907, the year of the first democratic general elections in the monarchy. The author concludes with five theses regarding the political culture in the Czech lands, in which - as in most other regions of the Habsburg state - the common nationalist element played an important role. ; The essay analyses the development of various Czech political parties as weil as their programmes within the political structure of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Habsburg Monarchy. The author argues that the emergence of political parties has to be seen in the context of the nationalist struggles within the monarchy, thus determining their structure as well as their ideology to a certain degree. He surveys the most important parties, or more specifically, the political camps developing in the Czech lands, beginning with the National Party, then the opposed groups of Social Democrats and Catholics, and the National-social and Agrarian camps. The number of parties increased especially after 1889 and, as a consequence, the political structure of the Czech nation was already very differentiated in 1907, the year of the first democratic general elections in the monarchy. The author concludes with five theses regarding the political culture in the Czech lands, in which - as in most other regions of the Habsburg state - the common nationalist element played an important role.

Starting from the idea that education is at the service of personal freedom, the author of this article explains and justifies the thesis that in order to form free persons, freedom of education is an indispensable condition. After identifying the concepts of education, freedom, and person, as well as the relationships that exist between the educactional process and the right to education, the author warns that the meaning of freedom and the acceptance of responsability are closely related to the concept which one holds of person and especially to the difference between considering the person as a beginning or as a result. If the human person is understood to be a starting principle, then implicitly we say that the person constitutes the free origin of all action, for which there is complete responsability. If, on the other hand, we consider man to be the result of, say, social, biological or technological factors, then neither freedom nor responsability can be attributed to him. The author then studies the Reductionist conceptions of education which are in vogue today. These are the Pragmatistic, Political and Criticistic approaches. He especially underlines the difficulties and obstacles that lie in the face of freedom of education, arising from the confusion between educative action and social or political action, a confusion that stems principally from Social Determinism. The author then underlines the points of friction that arise from different opinions and attitudes with respect to the distinct contents of the educational process and which are projected mainly in the field of the different interpretations given of culture as well as in the field of personal values, especially religious values. The action of the State can be effective in the field of technical affairs but it does not possess any legitimate capacity to impose a particular interpretation of culture or of the religious fact. For this reason, in the field of education the action of the State can only be a propelling and permitting force, or, ...

