Suchergebnisse

The article assesses to what extent Communist ideology influenced the Czechoslovak relationship with Iran. The author underlines that already during the inter-war period, Czechoslovakia was one of Persia's leading partners. After the Communist coup, business links were cut off, and Prague provided asylum for several dozen members of the Tudeh party. From the beginning of the 1960s, relations began to take a rather pragmatic turn: although Iran was, in internal Czechoslovak documents, described as 'the most reactionary state of the region', Czechoslovak exports reached a considerable volume. The pragmatic nature of this co operation then showed in the activities of the Czechoslovak Art Centrum, which in the 1970s -- with the assistance of many artists who were persecuted in Czechoslovakia -- organized a large number of exhibitions in Iran celebrating the Shah's regime. Adapted from the source document.

The judgment of the Grand Chamber in Gäfgen v. Germany is somewhat ambiguous: while reaffirming the absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, the majority of the Court considered that material evidence gathered through inhumane treatment of an accused can still be admitted to the trial as long as it has no bearing on the outcome of the proceedings. ; L'arrêt de Grande Chambre rendu par la Cour européenne dans l'affaire Gäfgen c. Allemagne est quelque peu ambigu : tout en réaffirmant le caractère absolu de l'interdit de la torture et des traitements inhumains et dégradants, la majorité de la Cour a considéré que des preuves matérielles recueillies au moyen d'un traitement inhumain infligé à un accusé peuvent malgré tout être admises au procès dès lors qu'elles n'ont aucune incidence sur l'issue de la procédure.

The region of Latin America exhibits significant diversity with regard to the size and scope of social protection programs. In this article, I propose a new way of measuring a country's "social policy regime," moving past expenditure-based conceptions of welfare provision to incorporate the coverage of programs. Employing this new measure, I use cluster analysis to demonstrate that Latin American social policy regimes cluster into four distinct categories. I then employ the comparative historical method to test a theory of why countries fall into each of these four categories. The analysis provides evidence that a country's record of industrialization, the nature of political incorporation, and levels of ethnic and racial diversity are key determinants of the size and scope of Latin America's social policy regimes. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractInterest in participatory governance recognises that communities can make valuable contributions to governance, but attempts to strengthen community participation encounter obstacles theorised as failures or incompleteness of participatory governance. This paper offers an alternative approach, drawing on ethnographic field data from a decade of work in rural Australian communities. It shows the nature of the community agency that is at the heart of policy interest in participation and how it differs from government efforts at community engagement. These insights suggest a need to rethink participatory governance, not as a single process with multiple participants, but as the juxtaposition of different ways of governing. Doing so opens up the possibility of governments and communities working together in new ways, with governments not only valuing what communities can contribute in theory, but also recognising how diverse communities work in practice.

French-language scholars began to study Canadian foreign Policy significantly only during the 1980s. How did they enter the field? What are their place and specificity? Are they different from English-language scholars? This article answers these questions based on an analysis of the Canadian Foreign Relations Index that lists over 50,000 documents dealing with Canadian foreign Policy since 1945. This analysis shows the progression of French-language scholars' contribution, their fields of specialization, the language they use, the nature of their contribution, the places where they publish, etc. These data make it possible to compare French-language scholars with their English-language counterparts. This article presents the method and the results of the analysis. The issue of the increasingly common use of English by French-language scholars is also discussed. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractChanges in the regulatory state, the privatization of network industries in Europe and in air transport have led to a redefinition of how airports are regulated. The French model of state ownership and regulation of airports became progressively out of step with a broader European market-oriented frame of reference. A new French sectoral frame of reference was developed and became public policy in 2005. A cognitive analysis identifies the key factors and actors responsible for this shift. This article explores the nature of the changes made to adapt the French model to a European framework and examines the influence of foreign models of regulation on the design of the French model. Finally, it suggests that features of the European frame of reference for regulatory structures have been adapted within France.

ABSTRACTBased on seven months of fieldwork research, the present article explores the nature and 'reach' of the state in post-genocide Rwanda, and its effects on decentralisation, participation and assertion of voice at the local level. Rwanda as a case of a 'strong' African state is explored through a number of lenses: the vertical structure (administrative and information apparatuses of the state); the lateral structure (multiple responsibilities, imihigo, indirect control); the spectrum of state-led 'local' activities; and, last but not least, the 'counterweights' to the state. The article suggests an increasing penetration of state in terms of surveillance as well as exactions (couched in terms of umusanzu or contribution) and control over voice at local level. Decentralisation amounts to mere 'dispatching of control', making central power more, not less, effective.

This article offers a general overview of civilian crisis management in the EU, its mechanisms and instruments, the nature of civil-military cooperation (coordination), and an overview of civilian crisis management missions. Particular attention will be paid to the EULEX Mission in Kosovo as a case-study of how participating civilian experts judge both the mission itself and the mission preparations (i.e. selection and training of personnel, mission strategy, mission related activities, the problems identified etc.). The article will argue that seemingly trivial operational details, such as personnel selection, the quality of pre-deployment training and advance preparation are important factors which, if not properly coordinated, could jeopardise EU goals in the field of crisis management. The author also presumes that unregulated civil-military cooperation and coordination can lead to the failure of crisis management operations. Adapted from source document.