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This paper connects in a preliminary way realms of analysis and data regarding practices of disseminating Japanese literature and writing translated in English and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)–located languages since about 2000. The assumption is that translations from different languages have been consistently silo'ed – separated and allowed to accumulate and dynamically evolve. I outline a history of the de-linking of 'writing' from 'literature' as well as language study itself, which has led to both a withdrawal and an explosion of funding since about 1990. I note secondary effects of re-concentration in English and European languages, a flourishing of small-press activity and writing on food (Jonathan Gold) and self-help (Kondo Marie), and a focus on the 'authorised translator' model in both English and ASEAN languages following a tendency to standardise copyright law. Second, I introduce some histories and distinctive practices that could model support for translators. Last, I discuss economies of both money and prestige in different practices, and offer some suggestions based on interviews with an eye to supporting translators so that all languages have a hand in creative practice, and English-language–based translators can collaborate with translators in other languages.

The aim of this paper is to describe the recent transformation of the automobile industry from a manufacturing industry to include aspects of the service and creative industries. Firstly , it reviews the recent trend of the automobile industry as a service industry. Secondly, it discusses the automobile industry's move toward the creative industries. It examines these two trends mostly based on the next generation automobile industry in Japan . Finally, it discusses the implications of the above transformation of the automobile industry on academic studies of the creative industries, and argues for what it calls a strong program me in creative industries studies. It also provides a provisional note on government policies in the era of the next generation automobile industry.

The evolution of mobile communication technologies has been nothing short of phenomenal. After introduction of the first generation network in the early 1980s, we are now knocking the doors of fifth generation communication systems that are designed to deliver ultra-fast internet and multimedia experience for customers. Communication airwaves, also known as radio frequency spectrum are an important resource for mobile communication technologies. It is a subset of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for communication, and corresponds to frequencies from 3 kHz to around 300 GHz. From mobile phones to police scanners, TV sets and radio, virtually every wireless device is dependent on access to wireless spectrum. However, radio spectrum is not uniformly applicable, physical and natural conditions can constrain its application to some technologies. To optimize its use radio spectrum is divided into bands of varying frequencies. Usually, low frequency spectrum is preferred for better propagation characteristics, while high frequency spectrum is deployed to push greater volumes of information in each frequency band. While spectrum is not depletable, technology can limit the extent to which it can be beneficially utilized at a point in time. Governments typically license the use of spectrum to regulate its application and maximise social benefit. With the exploding demand for all things wireless, radio spectrum has become a scare commodity in many countries. In India for instance, aggressive bidding during auctions (2010, 2012 and 2015) led to dramatic increases in spectrum prices. Spectrum management policies have been relaxed over time to ease pressure on operators and encourage spectrum efficiency. In 2017, the average spectrum holding for an operator in India was 31 MHz, compared to the global average of 50 MHz. (Figure 1.1). The National Digital Communications Policy (NDCP) 2018 formulated recently sets out policy objectives to optimize the availability and utilization of spectrum. The key areas of policy action include developing a transparent and fair policy for spectrum assignment and allocation, making spectrum adequately available for the upcoming broadband era, allowing for its efficient utilization and promoting next generation access technologies.

This paper critically considers the operation and objective of Japan's creative industry policy and suggests how to redesign it to align it with recent attention to cultural diversity . But the paper's scope goes beyond business and extends to defining creativity as a means to enhance civic dialogue, sympathy and inclusion to imagine a better society The creative industry can include independent and non-profit cultural projects that promote diversity by involving artists, museums, non governmental and non-profit organisations, public service corporations, local communities, volunteers and researchers. Such a redesign is compatible with the creative industry policy' s aim to advance social inclusion and democratisation by promoting grassroots creativity.