DIE OPERATIONEN DES JAHRES 1915 ; [3]. DIE EREIGNISSE IM WESTEN UND AUF DEM BALKAN VOM SOMMER BIS ZUM JAHRESSCHLUSS Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 (-) Die Operationen des Jahres 1915 ; [3]. Die Ereignisse im Westen und auf dem Balkan vom Sommer bis zum Jahresschluß (9. 1933) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([II]) Einführung zum neunten Bande. ([V]) Inhaltsverzeichnis. ([VII]) Abkürzungen. (XII) Karten und Skizzen. (XIII) I. Die militärische Lage Mitte September 1915. ([1]) II. Die Ereignisse auf dem westlichen kriegsschauplatz von Mitte August bis Ende Dezember 1915. ([6]) A. Die Ereignisse im Sommer 1915. ([6]) 1. Lage und Pläne der Westgegner im Sommer 1915. ([6]) 2. Dei deutsche Oberste Heeresleitung im August und September 1915 (bis zum 22. September). (17) 3. Die Vorgänge auf dem West-Kriegsschauplatze bis zum 22. September. (25) a) Im Artois. (25) b) In der Champagne. (30) c) Auf der übrigen Westfront. (38) B. Die Herbstschlacht im Artois und der Champagne. ([42]) 1. Die Einleitung der Schlacht (22. bis 24. September). ([42]) a) Im Artois. ([42]) b) In der Champagne. (46) 2. Die deutsche Oberste Heeresleitung bis zum Mittag des 25. September. (50) 3. Der 25. September. (53) a) Der Angriff im Artois. (53) b) Der Angriff in der Champagne. (60) c) Die Maßnahmen der Obersten Heeresleitung am Nachmittag des 25. September. (66) 4. Der 26. September. (68) a) Im Artois. (68) b) In der Champagne. (70) c) Die Oberste Heeresleitung. (72) 5. Der weitere Verlauf der Schlacht bis Ende September. (74) a) Im Artois. 27. bis 29. September [französisches III. u. XII. Korps, Liévin-Souchez]. (74) Auf deutscher Seite betrug die Beute der 6. Armee seit dem 21. September rund 3400 Gefangene und 23 Maschinengewehre, die gemeldeten Verluste an Offizieren 657, an Mannschaften rund 29000. Am stärksten hatten geblutet: (77) b) In der Champagne. (78) 27. September [General Castelnau, 2. und 4. Armee]. (78) 28. und 29. September [Souain - Somme Py]. (79) 6. Die Oberste Heeresleitung zu Beginn des Oktober. (81) 7. Neue Großangriffe im Oktober. (82) a) Die Artois-Front. (82) Die Kämpfe zwischen dem 30. September und 10. Oktober. (82) 30. September bis 7. Oktober [Artois, französisches IX. Korps, General Foch, General Joffre]. (82) 8. Oktober [IV. Armeekorps, 117. Infanterie-Division, 26. Reserve-Infanterie-Brigade, General Sixt von Armin]. (85) Großkampftage vom 11. bis 23. Oktober. (86) b) Die Champagne-Front. (89) Die Kämpfe zwischen dem 30. September und 5. Oktober. (89) Neue Großangriffe seit dem 6. Oktober. (93) 6. bis 8. Oktober [3. und 5. Armee, St. Souplet-Cernay en Dormois]. (93) 9. bis 14. Oktober [Generaloberst von Einem]. (96) 8. Die Lage der verbündeten Westgegener bei Abbruch der Offensive. (97) 9. Erfahrungen aus der Herbstschlacht. (99) C. Die Ereignisse bis zum Jahresschluß 1915. ([108]) 1. Die Vorgänge bei den übrigen Armeen bis Mitte Oktober. ([108]) 2. Die Neuordnung des Westheeres in der zweiten Hälfte des Oktober. (111) Am 20. Oktober erging folgender grundlegender Befehl an alle Armeen des Westens. (111) [Tabelle]: Die durch Befehl vom 20. Oktober 1915 bereitgestellten Heeresreserven. (112) 3. Die Vorgänge von Mitte Oktober bis zum Jahresschluß. (113) 4. Armee. (113) 6., 2. und 7. Armee. (114) 3. Armee. (116) 5. Armee. (122) Armee-Abteilung Gaede. (123) 4. Die Lage der verbündeten Westgegner am Jahresschluß 1915 (124) 5. Die Oberste Heeresleitung im November und Dezember 1915. (128) Der Verteilungsplan zählte die nachstehenden Heeresreserven auf, deren Bereitstellung zum Teil noch nicht durchgeführt war: (132) West-Kriegsschauplatz. Außerdem im Bereiche der Heeresgruppe Mackensen: (132) Die Heeresartillerie-Reserve zu sofortiger Verfügung umfaßt um diese Zeit auf dem West-Kriegsschauplatze: (132) III. Der Krieg auf dem Balkan und in Vorderasien vom Sommer 1914 bis zur Jahreswende 1915/16. ([134]) A. Die Entwicklung der politischen und militärischen Lage bis zum September 1915. ([134]) 1. Der Balkan bei Beginn des Weltkrieges und die Ereignisse bis Mitte September 1914. ([134]) Bis Sommer 1914. ([134]) Juli 1914. (137) Juli/August 1914. (137) August 1914 [Feldzeugmeister Potiorek]. (140) Bis Mitte September 1914 [Potiorek]. (141) 2. Die Ereignisse von Mitte September bis Dezember 1914. (141) Mitte September 1914. (141) September und Oktober 1914. (143) Oktober 1914. (144) November 1914 [Potiorek]. (145) Dezember 1914 [Potiorek, Belgrad]. (146) Ende 1914 [Generaloberst Moltke]. (148) 3. Die Ereignisse von Januar bis August 1915. (149) Januar und Februar 1915 [General v. Falkenhayn, General v. Conrad]. (149) Februar und März [Dardanellen]. (149) März/April [General v. Conrad]. (151) Mai [Gorlice, General v. Falkenhayn]. (151) Ende Mai und Anfang Juni. (153) Anfang Juli [Generaloberst v. Conrad]. (154) Zweite Julihälfte. (154) 4. Abschluß der Militärkonvention mit Bulgarien. (155) Bis Ende Juli. (155) Ende Juli. (156) 3. und 4. August [General von Falkenhayn, Oberstleutnant Gantschew]. (157) 5. und 6. August [General v. Falkenhayn, Oberstleutnant Gantschew, Generaloberst v. Conrad, Bethmann]. (158) Ende August [Oberstleutnant Gantschew, Sofia]. (159) Ende August und Anfang September. (160) 5. September [Zar Ferdinand, Generalfeldmarschall v. Mackensen]. (161) 6. September [Pleß]. (161) Nach dem 6. September. (162) B. Der Krieg der Türkei bis zur Jahreswende 1915/16. ([164]) 1. Die Bedeutung der Türkei als Bundesgenosse. ([164]) Sommer 1914. ([164]) 3. August 1914. (167) August/September 1914. (168) September/Oktober 1914. (169) 2. Die kriegerischen Ereignisse bis Mitte Februar 1915. (170) Anfang November 1914. (170) Bis Mitte Februar 1915. (170) Januar/Februar 1915 [Aegypten]. (171) Januar/Februar 1915. (172) 3. Der Kampf um die Dardanellen. (173) a) Die Ereignisse bis gegen Ende April 1915 - Der Flottenangriff. (174) Februar/März 1915. (174) März. (175) April. (175) b) Die Landungen Ende April. (177) 25 April [Gallipoli, Höhen von Bulair, General v. Liman]. (177) 26. April [General v. Liman, Ariburnu]. (179) 27. und 28. April. (180) Bis 4. Mai. (180) Bis 6. Mai [General v. Liman]. (181) c) Der Stellungskampf von Mai bis Anfang August. (181) d) Neue Landungen und Nachlassen der Kämpfe. (184) Anfang August. (184) 6. August. (185) 7. und 8. August [Sari Bair, Oberleutnant Kannengießer]. (186) 9. bis 21. August [Oberst Mustafa Kemal Bey]. Ende August. (187) Ende August bis Oktober [Mustafa Kemal Bey]. (188) November und Dezember [General v. Falkenhayn, Orsova, Enver Pascha, Gallipoli]. (189) e) Der Abzug des Gegners. (190) Ende Dezember 1915. (191) Anfang Januar 1916. (192) f) Betrachtungen. (192) 4. Die Ereignisse an den übrigen Kampffronten und die Lage um die Jahreswende. (193) C. Der Feldzug gegen Serbien im Herbst 1915. ([196]) 1. Absichten und Aufmarsch. ([196]) a) Grundlagen des Operationsplanes. ([196]) b) Bildung der Heeresgruppe Mackensen. (200) 16 September [Generalfeldmarschall v. Mackensen, Deutscher Kaiser, Generalmajor v. Seeckt] (200) 18. September [Donau-Schleife von Ram, Orsova, ö.