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Contributed articles presented at the 13th conference of Indian Political Economy Association held at Punjabi University, Patiala

Notes that the most substantial changes to date have accompanied efforts to restructure the decision-making hierarchy--in particular, a recentralisation of authority through the creation of biuros and state committees and legislation on individual economic activity. Changes in economic planning and incentives have been minor, suggesting a continuing debate over the extent to which price reform and various economic incentives should be implemented. (Abstract amended)

This outstanding text, a follow-up to the authors' award-winning 1982 text, provides a thorough treatment of economic welfare theory and develops a complete theoretical and empirical framework for applied project and policy evaluation. The authors illustrate how this theory can be used to develop policy analysis from both theory and estimation in a variety of areas including: international trade, the economics of technological change, agricultural economics, the economics of information, environmental economics, and the economics of extractive and renewable natural resources

Цель. Раскрыть историю организации племенной работы в Зауралье в годы гражданской войны и НЭПа.Метод и методология работы. Основу исследования составляют: принцип объективности и историзма. Использованы общенаучные методы: исторический, логический, индукции, дедукции и др., и собственно исторические: нарративный, ретроспективный, компаративный и др.Результаты: в статье дана характеристика породности скота накануне 1920-х годов, отмечены его достоинства и недостатки, указаны причины упадка (гражданская война, иностранная интервенция и засуха 1921 г.) и подъема в отрасли (НЭП), показаны основные направления племенного дела: 1919 г. – организация племенных рассадников, частных случных пунктов; 1920 г. – создание племхозов; 1924 г. – децентрализация племенного дела, создание сети случных пунктов; 1925 г. – организация товариществ (контрольных, конных ). Это было начало животноводческой кооперации в регионе. Показана работа по улучшению качества животных в 1919–1928 гг. и ее результаты.Область применения: результаты исследования можно использовать зоотехникам при организации племенной работы и как дополнительный материал на семинарских занятиях для студентов-зооинженеров по курсам: «Аграрная политика России на современном этапе» и «История». ; Purpose. Uncover the history of the organization of breeding work in the Urals during the civil war and the new economic policy.Methodology. Research basis is made: principle of objectivity and historical method. Scientific methods are used: historical, logical, inductions, deductions of and other, and actually historical: narrative, retrospective, comparative to and other.Results. In the article the characteristics of livestock breeds on the eve of the 1920th, marked its advantages and disadvantages, identifies the causes of decline (civil war, foreign intervention and the drought of 1921) and rise in the industry (New Economic Policy), the basic directions of breeding: 1919 – organization of breeding nurseries, private breeding stations; 1920 – establishment of the breeding; 1924 – decentralization of breeding, the creation of a network of breeding stations; 1925 – organization of associations (control and horse). It was the beginning of livestock cooperatives in the region. Shown work to improve the quality of animals in the years 1919–1928 and its results.Application domain: research results it can draw on to the animal technicians during organization of tribal work and as additional material on seminar employments for students-animal technicians on courses: "Agrarian politics of Russia on the modern stage" and "History".

1. Recommendations on further improving the tax system (September 1985) -- 2. Some views on our current restructuring of the system (March 3, 1986) -- 3. The shape of reform over time and development prospects (April 1987) -- 4. Draw on Yugoslavia's experience and avoid reinforcing a dividing up of power among localities (1985) -- 5. Exploring the full-scale adoption of a value-added tax in our country : value-added tax reform should be carried out in conjunction with price reform (December 5, 1987) -- 6. Aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and excess distribution of our national income : a discussion of the relationship between our structural policies and our policies regarding aggregate figures (August 1987) -- 7. We should adhere to long-term policies that fight inflation (1988) -- 8. Corporate self-ownership : phenomena, causes, and solutions (1989) -- 9. Reform issues that urgently need to be addressed in China's economic development (1992) -- 10. Basic ideas on how to reform the foreign exchange management system (November 1992) -- 11. Policy options in three key areas : risks affecting foreign exchange reform (December 1993) -- 12. Reform the state-owned assets management system and reinstitute a publicly held property rights system (May 1993) -- 13. Establish a new fiscal system that is standardized and effective (1993) -- 14. The central government regulates national economic aggregates : local governments manage local economic and social affairs (March 1994) -- 15. China's policy responsibilities (December 1998) -- 16. Deppen fiscal and tax reform and strengthen fiscal management (February 26, 2000) -- 17. Reform China's budgetary management system (August 2003) -- 18. Setting up a system of 'Accounting standards for Chinese enterprises' that is aligned with the trend of converging international standards (February 2006) -- 19. China's reform : overall transition in how we allocate resources (May 2006) -- 20. Thoughts on the relationships between efficiency, equity, and justice (June 2006) -- 21. A 'systemic leap' in how we manage our foreign exchange (March 2008) -- 22. Thirty years of fiscal and tax reform in China : review and prospects (May 2008).

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 The Primer: Bracing Nigerian Trading Ecosystem for the Future -- 1.1 Introduction, Rationale and the Context -- 1.2 Bracing for the Future of Trade and Unlocking Its Opportunities -- 1.3 Setting the Stage -- References -- 2 Preparing Nigeria for Digital Trade Within the WTO E-commerce Negotiations: Issues and Policy Directions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 A Brief Background on Digital Economy and E-commerce -- 2.2.1 Developed Member Countries Proposals on E-commerce -- 2.2.2 African Group Proposals on E-commerce Evolution -- 2.3 Policy Issues on the WTO Work Programme on E-commerce -- 2.4 Benefits of E-commerce -- 2.5 The Nigerian ICT Economy and the Regulatory Framework -- 2.6 Business Factors Impacting the Nigerian Digital Economy -- 2.7 A Glance at Nigeria's Situation and Its Readiness for Digitalization -- 2.7.1 Movers and Shakers of the Nigerian Digital and E-commerce Space -- 2.8 Selected Challenges of E-commerce Implementation in Nigeria -- 2.9 Policy Recommendations on Tapping the Full Potentials of Digital Trade -- References -- 3 Trade Facilitation and Logistics Performance in Saudi Arabia: Lessons and Policy Directions for Nigeria in the Digital Age -- 3.1 An Overview of the Global Trade Patterns -- 3.2 A Brief Review of Existing Literature -- 3.2.1 Logistics and Trade -- 3.2.2 Importance of Logistics Performance -- 3.3 An Analysis of the Nigerian Economic Diversification and Trade Facilitation Landscape -- 3.4 Nigeria's Trade Facilitation and Diversification Challenge -- 3.5 A Brief Discussion on Saudi Arabia Trade Flows and Experience -- 3.6 Overview of Trade Facilitation and Logistics in Saudi Arabia -- 3.6.1 Logistic in Saudi Arabia -- 3.6.2 Customs Procedures -- 3.6.2.1 Saudi Arabia Domestic Logistics Performance.