This paper addresses rarely asked questions: is Cool Japan a creative industries policy and, if so, what kind of creative industries policy is it? It addresses these questions by examining Cool Japan's differences from the UK derived and globally very influential creative industries model. The paper will try to make sense of these differences by looking at how the Japanese creative industries comprise businesses of different sizes with a varied history and prestige, how those companies have complex and contrasting relationships with various state organisations, and how the forces of globalisation and its free-market and neo-liberal economic ideologies affect companies in various sectors differently. This will challenge the dominant narrative of Japanese Creative Industries and Cool Japan in which, it is generally believed, the former embraces globalisation and digitalisation, and the latter is responsible for broadening the appeal of Japanese popular culture abroad. This paper reveals the complexity and diversity of the creative industries from socio-cultural and politico-economic perspectives often overlooked in the Cool Japan discourse.

The development of the local supplier base and the formation of industrial clusters are important for industries, especially the automotive industry. This study focuses on local supplier development and the formation of automotive clusters in Thailand. Using the Thailand Automotive Industry Directory 2014, the study investigates the type of parts produced by the respective suppliers , as well as the geographical distribution of suppliers in the automotive clusters. The study finds that the number of firms producing each type of parts is different, depending on the ownership structure. Also, the location of automotive establishments has changed over time, reflecting the changes in location advantages of the respective regions as well as government policy.

Over the past 30 years, China has rapidly developed into a major producer in the steel, shipbuilding, and mobile phone industries. However, despite the full support of the government, China has yet to reach the world level in the automobile industry. Although the market share of Chinese local brands has increased considerably due to the promotion of some domestic companies such as Chery, Geely and BYD, various joint ventures and foreign companies (GM, Volkswagen, Hyundai Kia, Nissan, etc.) are still leading the Chinese and global markets. It is therefore an interesting issue whether the Chinese auto industry will be able to successfully leap forward or remain at a limited stage in the future.

"The financial crisis that erupted on Wall Street in 2008 quickly cascaded throughout much of the advanced industrial world. Facing the specter of another Great Depression, policymakers across the globe responded in sharply different ways to avert an economic collapse. Why did the response to the crisis-and its impact on individual countries-vary so greatly among interdependent economies? How did political factors like public opinion and domestic interest groups shape policymaking in this moment of economic distress? Coping with Crisis offers a rigorous analysis of the choices societies made as a devastating global economic crisis unfolded. With an ambitiously broad range of inquiry, Coping with Crisis examines the interaction between international and domestic politics to shed new light on the inner workings of democratic politics. The volume opens with an engaging overview of the global crisis and the role played by international bodies like the G-20 and the WTO. In his survey of international initiatives in response to the recession, Eric Helleiner emphasizes the limits of multilateral crisis management, finding that domestic pressures were more important in reorienting fiscal policy. He also argues that unilateral decisions by national governments to hold large dollar reserves played the key role in preventing a dollar crisis, which would have considerably worsened the downturn. David R. Cameron discusses the fiscal responses of the European Union and its member states. He suggests that a profound coordination problem involving fiscal and economic policy impeded the E.U.'s ability to respond in a timely and effective manner. The volume also features several case studies and country comparisons. Nolan McCarty assesses the performance of the American political system during the crisis. He argues that the downturn did little to dampen elite polarization in the U.S.; divisions within the Democratic Party-as well as the influence of the financial sector-narrowed the range of policy options available to fight the crisis. Ben W. Ansell examines how fluctuations in housing prices in 30 developed countries affected the policy preferences of both citizens and political parties. His evidence shows that as housing prices increased, homeowners expressed preferences for both lower taxes and a smaller safety net. As more citizens supplement their day-to-day income with assets like stocks and housing, Ansell's research reveals a potentially significant trend in the formation of public opinion. Five years on, the prospects for a prolonged slump in economic activity remain high, and the policy choices going forward are contentious. But the policy changes made between 2007 and 2010 will likely constrain any new initiatives in the future. Coping with Crisis offers unmatched analysis of the decisions made in the developed world during this critical period. It is an essential read for scholars of comparative politics and anyone interested in a comprehensive account of the new international politics of austerity"--