-u. 3. Armee, Kolubara-Tal, Kragujevac]. (202) 18 September [Generalfeldmarschall v. Mackensen, Temesvar, Save, Donau]. (202) 21. bis 24. September [Generalfeldmarschall v. Mackensen, Osova, Negotin, General v. Tersztyánszky, XIX. Korps]. (204) 28. September [Generalfeldmarschall v. Mackensen, ö.-u. 3. Armee, Belgrad, Arangjelovac, Kovacevac]. (205) Ende September bis Anfang Oktober [General v. Tersztyánszky, ö.-u. 3. Armee]. (206) Anfang Oktober [ö.-u. 3. Armee, 11. deutsche Armee, Save, Donau]. (207) 2. Der Angriff über Sawe und Donau. (208) 4. Oktober. Ein Heeresgruppenbefehl vom 4. Oktober hatte endgültige Zeiten und Ziele des Angriffs über Save und Donau geregelt. (208) 5. und 6. Oktober. (210) a) Die Übergangskämpfe der ö.-u. 3. Armee. (211) 6. und 7. Oktober [Bosnien, 62. Infanterie-Division]. (211) 8. Oktober [XXII. Reservekorps]. 9. Oktober [XXII. Reservekorps]. (213) b) Die Übergangskämpfe der 11. Armee. (213) 7. Oktober [Fuchsschleife von Ram, Korps Kosch, Gorica-Berge]. (213) 8. Oktober [Generalleutnant Ritter v. Kneußl, Lestar-Höhen, Morawa-Mündung, Petka]. (214) 9. Oktober [General v. Lochow, 25. Reserve-Division]. (215) 3. Die Erweiterung der Brückenkopfstellungen bis zum 22. Oktober. (216) a) Kämpfe der ö.-u. 3. Armee vom 10 bis 17. Oktober. (217) 10. Oktober [ö.-u. 62. Infanterie-Division, XIX. Korps]. (217) 11. und 12. Oktober [Höhenlinie Gradac-Samar, ö.-u. VIII. Korps, Belgrad] (218) 13. bis 16. Oktober [Drina, Belgrad, Save]. (219) 17. Oktober [ö.-u. XIX. u. VIII. Korps, XII. Reservekorps, Belgrad-Palanka]. (220) b) Kämpfe der 11. Armee vom 10. bis 17. Oktober. (220) 10. Oktober [11. Armee, Korps Lochow]. (220) 11. bis 13. Oktober [Korps Lochow, 25. Reserve-Division, Korps Winckler, Korps Kosch]. (221) 14. Oktober [General v. Gallwitz, Podunavlje-Rücken, Lipovaca, Pek-Fluß]. (221) 15 bis 17. Oktober. (222) c) Fortsetzung der Kämpfe vom 17. bis 22. Oktober. (223) 17. Oktober [ö.-u. 3. und 11. Armee, XXII. Reservekorps]. (223) 18. und 19. Oktober [ö.-u. 3. Armee, Woinode Misic, Macva, Drina, General v. Köveß]. (225) 20. Oktober [General v. Köveß, Morava-Tal, ö.-u. 3. Armee, XXII.Reservekorps, Palanka-Nisch] (226) 21. und 22. Oktober [ö.-u. 3. Armee, Visegrad, ö.-u. 62 Infanterie-Division, ö.-u. XIX. Korps]. (227) 4. Das Eingreifen Bulgariens. (228) Bis zum 11. Oktober. (228) 14. Oktober [General Jekow, General Jostow]. (230) 14. bis 22. Oktober. (232) 5. Die Einnahme von Kragujevac (233) 22. und 23. Oktober [ö.-u. 3. und 11. Armee, Arangjelovac, Palanka, Petrovac]. (233) 23. bis 25. Oktober [ö.-u. 3. u. 11. Armee, 62. Infanterie-Division, Visegrad, Drina, Lazarevac, Arangjelovac, Rasanac]. (236) 26. Oktober. (238) 26. bis 28. Oktober [ö.-u. 3. Armee, Arangjelovac, 43. u. 44. Reserve-Division, Rudnik, 26. Infanterie-Division, Gornji-Milanovac, Raca, ö.-u. VIII. Korps]. (239) 29. Oktober [ö.-u. XIX. Korps, Kolubara, West-Morawa, XXII. Reservekorps, Rudnik-Gipfel]. (241) 30. Oktober [ö.-u. 3. Armee, Maljen-Gebirge, XXII. Reservekorps, Gornji-Milanovac, Rudnik]. (241) 31. Oktober [General v. Köveß, ö.-u. XIX. Korps]. (243) 1. November [ö.-u. XIX. Korps, Cacak, XXII. Reservekorps, Cacak-Kragujevac, ö.-u. VIII. Korps, Korps Lochow]. (244) 6. Die Verfolgung nach Einnahme von Kragujevac. (246) 2. November. (246) 3. November [Cacak, ö.-u. XIX. Korps, XXII. Reservekorps, Morava]. (249) 4. November [West-Morawa, Cacak, Kraljewo]. (250) 5. November [ö.-u. 3. u. 11. Armee]. (250) 6. November [Kraljevo, 43. Reserve-Division]. (252) 7. November [Ivanjica, ö.-u. 62. Infanterie-Division, Visegrad]. (253) 7. Ziele und Mittel für die Fortsetzung der Operationen (5. bis 12. November). (254) a) Die Besprechung vom 6. November. (254) 5. November [Nisch]. (254) 6. November. (256) 7. November. (257) b) Weitere Erörterungen. (258) 7. bis 9. November. (258) 9. November. (260) 10. November [General Jekow]. (261) 11. November [General v. Falkenhayn, General Jekow, Armeen Köveß, Gallwitz u. Bojadjiew]. (262) 8. Die Endkämpfe gegen das serbische Heer. (263) a) Die Verfolgung durch das Gebirge vom 8. bis 16. November. (263) 8. und 9. November [Mackensen, ö.-u. 3. Armee, ö.-u. VIII. Korps, Velika-Drenova]. (263) 10. und 11. November [Generalfeldmarschall v. Mackensen, ö.-u. 3. Armee, XXII. Reservekorps, Rasika, Novipazar]. (264) 12. und 13. November [ö.-u. 3. Armee, 62. Infanterie-Division, Visegrad, ö.-u. XIX. Korps, Ivanjica]. (266) 14. bis 16. November. (268) b) Der Abschluß auf dem Amselfelde. 17. bis 27. November. (270) 17. bis 19. November. (270) 20. bis 22. November. (272) 23. und 24. November [Korps Winckler, Pristina, bulgarische 1. Armee, ö.-u. 59. Infanterie-Division, Mitrovica]. (274) Nach dem 24. November [Mitrovica, Pristina, Prizren]. (275) Dezember. (276) 9. Die Operationen der Gegner bis Ende November. (276) Bis Ende September. (276) Ende September und Anfang Oktober. (279) 2. bis 7. Oktober. (280) 7. und 8. Oktober. (281) 13. bis 15. Oktober. (282) 22. Oktober bis 2. November. (283) 29. Oktober bis 2. November [Veles, Üsküb]. (284) 3. November. (284) 3. bis 12. November. (285) Nach dem 12. November (286) 10. Betrachtungen zum Feldzuge gegen Serbien. (287) D. Die Einleitung des Angriffs gegen Saloniki und der Abschluß der Balkan-Kämpfe. ([292]) 1. Vorbereitende Erörterungen. ([292]) Bis Mitte November [Generaloberst v. Conrad, General v. Falkenhayn]. ([292]) 16. bis 19. November [General v. Falkenhayn, Generalmajor Tappen, General Jekow, Generalfeldmarschall v. Mackensen, Generalmajor v. Seeckt]. (295) 20. November. (298) 20. bis 23. November (298) 2. Der Entschluß zu sofortigem Angriff und dessen Ausführung durch die Bulgaren. (299) 20. bis 24. November. (299) 25. bis 30. November [Generaloberst v. Conrad]. (301) Ende November bis Anfang Dezember. (304) 2. bis 13. Dezember [General v. Falkenhayn, bulgarische 2. Armee, General Jekow]. (304) 3. Das Ende des gemeinsamen Feldzuges. (306) a) Der Bruch zwischen General von Falkenhayn und Generaloberst von Conrad. (306) Bis Mitte Dezember [General v. Falkenhayn]. (306) 16 bis 21. Dezember [Saloniki, Generaloberst v. Conrad]. (307) b) Der russische Entlastungsangriff an der Strypa und in Ostgalizien. (309) Bis gegen Ende Dezember. (309) 27. Dezember 1915 bis 9. Januar 1916 [Odessa, General Letschizki, Strypa]. (310) c) Der Verzicht auf den Angriff gegen Saloniki. (312) Jahresende 1915/16 [Heeresgruppe Mackensen, Saloniki, Generaloberst v. Conrad]. (312) 3. Januar 1916 [General v. Falkenhayn, Zar Ferdinand, Generalmajor Tappen, Groener, v. Seeckt, Kronprinz Boris, General Jekow, General Jostow]. (316) 6. bis 12. Januar [Generalmajor v. Seeckt]. (316) 13. bis 18. Januar 1916. (318) 20. Januar [Generalmajor Groener]. Bis 6. Februar. (319) 6. Februar 1916. 