ПРАВОВОЙ АНАЛИЗ НОРМ ЗАРУБЕЖНОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА ЗА ДОВЕДЕНИЕ ДО САМОУБИЙСТВА / В. Р. Игнатенко ; ГОУ ВПО "ДОНАУИГС" // Сборник научных работ серии «Право». Вып. 21:Правовое обеспечение деятельности органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления в современных условиях. – Донецк : ГОУ ВПО «ДОНАУИГС», 2021. – С.204-211. В статье рассматриваются вопросы, касающиеся уголовной ответственности за доведение до самоубийства, а также уголовно-правовая характеристика данного деяния. Проводится сравнительный анализ норм зарубежного законодательства за доведение до самоубийства, подстрекательство и покушение на самоубийство. LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE STANDARDS OF FOREIGN LEGISLATION FOR PROMOTING SUICIDE / V. R. Ignatenko ;SEE HPE "DAMPA" // Collection of scientific works of the series "Public administration". Issue 21: Legal support of the activities of state authorities and local self-government in modern conditions. – Donetsk : SEE HPE "DAMPA", 2021. - S.204-211. The article discusses issues related to criminal liability for driving to suicide, as well as the criminal-legal characteristics of this act, a comparative analysis of the norms of foreign legislation for driving to suicide, incitement and attempted suicide is carried out.

The problem of economic development has been the subject of discussion in economic theory for hundreds of years. It is one of the most important issues in economics. To this day, it is crucial to specify the factors and conditions of this phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to identify the direction and strength of the relationship between the quality of the institutional environment and the level of economic development. The soft modelling method and analysis of the literature were applied to identify this relationship. Selected research methods allowed for the positive verification of the adopted hypothesis- institutional environment has a significant, positive impact on shaping economic development dynamics. ; University of Bialystok, Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Poland ; MA, PhD Student, Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, University of Bialystok (Poland) ; m.borkowski@uwb.edu.pl ; 27 ; 48 ; 2 ; Barro, R.J. (1996). Democracy and growth. 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The remarkable influx of Chinese migrant entrepreneurs in West Africa has been met with growing resistance from established African entrepreneurs. Whether the Chinese have a competitive edge over Africans because of distinctive sociocultural traits or whether the Chineseʹs supposed effectiveness is just a characteristic feature of any trading diaspora is open to question. This comparative exploratory study of Chinese and Nigerian entrepreneurial migrants in Ghana and Benin provides initial answers to these questions. Apparently, the cultural stimuli for migrant drivers of change are not restricted to inherited value systems and religions, such as a Protestant ethic or Confucianism. Rather, they are continually adapted and invented anew by transnational migration networks in a globalized world. There is no evidence of the supposed superiority of the innovative culture of Chinese entrepreneurial migrants versus that of African entrepreneurial migrants. Instead, there exist trading diasporas which have a generally enhanced innovative capacity vis-àvis local entrepreneurs, regardless of the national culture in which they are embedded. In addition, the rivalry of Chinese and Nigerian migrant entrepreneurs in African markets does not necessarily lead to the often suspected cut-throat competition. Often the actions of each group are complementary and mutual benefiting to those of the other. Under certain conditions they even contribute to poverty alleviation in the host country.

The agrarian reform dynamics in southern Africa have to be understood within the framework of colonial land policies and legislation that were designed essentially to expropriate land and natural resource property rights from the Indigenous people in favour of the white settlers. Colonial land policies institutionalised racial inequity with regard to land although conditions are not homogeneous there are broad themes that cut across the southern Africa region. Colonialism dispossessed and impoverished the people by taking away the most productive lands. Neoliberal globalization has undermined the people's well-being through direct influences on agriculture and rural economies in conjunction with policies promoted by national governments and international agencies. Another shared feature is to be found in the high rates of unemployment, poor returns to small-scale agriculture, lack of access to social services such as health and education all of which serve to erode existing livelihood activities and perpetuate relative and absolute poverty in rural areas. This comparative study on Zimbabwe's agrarian reforms may provide countries such as South Africa and Namibia with valuable lessons, as they attempt their own land reforms. Conflicts between colonialists and the Indigenous people in the then Rhodesia centred mainly on the land question. This inequitable distribution of land resulted in Africans waging liberation struggles in order to reclaim their land from the colonialists. In most post-colonial countries, calls have been made for land redistribution as a way of redressing colonial injustices in land tenure systems. The process of reclamation of land and redistributing it to the Indigenous people is fraught with problems and has resulted in the present-day land crisis in many parts of Africa and other continents. These are some of the issues this book examines, attempts to understand and explain from a gender perspective. Gender relations are viewed in terms of land use and ownership in pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial Zimbabwe. These socially constructed roles have been found to be unequal in terms of power and decision making. It is argued that lessening of social inequalities between men and women reduces poverty, raises farm efficiency and improves natural resource management. The book emphasises that once women are empowered, the quality of life of their households improves.

Measuring working time is not only an important objective of the EU Labour Force Survey (LFS), but also a highly demanding task in terms of methodology. Against the background of a recent debate on the comparability of working time estimates in France and Germany, this article presents a comparative assessment of the measurement of working time in the Labour Force Survey obtained in both countries. It focuses on the measurement of the hours actually worked, the key working-time concept for short-term economic analysis and the National Accounts. The contribution systematically analyses the differences in the measurement approaches used in France and Germany in order to identify the methodological effects that hinder comparability. It comes to the conclusion that the LFS overstates the difference in hours actually worked in France and Germany and identifies question comprehension, rounding, editing effects, as well as certain aspects of the sampling design, as crucial factors of a reliable measurement in particular of absences from work during the reference week. We recommend continuing the work started in the European Statistical System towards the development of a model questionnaire in order to improve cross-national harmonisation of key variables such as hours actually worked.

In the article based on the results of comparative analysis of the dynamism of the securities market of Ukraine and its key component – the stock market, the trends are clarified and the directions of its further development are determined. The role of the stock market in the development of the country's economy from the standpoint of its impact on various areas of activity and functional purpose is emphasized. According to the results of critical analysis of scientific works of modern economists and financiers in the field of studying the problems of stock markets functioning, the range of issues that deserve priority attention from the standpoint of identifying the problematic nature of their development and intensification of exchange activities are specified. The reasons for the downward dynamics and stagnation of development of the securities market of Ukraine from the standpoint of the international online platform Trading Economics in the period 2010-2020 are revealed. The tendencies of change of volumes of exchange trade in the securities market of Ukraine in comparison with dynamics of GDP by calculation of a partial indicator of influence on its dynamics in the period of 2015-2020 are defined. The presented comparative data on the volume of exchange and over-the-counter trade in the securities market of Ukraine revealed a tendency to change the focus of trade from the over-the-counter market to organized securities markets. It is established that the modern stock market of securities of Ukraine tends to a polycentric model, which is based on FB "Perspective" and FB "PFTS", which in the study period accounted for 91.94-99.67% of exchange turnover, which indicates the processes of consolidation of securities trade in such a market. Analysis of the situation on the stock market of securities of Ukraine during the spread of COVID-19 (January-September 2020) revealed that in the study period compared to the same period in 2019, trading volumes increased by 3.14%, and this indicates a lack of pandemy impact on the dynamics of exchange trade in stock values. At the same time, the reason for such changes can be considered a significant previous decline in the domestic stock market and its gradual recovery, which would have had a faster growth rate, if not for the impact of the spread of COVID-19. It should also be noted the low activity of stockbrokers in the primary securities market, and relatively high in the secondary market, where Domestic government bonds were the most frequently traded, and trading was widespread in the spot market. Exit from the state of stagnation is possible if the National Commission on Securities and Stock Market adheres to the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector of Ukraine until 2025, the global financial market will be free of shocks similar to February-March 2020, there will be consolidated development of financial investment, organizational, legal and socially significant support of the country's exchange activities. ; Луцький національний технічний університет В статті на основі результатів порівняльного аналізу динамізму розвитку ринку цінних паперів України та його ключової складової – біржового ринку, уточнено тенденції та визначено напрями її подальшого розвитку. Підкреслено роль біржового ринку цінних паперів у розвитку економіки країни з позицій його впливу на різні сфери діяльності та функціонального призначення. За результатами критичного аналізу наукових праць економістів і фінансистів сучасності у сфері вивчення проблем функціонування фондових ринків країн уточнено коло питань, які заслуговують першочергової уваги з позицій виявлення проблемного характеру їх розвитку та активізації біржової діяльності. Розкрито причини низьхідної динаміки та стагнації розвитку ринку цінних паперів України з позиції міжнародної онлайн-платформи Trading Economics в період 2010-2020 рр. Визначено тенденції зміни обсягів біржової торгівлі на ринку цінних паперів України порівняно з динамікою ВВП шляхом розрахунку часткового показника впливовості на його динаміку в період 2015-2020 рр. Наведені порівняльні дані обсягів біржової та позабіржової торгівлі на ринку цінних паперів України виявили тенденцію зміни акцентів торгівлі з позабіржового ринку на організовані ринки цінних паперів. Встановлено, що сучасний біржовий ринок цінних паперів України тяжіє до поліцентричної моделі, основу якої становлять ФБ "Перспектива" та ФБ "ПФТС", на які у досліджуваному періоді припадає 91,94-99,67% біржового обороту, що вказує на процеси консолідації торгівлі цінними паперами на такому ринку. Аналіз ситуації на біржовому ринку цінних паперів України в період поширення COVID-19 (січень-вересень 2020 р.) виявив, що у досліджуваному періоді порівняно з аналогічним періодом 2019 р. обсяги торгівлі зросли на 3,14%, і це вказує на відсутність впливу пандемії на динаміку розгортання біржової торгівлі фондовими цінностями. Разом з тим, причиною таких змін можна вважати й значне попереднє падіння вітчизняного біржового ринку та його поступове відновлення, яке мало б швидші темпи зростання, якби не вплив поширення COVID-19. Також слід відзначити низьку активність біржовиків на первинному ринку цінних паперів, та відносно високу на вторинному ринку, де предметом торгів найчастіше виступали ОВДП, а торгівля була поширена на спотовому ринку. Вихід зі стану стагнації є можливим за умов, якщо Національна комісія з цінних паперів та фондового ринку буде дотримуватись Стратегії розвитку фінансового сектору України до 2025 року, світовий фінансовий ринок буде позбавлений потрясінь, аналогічних лютого-березня 2020 р., матиме місце консолідований розвиток фінансово-інвестиційного, організаційно-правового та соціально значимого забезпечення біржової діяльності країни.

In this work the management effectiveness of a Cuban MPA is assessed using an interdisciplinary approach. A series of three hypotheses are tested to determine how effective the Punta Frances Marine Protected Area (PFMPA) has been in meeting the multiple objectives of conserving biological diversity and ecological integrity, while allowing for the development of economic opportunities for tourism, and satisfying the needs of local and distant human populations. A new typology of benefits derived from MPAs was produced to provide managers with a practical tool that enable them to: 1) identify the benefits at the early stages of MPA creation, 2) state MPA objectives in a clear and measurable way, 3) assess the effectiveness of their MPA in meeting their management objectives. A new methodology was also developed to assess MPA effectiveness. This methodology constitutes an advancement from previous work, and it is based on qualitative and quantitative measurements of benefits depicted in the proposed typology. It has several advantages over previous methods. One of the main advantages is that it can be applied to assess one single MPA or a group of MPAs in a comparative fashion. The case study analyzed showed that to date, the PFMPA shows little signs of being negatively affected by the recreational SCUBA diving activities for which it was intended, given that no significant differences were found between intensively used diving areas and unused diving areas in terms of fish abundance, coral cover and macroalgae cover. Despite this, the PFMPA is not currently providing the full set of benefits to humans and the rest of nature, due mainly to administrative issues. If the PFMPA eventually becomes a National Marine Park (i.e. is fully protected from extractive activities), and management is correctly implemented, an annual economic value of almost USD $127,164,116.37 is forecast. At present the PFMPA does not provide any social or economic benefit to the nearby coastal community of Cocodrilo, thereby maintaining a divorce between local people and the users and managers of the MPA. Conversely, foreigners are receiving most of the benefits associated with recreation in a pristine tropical coastal ecosystem situated on the edge of the Caribbean Sea basin. The interdisciplinary methodologies for assessing effectiveness of MPAs developed in this study provided quantitative and qualitative evidence of a poor level of success in meeting the multiple management objectives of the PFMPA. 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