9. Februar. (320) Ende Februar und Anfang März. (320) Anfang März. (321) 4. Die Eroberung von Montenegro und Albanien und die Abschlußlage am Balkan. (322) IV. Die italienischen Angriffe im Herbst und Winter 1915. ([325]) 1. Die Kämpfe bei der Armeegruppe Rohr und in Tirol im Frühherbst 1915. ([325]) 2. Die dritte Isonzo-Schlacht. Vom 18. Oktober bis 4. November. (327) a) Vorbereitungen. (327) b) Die Schlacht. (329) 3. Die vierte Isonzo-Schlacht. Vom 10. November bis 2. Dezember. (331) 4. Betrachtungen zum ersten Kriegsjahre. (334) V. Die Bedeutung der Kriegswirtschaft und Kriegsrüstung im Rahmen der Gesamtkriegführung. ([338]) 1. Wechselwirkung zwischen Kriegsführung und heimischen Kraftquellen. ([338]) 2. Die Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen und finanziellen Lage der verbündeten Mächte bis Ende 1915. (342) a) Die Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Lage. (342) b) Die Entwicklung der finanziellen Lage. (359) 3. Das deutsche Kriegsheer vom Beginn des Weltkrieges bis Ende 1915. (366) a) Heeresausbau und Ersatzlage. (366) [Tabelle]: Insgesamt hatte das Feldheer vom Kriegsbeginn bis Ende 1915 folgende Verluste erlitten. (373) b) Die Versorgung des Heeres mit Waffen und Munition. (378) [Tabelle]: Bestand an Schußwaffen Ende 1915. (382) 4. Die Entwicklung der Luftstreitkräfte bis Ende 1915. (396) a) Luftschiffertruppe. (396) b) Die Fliegertruppe. (402) c) Der Heeres-Wetterdienst. (413) d) Das Flugabwehrwesen. (416) e) Der Heimatluftschutz. (419) 5. Der Ausbau des Feldeisenbahnwesens. (425) Für den Bau von Eisenbahnen unterstanden dem Chef des Feldeisenbahnwesens zu Beginn des Krieges: (426) 6. Die Entwicklung des Kraftfahrwesens bis Ende 1915. (444) Das Anwachsen der Kraftfahr-Formationen bis zum Ende des Jahres 1915 ergibt sich aus der nachstehenden Übersicht: (454) VI. Der Krieg in den Kolonien bis Ende 1915. ([459]) 1. Die Ereignisse in der Südsee. (463) 2. Der Verlust von Tsingtau. (464) 3. Der Verlust von Togo. (466) 4. Die Kämpfe um Kamerun. (468) Die Bewaffnung der Schutztruppe bestand aus Gewehren 98 und 43 Maschinengewehren; an Artilleriematerial waren vorhanden: (468) 5. Die Kämpfe in Deutsch-Südwestafrika. (475) An Kampfmitteln besaß die Schutztruppe: (475) 6. Die Ereignisse in Deutsch-Ostafrika bis zum Ende des Jahres 1915. (480) Im ganzen standen der Schutztruppe für den Kriegsfall zur Verfügung: (480) VII. Die Lage der Mittelsmächte gegen Jahresende 1915. ([486]) Anlagen. ([497]) Quellennachweis. ([497]) 1. Deutsche Quellen. ([497]) 2. Österreichisch-ungarische Quellen. 3. Türkische Quellen. 4. Bulgarische Quellen. (499) 5. Französische Quellen. (499) 6. Englische Quellen. (501) 7. Belgische Quellen. (502) 8. Russische Quellen. (502) 9. Italienische Quellen. (503) Personenindex ([504]) Truppenverzeichnis. ([511]) Deutschland. ([511]) Österreich-Ungarn. (514) Bulgarien. (515) Türkei. (515) Belgien. England. (516) Frankreich. (517) Italien. Japan. (518) Rußland. (518) Serbien. Montenegro. Griechenland. (519) [Karten]: ( - ) [Karte]: Karte 1. Die Kriegsschauplätze der Mittelmächte um die Jahreswende 1915/16. ( - ) [Karte]: Karte 2. Die Front gegen Frankreich. Stand am 24./25. September 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Karte 3. Die Herbstschlacht in der Champagne 1915. Die Lage am 25. September. ( - ) [Karte]: Karte 4. Die Herbstschlacht im Artois 1915. Die Lage am 25. September. ( - ) [Karte]: Karte 5. Der Feldzug in Serbien 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 1. Die Herbstschlacht in der Champagne 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 2. Die Herbstschlacht in der Champagne 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 3. Die Herbstschlacht in der Champagne 1915. Die Stellungen südlich St. Souplet am 12. Oktober. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 4. Die Herbstschlacht in der Champagne 1915. Der deutsche Angriff bei Tahure am 30. Oktober. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 5. Die Herbstschlacht im Artois 1915. Der deutsche Angriff bei Loos am 8. Oktober. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 6. Die Herbstschlacht im Artois 1915. Die Lage bei Souchez und Neuville - St. Vaast vor Beginn der französischen Angriffe. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 7. Die Herbstschlacht im Artois 1915. Die deutsche Stellung nordwestlich von Hulluch. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 8. Die Herbstschlacht im Artois 1915. Der französische Angriff am 11., der britische am 13. Oktober. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 9. Die Armeeabteilung Strantz. Ende 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 10. Die Kämpfe in den Vogesen. Ende 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 11. Italien. Der norditalienische Kriegsschauplatz Ende 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 12. Italien. Die Isonzofront 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 13- Der Balkan 1915. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 14. Der Krieg der Türkei 1915. Dardanellen und Gallipoli. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 15. Der Krieg der Türkei 1915. Kaukasisches Grenzgebiet. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 16. Der Krieg der Türkei 1915. Sinai-Halbinsel. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 17. Der Feldzug in Serbien 1915. Der Übergang über die Donau. 5. - 14. Oktober. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 18. Der Feldzug in Serbien 1915. Der Übergang über die Donau. 7. - 14. Oktober. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 19. Der Feldzug in Serbien 1915. Die Lage am 22. Oktober und 1. November. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 20. Der Feldzug in Serbien 1915. Die Kämpfe bei Kragujevac. 30. Oktober. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 21. Der russische Entlastungsangriff in Ostgalizien. 27. Dezember 1915 bis 9. Januar 1916. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 22. Der Orient um die Jahreswende 1915/16. ( - ) [Abb.]: Skizz 23. Der Feldzug in Serbien 1915. Ansicht von Eisenbahn und Straße in der Vardar-Enge von Demirkapu. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 24. Das Ostseegebiet. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 25. Die Kämpfe in den Kolonien. Togo. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 26. Die Kämpfe in den Kolonien. Kamerun. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 27. Die Kämpfe in den Kolonien. Deutsch-Südwestafrika. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 28. Die Kämpfe in den Kolonien. Deutsch-Ostafrika. ( - ) [Karte]: Skizze 29. Die Kämpfe in den Klonien. Im stillen Ozean. ( - ) Anlage 1. Vergleich der deutschen und feindlichen Artillerie in der Herbstschlacht 1915. ( - ) Anlage 2. Die Überführung der in Rußland freigewordenen Infanterie-Divisionen nach dem Westkriegsschauplatz. ( - ) Anlage 3. Planmäßiger Bestand und Vorräte des deutschen Heeres an Waffen und Munition bei Kriegsausbruch. ( - ) [Tabelle]: A. Waffen-Ausrüstung. ( - ) [Tabelle]: B. Munitionsausrüstung. ( - ) Anlage 4. Überblick über die Anzahl der Verbände und wichtigsten Kampftruppen des Feldheeres bei Kriegsbeginn und Ende 1915. ( - ) Anlage 5. Überblick über die Pulver- und Munitionsfertigung von Kriegsbeginn bis Ende 1915. ( - ) Anlage 6. Übersicht über das Kriegsjahr 1915. ( - ) [Tabelle]: ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )